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E-raamat: Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Edited by (Visiting Professor of Perinatal Wellbeing, Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK), Edited by (Professor, Department), Edited by (Reader, University of Westminster, London, UK), Edited by (Rosemead Surgery, Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK), Edited by
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Mar-2021
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128179345
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Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis, and TreatmentSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Mar-2021
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128179345
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The Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis and Treatment, is a comprehensive reference to the diagnosis and treatment of depression. This book provides readers with the mechanisms of depression reflecting on the interplay between depression and the biological and psychosocial processes. A detailed introduction to various episodes of depression, from PTSD to post-partum depression is provided, followed by a thorough discussion on biomarkers in depression and how to diagnose depression including the Hamilton Depression Rating scale. This book also includes three full sections on treatment options for depression, including pharmacological, behavioral and other novel regimes. The Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis and Treatment is the only resource for researchers and practitioners studying, diagnosis and treating of depression.

  • Covers a pharmacological and behavioral treatment options
  • Features sections on diagnosis and biomarkers of depression
  • Discusses depression in children, teens and adults
  • Contains information on comorbidity of physical and mental conditions
  • Includes more than 250 illustrations and tables
Contributors xix
Foreword xxv
Preface xxvii
Part I Depression: Introductory chapters
1 Clinical staging in depression
3(10)
Lorena de la Fuente-Tomas
Maria Paz Garcia-Portilla
Introduction
3(1)
Clinical staging in depression
3(1)
Clinical staging and progression in depression
4(2)
First clinical staging model proposal for unipolar depression
4(1)
Staging model proposed by Hetrick
4(1)
Potential interventions according to clinical stages
5(1)
Clinical staging and treatment-resistant depression
6(4)
The Thase and Rush staging model
7(1)
The Massachusetts General Hospital staging method
7(1)
The Maudsley staging method
7(3)
The Dutch measure for quantification of treatment resistance in depression
10(1)
Conclusion
10(1)
References
11(2)
2 Neurodevelopmental theory of depression
13(8)
Monika Talarowska
Introduction
13(1)
Early childhood experience and personality traits
13(1)
The affective and rational system --The basis for personality formation
14(1)
Epigenetics
15(1)
Emotional immunity or immune emotionality?--The key to understanding depression
15(1)
Mother's fear as well as grandmother's fear as a source of depression
16(1)
Early childhood trauma
17(1)
Glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis--Epigenetics again?
17(1)
Personality of the 21st century
17(1)
References
18(3)
3 Depression after pregnancy
21(12)
Munn-Sann Lye
Normala Ibrahim
Fatemeh Abdollahi
Yin-Yee Tey
Introduction
21(1)
Preamble
21(1)
Definition
21(1)
Epidemiology
21(1)
Magnitude of the problem
21(1)
Risk factors
22(1)
Protective factors
22(1)
Consequences of postpartum depression
22(1)
Neurobiological basis of PPD
22(4)
Neurobiological theories
22(4)
Conclusion
26(1)
Management of PPD
26(1)
Prevention of PPD
27(2)
References
29(4)
4 Modeling maternal depression during pregnancy: Rodent models of major depressive disorder with peripartum onset
33(12)
Elizabeth M. Sajdel-Sulkowska
Introduction
33(1)
Characteristics of animal models of maternal depression
34(1)
Several strains of rats proved amiable in studies of maternal depression
34(1)
Mice strains frequently used in models of maternal depression
35(1)
Face validity of animal models of maternal depression; symptoms and other physiological markers that resemble those found in humans and are used to verify the model
35(3)
Time equivalence of humar\and animal pregnancy and the relative chronology of human and rat development concerning the embryonic and fetal periods (Fig. 1) is an important issue in animal models of maternal depression
35(3)
The delay of physiological response to stress is a critical aspect of a stress-induced animal model of depression
38(1)
Construct validity of maternal models of depression: The mode of induction of depression
38(2)
Predictive validity of rodent models of maternal depression: Response to antidepressants
40(1)
Summary of studies addressing the impact of maternal depression on preadolescent and adolescent offspring
40(5)
Future animal models of maternal depression
41(1)
Conclusions
41(1)
References
42(3)
5 Depression in mothers and mental health in their children: Impact, risk factors, and interventions
45(12)
Yasodha Maheshi Rohanachandra
Introduction
45(1)
Effects of maternal depression on mental health of children
45(3)
Mother-child bonding
45(1)
Attachment
45(1)
Child development
46(1)
Sleep disturbances
46(1)
Externalizing problems
47(1)
Internalizing problems
48(1)
Suicidal ideation
48(1)
Risk factors
48(2)
Demographic factors
48(1)
Child factors
49(1)
Family factors
49(1)
Illness factors
50(1)
Resilience factors
50(1)
Interventions to reduce the impact of maternal depression on children
50(2)
Screening of mother for PPD
50(1)
Screening children for psychological well-being
51(1)
Effective treatment of the mother
51(1)
Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT)
51(1)
High-quality childcare
51(1)
School-based interventions
51(1)
Home visitation
52(1)
Conclusion
52(1)
References
52(5)
6 The neuroscience of depression: Mechanisms and treatments
57(12)
Yuan-Pang Wang
Antonio Reis de Sa Junior
Clarice Gorenstein
Introduction
57(1)
Overview of depression in students
57(1)
Screening depression
58(2)
Treatment and management
60(2)
The setting
60(1)
Targeting depressive symptoms
61(1)
The biopsychosocial intervention
61(1)
Risk behaviors in students
62(2)
Suicidal thoughts and attempt
62(1)
Non-suicidal self-injury
63(1)
Substance abuse
64(1)
Conclusion
64(1)
References
65(4)
7 Depression in disasters and traumatic events
69(10)
Mao-Sheng Ran
Man-Man Peng
Introduction
69(1)
Clinical diagnosis and standardized assessment instruments for depression
69(1)
Clinical diagnosis of depressive disorder
69(1)
Standardized scales of depression
70(1)
Depression after natural disasters and traumatic events
70(1)
Consequences of depression after natural disasters and traumatic events
70(1)
Causes and risk factors of depression
71(3)
Risk factors for depression after natural disasters among different population
71(2)
Risk factors for depression among different trauma types
73(1)
Biological factors and depression after disaster events
74(1)
Implications and suggestions
74(2)
References
76(3)
8 Depression and associated Alzheimer's disease
79(10)
Nikita Patil
Girdhari Lai Gupta
Introduction
79(1)
Coexistence of depression and Alzheimer's disease
80(1)
Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
80(1)
Chronic inflammation in depression and Alzheimer's disease
81(1)
Impairment of neurotrophin signaling in depression and Alzheimer's disease
81(1)
Alteration in monoamines level
82(1)
TGF signaling
82(1)
Long-term potentiation alteration
83(1)
Oxidative stress
83(1)
Therapeutic management of AD
84(1)
Conclusion
84(1)
References
85(4)
9 Comorbidities of depression and Parkinson's disease
89(10)
Tanvi Pingale
Girdhari Lai Gupta
Introduction
89(1)
Depression in Parkinson's disease
89(1)
Pathophysiology of stress leading to depression
90(1)
Biochemical scheme of depression
91(1)
Coexistence of Parkinson' disease and depression
91(1)
5HT receptors and Parkinson's disease
91(1)
Role of serotonin in depression associated with Parkinson's disease
92(1)
Clinically available serotonergic drugs
93(1)
Noradrenergic systems in the central nervous system
93(1)
The locus coeruleus (LC)
93(1)
Role of NA in PD symptoms
94(1)
Indication for the interaction between DA and NA in PD
94(1)
The locus coeruleus noradrenergic system in PD
95(1)
Conclusion
95(1)
References
96(3)
10 Understanding the relationship between depression and alcohol among students
99(16)
Daniel Teixeira dos Santos
Guilherme de Souza Paulo Filho
Marco Aurelio dos Santos Carvalho
Vim'cius Medeiros Henriques
Introduction
99(1)
Examining the association between alcohol and depression in students
99(5)
Alcohol-related variables and depression: Which ones do correlate and among who?
99(1)
Interventions regarding alcohol and depression among students
100(1)
Exploring the causal relationships between alcohol and depression among students
100(4)
Influence of mental health on alcohol and depression
104(1)
Alcohol and depression: How do they relate to suicidal ideation?
104(1)
The relationship between alcohol, depression, and anxiety
104(1)
Influence of sociodemographic variables on alcohol and depression
104(4)
The role of gender in the relationship between alcohol and depression
104(1)
Other factors related to alcohol and depression
105(3)
Influence of drinking motives on alcohol and depression
108(3)
Relationship between depressive symptoms, drinking to cope, and other variables
108(3)
Coping motives as a hindering factor for nonpharmacological interventions
111(1)
Other drinking motives and its relationship with depressive symptoms
111(1)
References
112(3)
11 Depression in obesity
115(6)
Ioannis D. Morres
Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis
Yannis Theodorakis
Introduction
115(1)
Obesity
115(1)
Depression in obesity
116(1)
Cross-sectional or prospective studies
116(1)
Systematic reviews
117(1)
Commit suicide attempts/suicides, depression, and obesity
117(1)
Conclusion
117(1)
Examples of mini-dictionary of terms
118(1)
References
118(3)
12 Heart rate variability and depression
121(10)
Renerio Fraguas
Bruno Pinatti Ferreira de Souza
Introduction
121(1)
HRV measurement
122(1)
Association of depression and HRV
122(3)
Indices of HRV that are associated with depression
122(1)
HRV and depression, cause and consequence
122(2)
Heart rate variability as a marker of depression
124(1)
Influence of gender and age in HRV of depressed and nondepressed subjects
125(1)
HRV in depression and cardiovascular comorbidity
125(1)
The effect of antidepressants on HRV
126(1)
HRV and response to depression treatment
126(1)
Treating depression by intervention on the autonomic system
126(1)
References
127(4)
13 Neuroinflammation and depression
131(12)
B. Garcia Bueno
K. MacDowell
J.L.M. Madrigal
J.C. Leza
General aspects of neuroinflammation
131(1)
Evidence about neuroinflammation in depression
132(2)
Preclinical research
132(1)
Human subjects research
133(1)
Mechanisms whereby neuroinflammation leads to alterations in brain structure/function in depression: Lessons from animal models
134(1)
Peripheral inflammation and brain function in depression
135(1)
Possible origins of increased neuroinflammation in depression
135(1)
Neuroinflammation-related mediators as biomarkers of depression
136(1)
Neuroinflammation as commonplace for stress and depression
136(1)
Anti-inflammatory effects of antidepressants
137(1)
Antiinflammatory agents in depression
137(1)
Clinical implications and future research
138(2)
References
140(3)
14 Interlinking antidepressants and the immune system
143(12)
Katarzyna A. Lisowska
Krzysztof Pietruczuk
Tukasz P. Szatach
Introduction
143(1)
The immune system in the depression
143(2)
Innate immunity in the depression
143(1)
Adaptive immunity in the depression
144(1)
Influence of antidepressants on the immune system
145(1)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
146(2)
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
147(1)
Tricyclicantidepressants
147(1)
Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants and others
147(1)
Conclusions
148(1)
References
149(6)
Part II Biomarkers and diagnosis
15 Assessment scoring tools of depression
155(10)
Clarice Gorenstein
Elaine Henna
Yuan-Pang Wang
Introduction
155(7)
Depression as a public health issue
155(1)
Overview
156(1)
Screening depression
157(2)
The diagnosis of depression
159(1)
Rating scales
160(2)
Comments
162(1)
References
163(2)
16 The Beck depression inventory: Uses and applications
165(10)
Yuan-Pang Wang
Clarice Gorenstein
Introduction
165(1)
Versions
166(1)
Content description
166(1)
Target population
166(1)
Application
167(1)
Guidelines
167(1)
Interpretation of scores
167(1)
Validity
168(3)
Criterion validity
168(1)
Construct validity
168(1)
Structural validity
169(1)
Item response theory
170(1)
BDI-II in medical settings
170(1)
Factors that affect the score
171(1)
Limitations
171(1)
Comments
171(1)
How to obtain
172(1)
References
173(2)
17 Hamilton depression rating scale: Uses and applications
175(10)
Lubova Renemane
Jelena Vrublevska
Introduction
175(1)
Administration and uses
175(1)
Scoring and interpretation
175(4)
Indication for the use of the HDRS
179(1)
Validity and reliability
180(1)
Limitations
180(2)
References
182(3)
18 The patient health questionnaire (PHQ)
185(10)
Maria Iglesias-Gonzalez
Crisanto Diez-Quevedo
Introduction
185(1)
Content and scoring
185(2)
Abbreviated versions
187(1)
Psychometric characteristics
187(1)
Screening and case-finding properties
188(1)
Comparison with other psychometric instruments
189(1)
Special populations
189(1)
Conclusions
190(1)
References
191(4)
19 Screening for antenatal depression (AND) using self-report questionnaires: Conceptual issues and measurement limitations
195(10)
Colin R. Martin
Caroline J. Hollins Martin
Introduction
195(1)
The etiological paradox of PDD
195(1)
Screening for AND: Measurement issues
196(1)
Measuring continuity of PDD across the reproductive spectrum
197(1)
Psychometric characteristics
197(1)
Screening measure item content and overlaps
198(1)
Screening for AND: Which measures perform best?
199(1)
The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
199(1)
The "Whooley questions"
199(1)
Beyond guidelines: Other questionnaires for the detection of depression
200(1)
Conclusion
200(1)
References
201(4)
20 Edinburgh postnatal depression scale: Description and applications
205(6)
Jacqueline K. Gollan
Gabrielle A. Mesches
Isabel A. Gortner
Introduction
205(1)
Edinburgh postnatal depression scale
205(3)
Applications
207(1)
Case detection
207(1)
Clinical characterization
207(1)
Case formulation and treatment implementation
207(1)
References
208(3)
21 The death depression scale: Description and applications
211(8)
David Lester
Mahboubeh Dadfar
The death depression scale (DDS)
211(1)
The DDS items
212(2)
Death depression, death anxiety, and death obsession
212(1)
Heterogeneity of DDS items
212(1)
Correlates of DDS scores
213(1)
Interventions
214(1)
The death depression scale-revised (DDS-R)
214(2)
Reliability
214(1)
Heterogeneity of items
214(1)
Associations with death anxiety and death obsession
215(1)
Correlates of DDS-R scores
215(1)
Comment
215(1)
Discussion
216(1)
References
216(2)
Further reading
218(1)
22 The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale: Features and applications
219(10)
Jennifer C.P. Gillies
David J.A. Dozois
Introduction
219(1)
Test description
219(1)
Theoretical basis
220(1)
Test development
220(1)
Psychometric properties
220(2)
Reliability
220(2)
Validity
222(1)
Validity of extending the DASS to additional populations and administration formats
222(2)
Age of administration
223(1)
Translations
224(1)
Computerized administration
224(1)
Applications
224(2)
Research applications
224(1)
Clinical applications
224(2)
Summary
226(1)
Strengths
226(1)
Limitations and future directions
226(1)
Conclusion
226(1)
Acknowledgments
227(1)
References
227(1)
Further reading
228(1)
23 Arabic version of the two-question quick inventory of depression (QID-2-AR): Description and applications
229(10)
Amani Ahmed
Muaweah Ahmad Alsaleh
Introduction
229(1)
Human plague
229(1)
Negative impacts of depression
229(1)
Depression undetected and undiagnosed
230(1)
Burden time and effort to screening of depression
231(1)
Difficulty of detecting depression
231(1)
Depressed mood and anhedonia
231(1)
Effective screening
231(1)
Multiple cultures recommended of QID-2
231(2)
QID-2 test alternative of scales
233(1)
Utility of QID-2
233(1)
Description of QID-2
233(1)
Description of diagnostic cutoff value for the QID-2
234(1)
Recommendations the threshold score of QID-2
234(1)
Applications of QID-2 and recommendations
234(1)
Discussion
234(1)
Implications of QID-2 in care for good clinical practice
235(1)
QID-2, depression, clinicians, patients, busy clinics, and wartime
235(1)
Conclusion
235(1)
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest
236(1)
References
236(3)
24 Depression and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease
239(12)
Allison J. Carroll
Olivia E. Bogucki
Depression and cardiovascular disease
239(1)
What is a biomarker?
239(1)
Associations between depression and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease
239(1)
Functional biomarkers
240(2)
Autonomic dysfunction
240(2)
Metabolic dysfunction
242(1)
Endothelial dysfunction
242(1)
Circulating biomarkers
242(2)
Inflammation
243(1)
Oxidative stress
244(1)
Brain natriuretic peptide
244(1)
Cortisol
244(1)
Catecholamines
244(1)
Structural biomarkers
244(1)
Coronary artery calcification
244(1)
Carotid intima-media thickness
245(1)
Psychosocial factors impacting the depression-biomarkers relationship
245(1)
Limitations of measuring biomarkers
246(1)
Future directions
246(1)
Summary and conclusions
246(1)
References
247(4)
25 Thioredoxin as an antioxidant protein as a marker in depression
251(10)
Efruz Pirdogan Aydin
Ece Turkyilmaz Uyar
Introduction
251(1)
Role of oxidative stress in depressive disorder
252(6)
Thioredoxin antioxidant system
254(1)
Trx system in neurodegenerative diseases
255(2)
Trx system in depression
257(1)
References
258(3)
26 Methods of neuroimaging in depression: Applications to resting-state functional connectivity
261(10)
Moon-Soo Lee
Introduction
261(2)
Default mode network
262(1)
Central executive network (CEN)
262(1)
Salience network
262(1)
Childhood and adolescence
263(3)
Default mode network
263(3)
Central executive network
266(1)
Salience network
266(1)
Other approaches
266(1)
Adulthood
266(2)
Default mode network
266(1)
Central executive network
267(1)
Salience network
267(1)
Conclusions
268(1)
Acknowledgments
268(1)
Disclosure of conflicts of interest
268(1)
References
268(3)
27 Neural markers of depression in MRI
271(12)
Chien-Han Lai
Introduction
271(1)
Introduction and concept of MRI and FMRI
271(1)
Hypothetic model in depression
272(1)
Structural neural marker in MDD: GM aspect
273(1)
Structural neural marker in MDD: WM aspect
274(1)
Functional neural marker in MDD: Task FMRI aspect
274(2)
Functional neural marker in MDD: Rs-FMRI aspect
276(1)
References
277(6)
Part III Pharmacological treatments for depression
28 Angiotensin receptor 1 blockade as an antidepression strategy
283(10)
Lilla Lenart
Andrea Fekete
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the brain
283(2)
Experimental data and clinical studies
285(1)
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
286(1)
Diabetes and comorbid depression
287(3)
References
290(3)
29 The link between cannabinoids and depression
293(8)
Mohaddeseh Ebrahimi-Ghiri
Fatemeh Khakpai
Introduction
293(1)
Distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system
294(1)
Cannabinoid receptor signaling pathways
295(1)
Cannabinoids and depression disorder: Clinical evidence
295(1)
Cannabinoids and depression disorder: Preclinical evidence
296(1)
Possible mechanisms in the effects of cannabinoids on depression
296(1)
Conclusion
297(1)
References
298(3)
30 Agomelatine: Profile and applications to depression
301(8)
Trevor R. Norman
Introduction
301(1)
Pharmacology
301(1)
Pharmacodynamics
301(1)
Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and drug interactions
302(1)
Clinical efficacy in depressive episodes
302(1)
Major depression
302(2)
Bipolar depression
304(1)
Depression in medical comorbidities
304(1)
Side effect profile
304(1)
Serious adverse events
305(1)
Liver function abnormalities
305(1)
Withdrawal syndrome
305(1)
Safety on overdose
305(1)
Conclusions
305(1)
References
306(3)
31 Bumetanide and use in depressive states
309(16)
M. Tessier
A. Rezzag
C. Pellegrino
C. Rivera
Chloride homeostasis and depression
309(4)
Hippocampal plasticity
309(1)
Hippocampal neurogenesis
310(1)
Hippocampal apoptosis during depression
311(1)
GABAergic neurotransmission impairment
312(1)
Depression and chloride homeostasis hypothesis
312(1)
Perspective in the use of bumetanide as a therapeutic agent
313(5)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced depression
313(1)
What is bumetanide?
314(1)
Way of action
314(1)
Analogs
314(2)
Postischemic depression and bumetanide
316(1)
Bumetanide in epilepsy
316(1)
Bumetanide and autism
317(1)
Parkinson's disease and bumetanide
317(1)
Bumetanide and schizophrenia
318(1)
References
318(7)
32 Linking citalopram, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and depressed pregnant women
325(12)
Marta Weinstock
Introduction
325(1)
Development of serotonergic systems
325(1)
Role of 5-HT in neural development and behavior
326(1)
Pharmacokinetics of SSRIs
326(2)
Prenatal exposure to SSRIs in humans
328(2)
Deficits in early development
328(1)
Behavior
328(2)
Effects of prenatal SSRI administration in normal pregnant rodents
330(1)
Early development
330(1)
Behavior
331(1)
5-HT signaling
331(1)
SSRI administration to stressed mothers: Effect on offspring behavior
331(4)
References
335(2)
33 Citalopram and its use in sleep-deprivation-induced depression
337(8)
Afzal Misrani
Cheng Long
Introduction
337(1)
Prevalence of SD
338(1)
Sleep loss as a risk factor for depression
338(1)
Sleep deprivation-induced molecular deficits--Effects of antidepressants
339(2)
Calcium/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)
339(1)
cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)
340(1)
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
340(1)
Synaptic plasticity and SD
341(1)
Effects of CTM on SD-induced depression
341(1)
Concluding remarks
341(1)
Acknowledgments
342(1)
References
342(3)
34 Monoaminergic system and antidepressants
345(12)
David Martin-Hernandez
Cristina Ulecia-Moron
Alvaro G. Bris
Marta P. Pereira
Javier R. Caso
Introduction
345(1)
Serotonin
345(3)
Serotonin and noradrenaline transporters and antidepressants
346(1)
Monoamine oxidase and antidepressants
347(1)
Serotonin receptors and antidepressants
347(1)
Noradrenaline and adrenaline
348(2)
NE and antidepressants
348(2)
Dopamine and antidepressants
350(2)
DA and first-line antidepressants
350(1)
DA and norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)
351(1)
Dopamine and triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs)
351(1)
DA and rapid-acting antidepressants
351(1)
Other monoamines (histamine, melatonin, and tryptamine hallucinogens)
352(1)
Histaminergic system and antidepressants
352(1)
Melatonergic system and antidepressants
352(1)
Serotonergic hallucinogens and antidepressants
352(1)
Conclusion
353(1)
References
354(3)
35 Duloxetine usage in depression
357(12)
Bing Hu
Introduction
357(1)
Pharmacokinetic profile
358(1)
Duloxetine for depression and its associated symptoms
358(1)
Effects of duloxetine on depression in gynecology and obstetrics
359(1)
Effects of duloxetine on treatment-resistant depression
360(1)
Effects of duloxetine on depression with comorbidities
361(2)
Side effects
363(2)
Acknowledgment
365(1)
References
365(4)
36 Escitalopram and blonanserin as antidepressant agents linking in neurotrophic mechanisms
369(12)
Wataru Ukai
Kenta Deriha
Eri Hashimoto
Chiaki Kawanishi
Introduction: Modern molecular theory of depression
369(1)
BDNF as a leading player in depression
369(1)
Role of BDNF in corticosterone hormone stress-induced depression model
370(1)
BDNF signaling activation and underlying mechanisms
370(1)
Trophic mechanism in chronic, recurrent depression --Early life adversity
371(2)
Trophic mechanism in chronic, recurrent depression--Adolescent
373(1)
Possible antidepressant activity as adjunctive agent
373(1)
Potential mechanism of antidepressant action induced by blonanserin
374(1)
Possible BDNF/GABA activation by blonanserin through D3 receptors
375(2)
References
377(4)
37 (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine as a novel antidepressant and its role in the antidepressant actions of (R.S)-ketamine
381(12)
Shigeyuki Chaki
Jun-ichi Yamaguchi
Introduction
381(1)
Metabolism of (R,S)-ketamine
382(1)
Antidepressant effects of (2R,6K)-HNK
383(1)
Mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of (2R,6R)-HNK
384(4)
Role of (2R,6R)-HNK in the antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine
388(1)
Does (2R,6R)-HNK have antidepressant potential?
388(1)
Is formation of (2R,6R)-HNK essential for (R)-ketamine to exert its antidepressant effects?
388(1)
Conclusion
389(1)
References
390(3)
38 Linking 5-hydroxytryptamine to antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine and social stress model
393(8)
Kai Zhang
Kenji Hashimoto
Introduction
393(1)
5-Hydroxytryptamine, synthesis, and metabolism
393(1)
5-HT processing
393(1)
(R,S)-Ketamine
394(1)
Brief history of (R,S)-ketamine
394(1)
Antidepressant-like effect of (R,S)-ketamine in rodents
394(1)
Antidepressant effect of (R,S)-ketamine in humans
394(1)
(R)-Ketamine
395(1)
Linking 5-HT and the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine in a chronic social stress model
395(2)
Chronic social defeat stress
395(1)
Role of 5-HT in antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and its enantiomers
395(2)
Conclusion
397(1)
References
397(4)
39 Mirtazapine: Multitarget strategies for treating substance use disorder and depression
401(12)
Susana Barbosa-Mendez
Luis Enrique Becerril-Villanueva
Maria Dolores Ponce-Regalado
Alberto Salazar-Juarez
Introduction
401(1)
Substance use disorder (SUD)
401(1)
MDD-SUD comorbidity
402(1)
eurobiological mechanisms of DD (MDD-SUD)
402(1)
Mirtazapine
402(1)
Mirtazapine-SUD
403(1)
Preclinical studies
403(2)
Clinical trials
405(1)
Preclinical studies in models of polydrug
406(1)
Selective agent therapies
406(1)
Multitarget therapy
406(1)
Conclusion and future perspectives
407(1)
References
408(5)
Part IV Counselling, psychotherapy and behavioural treatments for depression
40 Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and depression
413(10)
Tatjana Ewais
Overview
413(1)
Mindfulness-based interventions and depression
413(1)
MBCT for prevention of depressive relapse
414(1)
MBCT in the treatment of current depression
415(1)
MBCT for TRD
416(1)
Mechanisms of change in MBCT
416(2)
MBCT for depression associated with chronic illness
418(1)
Summary and future directions in the use of MBCT
419(1)
References
420(3)
41 Online programs for depression
423(8)
Philip J. Batterham
Alison L. Calear
Ella Kurz
Introduction
423(1)
The structure and function of online programs
423(1)
Self-guided vs clinician-supported programs
424(1)
Evidence for the effectiveness of online programs
424(1)
Examples of effective programs
425(1)
Opportunities and challenges in delivering online programs
425(1)
The future of online programs
426(1)
Conclusion
427(1)
References
428(3)
42 Clay art therapy on emotion regulation: Research, theoretical underpinnings, and treatment mechanisms
431(12)
Joshua K.M. Nan
Lisa D. Hinz
Vija B. Lusebrink
Introduction
431(1)
Section one: Emotion regulation: Research and theories relating visual art to neuroscience
431(2)
Constructs of emotion regulation
431(1)
Emotion regulation in relation to the left/right hemispheric brain
432(1)
Treatment efficacy of art therapy on emotion regulation
432(1)
Section two: Therapeutic functions of clay on emotion regulation
433(1)
Haptic and proprioceptive sensations in clay work helps build mindful awareness of the physical environment
433(1)
Sensational processes of touch from creating clay art attunes the psychobiological arousal system
433(1)
Facilitation of soothing and expressing difficult emotions
433(1)
Increasing cognitive abilities and expressing abstract ideas by creating three-dimensional objects
434(1)
Section three: Treatment mechanisms of clay art therapy for emotion regulation
434(4)
Theoretical underpinnings: Expressive therapies continuum
434(1)
Bottom-up approach of clay art therapy for emotion regulation
434(1)
Goals and stages of clay art therapy
435(3)
Concluding comments
438(2)
Future research direction
438(2)
References
440(2)
Further Reading
442(1)
43 Solution-focused counseling and its use in postpartum depression
443(4)
Seyed Abbas Mousavi
Somayeh Ramezani
Ahmad Khosravi
List of abbreviations
443(1)
Introduction
443(1)
Solution-focused brief therapy and counseling
443(1)
Solution-focused brief therapy principles
444(1)
How are the solutions made?
444(1)
Solution-focused brief therapy methods and techniques
444(1)
Highlighting strengths and resources
444(1)
Admiration
444(1)
Using future language or taking a presuppositional position
445(1)
Changing the attitude
445(1)
Finding and highlighting exceptions
445(1)
Miracle questions
445(1)
Using the important word "instead"
445(1)
The structure of solution-focused brief therapy and counseling
445(1)
Solution-focused brief therapy as a practical skill in preventing postpartum blues and depression
445(1)
References
446(1)
44 Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive emotional training (CET) as a novel treatment for depression
447(12)
Donel Martin
Stevan Nikolin
Introduction
447(1)
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
447(1)
Clinical effects of tDCS in MDD
448(1)
Rationale for combining tDCS and CET in MDD
449(1)
Cognitive emotional training (CET)
449(1)
Clinical effects of CET
449(1)
Preliminary evidence for clinical effects of tDCS combined with CET
450(1)
Neurophysiological effects of tDCS combined with CET
451(2)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
451(1)
Task-related EEG
452(1)
Preliminary EEG results of tDCS combined with CET
452(1)
Conclusions and future research
453(1)
References
454(5)
Part V Other aspects of treatment: Specific groups, monitoring and novel regimens
45 Putative effects of cannabidiol in depression and synaptic plasticity
459(10)
Samia Joca
Gabriela P. Silote
Ariandra Sartim
Amanda Sales
Francisco Guimaraes
Gregers Wegener
Introduction
459(1)
Cannabidiol pharmacology and therapeutic potential
460(2)
The effects of CBD in animal models of depression
462(1)
CBD effects on depressed patients
463(1)
Final considerations
464(1)
Acknowledgments
464(1)
Disclosures
465(1)
References
465(4)
46 Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depression
469(8)
Jian Kong
Georgia Wijgon
Peijing Rong
Introduction
469(1)
Clinical trials on taVNS treatment of depression
469(1)
Potential side effects of taVNS
470(1)
Potential mechanisms underlying taVNS treatment of depression
470(3)
Modulating the brain network associated with the pathophysiology of depression
470(2)
Modulating the inflammation system
472(1)
Other potential mechanisms
472(1)
Challenges and future directions
473(1)
Locations
473(1)
Stimulation frequency
473(1)
Dose effect
473(1)
Future directions
473(1)
References
474(3)
47 Exercise for depression as a primary and comorbid with obesity disorder: A narrative
477(10)
Ioannis D. Morres
Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis
Yannis Theodorakis
Introduction
477(3)
Clinical evidence for exercise for MDD as a primary disorder
477(1)
Meta-analytic studies for exercise and MDD
478(2)
Clinical attributes of trials reviewed by meta-analyses
480(1)
Meta-analysis for AE in adult MDD patients in mental health services
480(1)
Pragmatic evidence for exercise and depression
480(1)
Ideographic vs nomothetic exercise
481(1)
Pragmatic trial ideographic vs nomothetic exercise for depression
481(1)
Individual clinical significant analysis
481(1)
Exercise for depression as a comorbid with obesity disorder
482(1)
Additional exercise trials for depression as a comorbid with obesity disorder
482(2)
Collective evidence
484(1)
References
484(3)
48 Acupressure and depression: A scientific narrative
487(10)
Nant Thin Thin Hmwe
Sally Wai-Chi Chan
Introduction
487(1)
Basic concepts of acupressure
487(1)
Traditional Chinese medicine perspectives
487(1)
Biomedical perspectives
488(1)
Application of acupressure
488(1)
Acupressure techniques
488(1)
General guidelines
488(1)
Safety and precautions
488(1)
Research evidences for the effect of acupressure on depression
489(6)
Acupressure techniques, frequency, and duration
491(1)
Common acupoints for depression
491(2)
Implications for clinical practice and research
493(2)
References
495(2)
49 Potential beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium breve A1 on cognitive impairment and psychiatric disorders
497(8)
Ryo Okubo
Jinzhong Xiao
Yutaka J. Matsuoka
Microbiota-gut-brain axis
497(1)
MCB axis in Alzheimer's disease
497(1)
MGB axis in schizophrenia
498(1)
Bifidobacterium breve A1 as probiotics
498(1)
Administration of B. breve A1 to subjects with mild cognitive impairment
498(1)
Effect of B. breve A1 on anxiety and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia
498(1)
No significant change in the gut microbiota was observed, but B. breve A1 may have affected gut epithelial barrier function
499(1)
Dietary habits and baseline gut microbiota could influence the effect of B. breve A1 on anxiety and depressive symptoms
500(1)
Conclusions and perspectives
501(1)
References
502(3)
50 Coenzyme Q10 and depression
505(10)
Amir Sasan Bayani Ershadi
Mir-Jamal Hosseini
A brief introduction to depression treatment regimens
505(1)
CoQ10 and its pharmacological application
506(4)
Toxicity
508(1)
Therapeutic uses of CoQ10
508(2)
Correlation of CoQ10 with depression
510(1)
Conclusion
511(1)
References
512(3)
51 Gene expression in major depressive disorder: Peripheral tissue and brain-based studies
515(12)
Kristin Mignogna
Fernando S. Goes
Introduction
515(1)
Gene expression and its measurement
515(1)
Candidate gene vs whole-genome approaches
516(1)
Confounding, expression, and causality
517(1)
Differential expression (DE) studies
517(1)
Gene expression as mediators of genetic risk
517(1)
Tissue specificity and the use of surrogate markers
518(1)
Peripheral tissue studies in MDD
518(4)
Brain-based studies in MDD
522(1)
Single-cell sequencing
522(1)
Emerging themes
523(1)
Integration with genetic risk
523(1)
Future directions
523(1)
Triangulation and strengthening of causal claims
524(1)
Summary
524(1)
References
525(2)
52 Electroconvulsive therapy for depression: Effectiveness, cognitive side-effects, and mechanisms of action
527(10)
Maria Semkovska
Summary of ECT effectiveness research
527(1)
Cognitive effects
528(3)
Scope: Use of brief-pulse ECT in severe depression
528(1)
Acute effects: within the first 3 hours after an ECT session end
528(1)
Subacute effects--3 hours to 3 days after the end of an ECT treatment course
529(1)
Short-term effects--Up to 2 weeks post-ECT
529(1)
Long-term effects--From 15 days on after the end of an ECT treatment course
530(1)
Retrograde autobiographical amnesia (RAA)
530(1)
ECT's mechanism of action models
531(2)
Improved neurotransmission
531(1)
Normalization of the neuroendocrine overdrive
532(1)
The anticonvulsant model
532(1)
Neuroplasticity enhancement
532(1)
Future directions: Testing an integrated model
533(1)
References
534(3)
53 Prenatal depression and offspring DNA methylation
537(10)
Sabrina Faleschini
Andres Cardenas
Prenatal maternal depression
537(1)
Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)
537(1)
Epigenetics mechanisms
538(1)
Epigenetics studies of fetal exposure to maternal depression
539(2)
Recommendations for future research
541(1)
Conclusion
541(2)
References
543(4)
54 Treating depression with theta burst stimulation (TBS)
547(6)
Ankita Chattopadhyay
Introduction
547(1)
Role of transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression
547(1)
Theta-burst stimulation
548(1)
Mechanism of action of theta-burst stimulation and its types
548(3)
Theta-burst stimulation in depression
549(1)
Safety of theta-burst stimulation
549(1)
Conclusion
550(1)
References
551(2)
Index 553
Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries. Dr Lan-Anh Hunter BSc MBBS DFFP DRCOG MRCGP qualified from Guys, Kings & St. Thomas Medical School, London in 2001, where she developed an early interest in psychological medicine. She went on to study culture bound syndromes, whilst reading Medical Anthropology Honours degree at University College London, focusing on the cultural aspects of anorexia nervosa in her thesis. She subsequently worked in Australia and explored the psychological aspects of diabetes and its many complications on the aboriginal population. Prior to becoming a GP Principal, she lectured at Charing Cross Hospital teaching doctors in training, continuing this passion, as a GP trainer in her current role. Much has been written about depression in primary care and hence her call to this area. She specialises in psychological medicine, with training in coaching, narrative based medicine, cognitive behaviour therapy and she continues to see, support, treat and manage clinical depression on an everyday basis as a family GP in her Maidenhead practice. Dr. Patel is a Reader at the University of Westminster. After completing his PhD at Kings College London, he continued his research experience by undertaking his post-doctoral studies in the laboratory of Professor Cunningham in the Department of Biochemistry at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). This extensive project involved investigating mechanisms of hepatic mitochondrial ribosome dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) using biophysical and proteomic techniques. These studies have led to new avenues in determining the pathology of ALD. His teaching areas at both post-graduate and undergraduate levels include clinical biochemistry, investigative pathology and laboratory investigation. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at Kings College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at Kings College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at Kings College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guys, Kings and St. Thomas Medical School, Kings College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.



Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendrams focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of Kings College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.
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