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E-raamat: Neutron Scattering - Magnetic and Quantum Phenomena

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Neutron Scattering - Magnetic and Quantum Phenomena provides detailed coverage of the application of neutron scattering in condensed matter research. The book's primary aim is to enable researchers in a particular area to identify the aspects of their work where neutron scattering techniques might contribute, conceive the important experiments to be done, assess what is required to carry them out, write a successful proposal for one of the major user facilities, and perform the experiments under the guidance of the appropriate instrument scientist.

An earlier series edited by Kurt Sköld and David L. Price, and published in the 1980s by Academic Press as three volumes in the series Methods of Experimental Physics, was very successful and remained the standard reference in the field for several years.

This present work has similar goals, taking into account the advances in experimental techniques over the past quarter-century, for example, neutron reflectivity and spin-echo spectroscopy, and techniques for probing the dynamics of complex materials of technological relevance.

This volume complements Price and Fernandez-Alonso (Eds.), Neutron Scattering - Fundamentals published in November 2013.

Muu info

This book presents the breadth of opportunities and advancements provided by contemporary neutron science, detailing coverage of the application of neutron scattering in condensed matter research, and enabling researchers in a particular area to identify the aspects of their work where neutron scattering techniques might contribute
List of Contributors
xi
Volumes in Series xiii
Preface xvii
Eulogy xxi
Symbols xxiii
1 Neutron Optics and Spin Labeling Methods
Janos Major
Beta Farago
Ferenc Mezei
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Particle Properties and Interactions of Slow Neutrons
2(5)
1.3 Neutron States and Wave Functions
7(6)
1.3.1 Wave versus Geometrical Optics in Neutron Scattering Experiments
10(2)
1.3.2 Summary of High Precision Rules for Neutron Beam Propagation
12(1)
1.4 The Principles of Spin Labeling
13(11)
1.4.1 Practical Spin Labeling
18(4)
1.4.2 Choices of Neutron Parameters for Spin Labeling
22(2)
1.5 Neutron Spin-Echo Spectroscopy
24(9)
1.5.1 NSE Spectroscopy for Nuclear Scattering
26(4)
1.5.2 NSE Spectroscopy in Magnetism
30(3)
1.6 Neutron Spin-Echo for Elastic Scattering at Small Angles
33(11)
1.6.1 Neutron Beam Polarizers and Analyzers
34(1)
1.6.2 Transport of Polarized Neutron Beams and Spin-Injection Devices
35(1)
1.6.3 Precession Region and Magnetic Shielding
36(2)
1.6.4 Experimental Results
38(2)
References
40(4)
2 Quantum Phase Transitions
Sara Haravifard
Zahra Yamani
Bruce D. Gaulin
2.1 Introduction
44(7)
2.1.1 Classical Phase Transitions
45(1)
2.1.2 Continuous Phase Transitions and Critical Behavior
46(2)
2.1.3 Quantum Critical Scaling
48(1)
2.1.4 Quantum Critical Point
49(1)
2.1.5 Quantum Critical Region
50(1)
2.2 Experimental Techniques
51(8)
2.2.1 General Principles of Neutron Scattering
51(1)
2.2.2 Neutron Scattering Cross Sections
52(2)
2.2.3 Correlation and Scattering Functions
54(1)
2.2.4 Magnetic Cross Section
55(1)
2.2.5 Instruments
56(3)
2.3 Extreme Environmental Conditions
59(12)
2.3.1 Cryogenics
59(5)
2.3.2 High Magnetic Field
64(4)
2.3.3 High Pressure
68(3)
2.4 Quantum Phase Transitions in Spin Dimer Systems
71(16)
2.4.1 Spin Dimer Systems
71(2)
2.4.2 TICuCI3
73(1)
2.4.3 Field-Induced QPT in TICuCI3
73(6)
2.4.4 Pressure-induced QPT in TICuCI3
79(8)
2.5 Quantum Phase Transitions in Jeff = 1/2 Pyrochlore Magnets
87(12)
2.5.1 XY Pyrochlore Magnets
87(1)
2.5.2 Er2Ti2O7
88(2)
2.5.3 Spin Excitations in Er2Ti2O7
90(3)
2.5.4 Yb2Ti2O7
93(2)
2.5.5 Spin Excitations in Yb2Ti207
95(4)
2.6 Quantum Phase Transitions in Heavy Fermions
99(13)
2.6.1 Heavy Fermions
99(2)
2.6.2 Cerium-Based Heavy-Fermion System
101(1)
2.6.3 CeCu6-xAUx
102(5)
2.6.4 CeT(In1-xMx)5
107(2)
2.6.5 CeRhIn5
109(2)
2.6.6 CeCoIn5
111(1)
2.6.7 CelrIn5
112(1)
2.7 Quantum Phase Transitions in Itinerant Magnets
112(14)
2.7.1 Weak Itinerant Ferromagnets
112(3)
2.7.2 MnSi
115(5)
2.7.3 URu2Si2
120(6)
2.8 Quantum Phase Transitions in Transverse Field Ising Systems
126(12)
2.8.1 Transverse Field Quantum Ising Model
126(4)
2.8.2 CoNb2O6
130(8)
2.9 Closing Remarks
138(7)
Acknowledgments
138(1)
References
139(6)
3 High-Temperature Superconductors
Yu Song
Pengcheng Dai
3.1 Introduction
145(2)
3.2 Hole-Doped Cuprate Superconductors
147(13)
3.2.1 Magnetic Order and Spin Waves in the Parent Compounds
147(4)
3.2.2 Evolution of Magnetic Excitations upon Doping
151(5)
3.2.3 Neutron Scattering versus RIXS
156(2)
3.2.4 The "Resonance" Mode in the Superconducting State
158(2)
3.3 Iron-Based Superconductors
160(30)
3.3.1 Introduction, Compounds, and Phase Diagrams
160(2)
3.3.2 Antiferromagnetically Ordered Metallic Parent Compounds
162(6)
3.3.3 Evolution of Magnetic Order and Magnetic Excitations with Doping
168(8)
3.3.4 Persistence of High-Energy Magnetic Excitations
176(3)
3.3.5 The Resonance Mode in Iron-Based Superconductors
179(3)
3.3.6 Magnetism in AxFe2-ySe2 (A = Alkali Metal or TI) Compounds
182(4)
3.3.7 Polarization Dependence of Low-Energy Magnetic Excitations
186(4)
3.4 Summary and Outlook
190(14)
Acknowledgments
193(1)
References
193(11)
4 Magnetic Structures
V. Ovidiu Carlea
Bryan C. Chakoumakos
4.1 Introduction
204(2)
4.2 The Beginnings of Magnetic Structure Determination Using Neutron Diffraction
206(5)
4.3 Fundamentals of Magnetic Scattering
211(20)
4.3.1 Scattering Amplitude from Magnetic Order
211(4)
4.3.2 The Magnetic Propagation Vector Formalism
215(7)
4.3.3 Symmetry Considerations in Magnetic Structures
222(9)
4.4 Practical Aspects in Determination of Magnetic Structures
231(4)
4.4.1 Steps in the Determination of Magnetic Structures
231(3)
4.4.2 Limitations of Neutron Scattering for Complex Magnetic Structures
234(1)
4.4.3 Standard Description for Magnetic Structures
235(1)
4.5 Hierarchy of Magnetic Structures (Important Examples)
235(39)
4.5.1 Three-Dimensional Networks
237(13)
4.5.2 Layered Structures
250(16)
4.5.3 Quasi-One-Dimensional Lattices
266(8)
4.6 Disordered Magnetic Structures
274(7)
4.6.1 Diffuse Scattering from Disordered Alloys
275(1)
4.6.2 Diffuse Scattering from Systems with Reduced Dimensionality
276(2)
4.6.3 Diffuse Magnetic Scattering in Frustrated Magnets
278(3)
4.7 Concluding Remarks
281(10)
Acknowledgments
281(1)
References
282(9)
5 Multiferroics
William D. Ratcliff
Jeffrey W. Lynn
5.1 Introduction
291(2)
5.2 Symmetry Considerations for Ferroelectrics
293(1)
5.3 Type-I Proper Multiferroics
294(7)
5.3.1 HoMnO3
294(3)
5.3.2 BiFeO3
297(3)
5.3.3 (Sr-Ba)MnO3
300(1)
5.4 Type-II Improper Multiferroics
301(14)
5.4.1 Spin-Spiral Systems: TbMnO3, MnWO4, and RbFe(MoO4)2
302(5)
5.4.2 Exchange-Striction Systems: Ca3CoMnO6 and YMn2O5
307(8)
5.5 Domains
315(1)
5.5.1 BiFeO3
315(1)
5.5.2 HoMnO3
315(1)
5.6 Thin Films and Multilayers
316(6)
5.6.1 BiFeO3
316(3)
5.6.2 TbMnO3
319(3)
5.7 Spin Dynamics
322(10)
5.7.1 HoMnO3
322(1)
5.7.2 BiFeO3
323(1)
5.7.3 (Sr-Ba)MnO3
323(2)
5.7.4 Electromagnons
325(3)
5.7.5 MnWO4
328(1)
5.7.6 YMn2O5
329(1)
5.7.7 RbFe(MoO4)2
330(2)
5.8 Future Directions
332(8)
Acknowledgments
333(1)
References
333(7)
6 Neutron Scattering in Nanomagnetism
Boris P. Toperverg
Hartmut Zabel
6.1 Introduction
340(4)
6.1.1 Topics in Nanomagnetism
340(1)
6.1.2 Magnetic Neutron Scattering
341(3)
6.2 Theoretical Background
344(22)
6.2.1 Basic Interactions and Scattering Amplitudes
344(3)
6.2.2 Scattering Cross Section of Polarized Neutrons
347(5)
6.2.3 Grazing Incidence Kinematics
352(7)
6.2.4 Specular Polarized Neutron Reflectivity for 1D Potential
359(4)
6.2.5 Off-Specular Neutron Scattering
363(3)
6.3 Instrumental Considerations
366(8)
6.3.1 Design of Neutron Reflectometers
366(4)
6.3.2 Neutron Optics
370(3)
6.3.3 Detection and Acquisition of Data
373(1)
6.3.4 Modeling and Fitting of Data
373(1)
6.4 Case Studies: Static Experiments
374(42)
6.4.1 Thin Films
374(22)
6.4.2 Multilayers
396(7)
6.4.3 Stripes, Islands, and Nanoparticles
403(13)
6.5 Time Dependent Polarized Neutron Scattering
416(5)
6.6 Summary, Conclusion, and Outlook
421(15)
Acknowledgments
422(1)
References
423(13)
7 Nuclear Magnetism and Neutrons
Michael Steiner
Konrad Siemensmeyer
7.1 Introduction
436(3)
7.2 Experimental Background
439(22)
7.2.1 Nuclear Moments---The Neutron Cross Sections
439(2)
7.2.2 ULT Experimental Methods and Neutron Techniques
441(4)
7.2.3 Nuclear Polarization Measurement from Neutron Scattering and Transmission
445(6)
7.2.4 Neutron Diffraction Cryostat for ULT Applications
451(2)
7.2.5 Sample Requirements
453(1)
7.2.6 Spontaneous Nuclear Magnetic Order
453(8)
7.3 Experimental Results from Neutron Diffraction on Cu and Ag
461(13)
7.3.1 Nuclear Magnetic Ordering of Cu and Ag in Zero and Finite Magnetic Field
461(9)
7.3.2 Structures---Cu and Ag
470(2)
7.3.3 The Phase Diagrams in a Magnetic Field
472(2)
7.4 Neutron Diffraction Investigations on Solid 3He
474(8)
7.5 Applications of Polarized Nuclei in Neutron Diffraction
482(4)
7.5.1 Neutron Polarization from Polarized 3He Gas Targets
482(2)
7.5.2 Contrast Variation by Polarized Nuclei in Neutron Scattering
484(2)
7.6 Summary
486(3)
References
486(3)
Index 489
David L. Price obtained a Ph.D. in Physics from Cambridge University under the supervision of G. L. Squires. He has subsequently had a 40-year career in research and administration involving neutron and x-ray experiments and facilities. After a postdoctoral appointment at the High-Flux Beam Reactor (HFBR) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, he joined the staff at Argonne National Laboratory where he served variously as Senior Scientist, Director of the Solid-State Science Division and Director of the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) during its construction and commissioning phases. He later joined Oak Ridge National Laboratory as Executive Director of the High-Flux Isotope Reactor and Center for Neutron Scattering. He has been invited as Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Japan, and as Visiting Fellow Commoner at Trinity College, Cambridge, UK. He received the Warren Prize of the American Crystallographic Association in 1997 and an Alexander Von Humboldt Research Award in 1998. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the Institute of Physics, UK, and the Neutron Scattering Society of America.Dr. Prices specific research interests include order and disorder in solids and liquids, the dynamics of disordered systems, the glass transition and melting,neutron diffraction with isotope substitution, and deep inelastic and quasielastic neutron scattering. His monograph on High-Temperature Levitated Materials was published by Cambridge University Press in 2010. He has over 250 refereed publications and has designed and commissioned neutron scattering spectrometers at the HFBR and at the CP-5 Research Reactor and the IPNS at Argonne. Felix Fernandez-Alonso graduated with a Ph.D. in Chemistry from Stanford University under the supervision of R.N. Zare. He has been Marie Curie Fellow with the Italian Research Council and Associate Lecturer in Chemistry with the Open University. He joined the ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK in 2003, where he is currently head of the Molecular Spectroscopy Group and coordinator of the Centre for Molecular Structure and Dynamics. He has been appointed Visiting Professor at University College London and Nottingham Trent University in the UK, and at the University of Orléans in France. He is also Fellow of the UK Royal Society of Chemistry and scientific consultant for the chemical industry.Dr. Fernandez-Alonsos current research interests focus on the development and subsequent exploitation of neutron scattering techniques in physical chemistry, with particular emphasis on materials-chemistry challenges of relevance to societal needs and long-term sustainability. These include gas and charge storage in nanostructured media, molecular and macromolecular intercalation phenomena, and solid-state protonics. He has approximately 100 refereed publications and is currently involved in several neutron instrumentation projects at ISIS and abroad.