| Preface |
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vii | |
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xvii | |
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xix | |
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xxix | |
| Symbols and Units for Useful Quantities |
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xxxiii | |
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1 | (18) |
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2 | (3) |
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1.2 Earth's Magnetosphere |
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5 | (5) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (9) |
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1.3.1 The interstellar neutral-atom flow in the heliosphere |
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11 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Global view of the heliospheric boundary with ENAs |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (6) |
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Chapter 2 First Encounters with ENAs |
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19 | (16) |
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2.1 The Discovery: From the Telescope to the Accelerator |
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19 | (3) |
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2.2 First Diagnostic Use of ENAs in Space |
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22 | (3) |
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2.3 Invoking ENAs to Explain New Satellite Observations |
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25 | (3) |
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2.4 First ENA Images from Space |
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28 | (7) |
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30 | (5) |
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Chapter 3 Remote Sensing of Space Plasma Through ENA Observations |
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35 | (36) |
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3.1 ENA "Imaging": Determination of the Spatial, Energy & Elemental Distributions of Remote Ion Populations |
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36 | (2) |
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3.2 Ion Distribution Functions and Plasma Processes |
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38 | (7) |
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3.2.1 Velocity distributions in thermal equilibrium |
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39 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Non-thermal velocity distributions |
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41 | (2) |
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3.2.3 Moving distributions and frame transformations |
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43 | (2) |
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3.3 Relation Between the Observed ENA Flux and the Remote Ion Distribution |
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45 | (5) |
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3.4 Propagation of ENAs and Observational Limits |
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50 | (11) |
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3.4.1 ENA trajectories in gravitational fields |
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50 | (3) |
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3.4.2 Extinction of ENAs from the source to the observer |
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53 | (3) |
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3.4.3 Effects of elastic collisions on the ENA diagnostics |
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56 | (2) |
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3.4.4 PUIs as inevitable companions of ENAs |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (10) |
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61 | (10) |
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Chapter 4 ENA Instrumentation: General |
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71 | (36) |
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4.1 Choosing Vantage Points for ENA Observations |
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71 | (6) |
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4.1.1 Viewing the heliosphere: SOHO and IBEX |
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72 | (3) |
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4.1.2 Viewing Earth's magnetosphere: IMAGE and TWINS |
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75 | (2) |
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4.2 General Considerations for Space-Borne Particle Instruments |
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77 | (12) |
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4.2.1 Particle selection by analyzers |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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4.2.2.1 Electron multipliers |
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81 | (3) |
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4.2.2.2 Solid-state detectors |
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84 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Principles of TOF measurements |
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86 | (1) |
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4.2.3.1 Combination of TOF and SSD measurements |
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87 | (1) |
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4.2.3.2 Combination of TOF and ESA measurements |
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88 | (1) |
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4.2.3.3 Intrinsic noise-suppression capability of TOF sensors |
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88 | (1) |
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4.2.3.4 TOF spectrographs for neutral atoms |
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89 | (1) |
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4.3 ENA-Specific Observational Challenges |
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89 | (18) |
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4.3.1 Suppression of charged particles |
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90 | (4) |
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94 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Conversion of ENAs into ions before their analysis |
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95 | (1) |
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4.3.3.1 Conversion of ENAs to positive ions |
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96 | (1) |
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4.3.3.2 Conversion of low-energy ENAs or ANAs to negative ions |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (8) |
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Chapter 5 ENA Sensor Implementations |
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107 | (44) |
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5.1 The Road to ENA Instrumentation |
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107 | (5) |
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5.1.1 Common root: two non-ENA instruments of relevance |
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108 | (3) |
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5.1.2 First ENA instrument in space |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (8) |
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5.2.1 The first ANA instrument: GAS on Ulysses |
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113 | (3) |
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5.2.2 ENA sensors with MCP single-pulse detection |
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116 | (1) |
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5.2.3 ENA sensors with SSD single-pulse detection |
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117 | (3) |
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5.3 ENA Spectrographs with TOF Measurement |
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120 | (31) |
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5.3.1 ENA cameras for the 10--200 keV range |
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120 | (4) |
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5.3.2 ENA cameras for the 0.3--20 keV range |
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124 | (9) |
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5.3.3 Neutral atom cameras for the 5--2000 eV range |
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133 | (12) |
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145 | (6) |
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Chapter 6 ENAs from Magnetospheres and Small Bodies in the Solar System |
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151 | (50) |
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6.1 Earth's Magnetosphere |
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152 | (22) |
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6.1.1 The outer magnetosphere |
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153 | (1) |
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6.1.1.1 The magnetosheath |
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153 | (3) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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6.1.2 The inner magnetosphere |
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159 | (2) |
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6.1.2.1 ENA images and their intrinsic challenges |
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161 | (2) |
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6.1.2.2 Deconvolution of ENA images |
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163 | (11) |
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6.2 Magnetospheres and Ionospheres of Other Planets |
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174 | (12) |
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175 | (1) |
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6.2.1.1 Jupiter seen in ENA images |
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176 | (1) |
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6.2.1.2 Saturn seen in ENA images |
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177 | (2) |
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6.2.2 SW-induced magnetospheres |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (1) |
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6.3 Small Bodies in the Solar System |
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186 | (15) |
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187 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Smaller bodies and dust |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (11) |
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Chapter 7 ENA Diagnostics of the Heliosphere-Interstellar Medium Interaction |
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201 | (64) |
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7.1 Getting Acquainted with the Heliosphere |
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203 | (1) |
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7.2 Interstellar Neutral Wind through the Heliosphere |
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204 | (12) |
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7.2.1 Overview of in-situ diagnostic methods |
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206 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Connecting ISN flow observations with the ISM |
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208 | (6) |
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7.2.3 Observational challenges and opportunities for the ISN flow |
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214 | (2) |
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7.3 The ENA Ribbon, a "Compass" for the Interstellar Magnetic Field |
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216 | (15) |
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216 | (5) |
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7.3.2 The Secondary-ENA model as likely explanation |
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221 | (1) |
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7.3.2.1 Simplified analytical model |
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222 | (4) |
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7.3.2.2 Tests of the Secondary-ENA model |
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226 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Challenges and opportunities with the ENA Ribbon |
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227 | (1) |
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7.3.3.1 Effectiveness of Ribbon generation and turbulence |
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228 | (2) |
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7.3.3.2 Determination of the interstellar magnetic field |
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230 | (1) |
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7.3.3.3 Reach of the Solar Wind into the ISM |
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231 | (1) |
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7.4 Secondary Interstellar Neutrals |
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231 | (9) |
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7.4.1 Extraction of secondary interstellar neutrals |
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233 | (4) |
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7.4.2 Challenges and opportunities with secondary interstellar neutrals |
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237 | (3) |
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7.5 Globally Distributed ENAs |
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240 | (25) |
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7.5.1 Extraction of the globally distributed ENAs |
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240 | (4) |
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7.5.2 Challenges and opportunities with the GDF of ENAs |
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244 | (6) |
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250 | (15) |
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Chapter 8 What Have ENAs Revealed and What is Next? |
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265 | (8) |
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8.1 Understanding the Cross-Scale Coupling of the Magnetospheric Systems |
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266 | (1) |
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8.2 Surveying Exposed Surfaces in the Solar System: Planets to Dust |
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267 | (1) |
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8.3 Understanding the Sun-ISM Interactions and Particle Acceleration on Large Scales |
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268 | (2) |
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8.4 Bridging the Temporal and Spatial Divide |
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270 | (3) |
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270 | (3) |
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Appendix A Geometrical Factor and Angular Response |
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273 | (8) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (7) |
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A.2.1 Example of a calibrated angular response |
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278 | (1) |
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A.2.2 Ignoring the angular response, a potential problem |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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Appendix B ENA-Beam Calibration Facilities |
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281 | (4) |
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B.1 Requirements and General Principles of Operation |
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281 | (4) |
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B.1.1 Neutral-atom beams through physical contact |
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283 | (1) |
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B.1.2 Neutral-atom beams through photo detachment |
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284 | (1) |
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B.1.3 Comparison of different schemes |
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285 | (1) |
| References |
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285 | (2) |
| Index |
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287 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta