|
1 Introduction to the Nervous System |
|
|
1 | (36) |
|
The Nervous System Has Central and Peripheral Parts |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
The Principal Cellular Elements of the Nervous System Are Neurons and Glial Cells |
|
|
1 | (36) |
|
2 Development of the Nervous System |
|
|
37 | (18) |
|
The Neural Tube Gives Rise to the Central Nervous System |
|
|
37 | (9) |
|
The Neural Crest and Cranial Placodes Give Rise to the Peripheral Nervous System |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
Adverse Events During Development Can Cause Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System |
|
|
47 | (8) |
|
3 Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
55 | (26) |
|
The Long Axis of the CNS Bends at the Cephalic Flexure |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Hemisecting a Brain Reveals Parts of the Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Ventricular System |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Humans, Relative to Other Animals, Have Large Brains and Many Neurons |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
Named Sulci and Gyri Cover the Cerebral Surface |
|
|
58 | (7) |
|
The Diencephalon Includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
Most Cranial Nerves Are Attached to the Brainstem |
|
|
66 | (2) |
|
The Cerebellum Includes a Vermis and Two Hemispheres |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
Sections of the Forebrain Reveal the Basal Nuclei and Limbic Structures |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
Parts of the Nervous System Are Interconnected in Systematic Ways (Generalizations) |
|
|
70 | (11) |
|
4 Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord |
|
|
81 | (18) |
|
There Are Three Meningeal Layers: The Dura Mater, Arachnoid, and Pia Mater |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
The Dura Mater Provides Mechanical Strength |
|
|
81 | (5) |
|
|
|
86 | (2) |
|
Pia Mater Covers the Surface of the CNS |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
The Vertebral Canal Contains a Spinal Epidural Space |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Bleeding Can Open Up Potential Meningeal Spaces |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Parts of the CNS Can Herniate From One Intracranial Compartment Into Another |
|
|
91 | (8) |
|
5 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid |
|
|
99 | (20) |
|
The Brain Contains Four Ventricles |
|
|
99 | (3) |
|
Choroid Plexus Is the Source of Most CSF |
|
|
102 | (4) |
|
Imaging Techniques Allow Noninvasive Visualization of the CNS |
|
|
106 | (6) |
|
Disruption of CSF Circulation Can Cause Hydrocephalus |
|
|
112 | (7) |
|
6 Blood Supply of the Brain |
|
|
119 | (28) |
|
The Internal Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries Supply the Brain |
|
|
119 | (10) |
|
Imaging Techniques Allow Arteries and Veins to Be Visualized |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
Blood Flow to the CNS Is Closely Controlled |
|
|
129 | (8) |
|
A System of Barriers Partially Separates the Nervous System From the Rest of the Body |
|
|
137 | (2) |
|
Superficial and Deep Veins Drain the Brain |
|
|
139 | (8) |
|
7 Electrical Signaling by Neurons |
|
|
147 | (26) |
|
A Lipid-Protein Membrane Separates Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids |
|
|
148 | (5) |
|
Inputs to Neurons Cause Slow, Local Potential Changes |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
Action Potentials Convey Information Over Long Distances |
|
|
156 | (10) |
|
Resistors, Capacitors, and Neuronal Membranes |
|
|
166 | (3) |
|
Calculating the Membrane Potential |
|
|
169 | (4) |
|
8 Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons |
|
|
173 | (23) |
|
There Are Five Steps in Conventional Chemical Synaptic Transmission |
|
|
174 | (4) |
|
Synaptic Transmission Can Be Rapid and Point-to-Point, or Slow and Often Diffuse |
|
|
178 | (4) |
|
Synaptic Strength Can Be Facilitated or Depressed |
|
|
182 | (3) |
|
Most Neurotransmitters Are Small Amine Molecules, Amino Acids, or Neuropeptides |
|
|
185 | (5) |
|
Gap Junctions Mediate Direct Current Flow From One Neuron to Another |
|
|
190 | (6) |
|
9 Sensory Receptors and the Peripheral Nervous System |
|
|
196 | (25) |
|
Receptors Encode the Nature, Location, Intensity, and Duration of Stimuli |
|
|
196 | (5) |
|
Somatosensory Receptors Detect Mechanical, Chemical, or Thermal Changes |
|
|
201 | (14) |
|
Peripheral Nerves Convey Information to and From the CNS |
|
|
215 | (6) |
|
|
|
221 | (37) |
|
The Spinal Cord Is Segmented |
|
|
221 | (5) |
|
All Levels of the Spinal Cord Have a Similar Cross-Sectional Structure |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
The Spinal Cord Is Involved in Sensory Processing, Motor Outflow, and Reflexes |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
Spinal Gray Matter Is Regionally Specialized |
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
Reflex Circuitry Is Built Into the Spinal Cord |
|
|
231 | (3) |
|
Ascending and Descending Pathways Have Defined Locations in the Spinal White Matter |
|
|
234 | (12) |
|
The Autonomic Nervous System Monitors and Controls Visceral Activity |
|
|
246 | (4) |
|
A Longitudinal Network of Arteries Supplies the Spinal Cord |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Spinal Cord Damage Causes Predictable Deficits |
|
|
251 | (7) |
|
11 Organization of the Brainstem |
|
|
258 | (28) |
|
The Brainstem Has Conduit, Cranial Nerve, and Integrative Functions |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
The Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain Have Characteristic Gross Anatomical Features |
|
|
259 | (3) |
|
The Internal Structure of the Brainstem Reflects Surface Features and the Position of Long Tracts |
|
|
262 | (7) |
|
The Reticular Core of the Brainstem Is Involved in Multiple Functions |
|
|
269 | (6) |
|
Some Brainstem Nuclei Have Distinctive Neurochemical Signatures |
|
|
275 | (3) |
|
The Brainstem Is Supplied by the Vertebral-Basilar System |
|
|
278 | (8) |
|
12 Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei |
|
|
286 | (26) |
|
Cranial Nerve Nuclei Have a Generally Predictable Arrangement |
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI, XI, and XII Contain Somatic Motor Fibers |
|
|
288 | (8) |
|
Branchiomeric Nerves Contain Axons From Multiple Categories |
|
|
296 | (16) |
|
13 The Chemical Senses of Taste and Smell |
|
|
312 | (16) |
|
The Perception of Flavor Involves Gustatory, Olfactory, Trigeminal, and Other Inputs |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Taste Is Mediated by Receptors in Taste Buds Innervated by Cranial Nerves VII, IX, and X |
|
|
313 | (5) |
|
Olfaction Is Mediated by Receptors That Project Directly to the Telencephalon |
|
|
318 | (10) |
|
14 Hearing and Balance: The Eighth Cranial Nerve |
|
|
328 | (34) |
|
Auditory and Vestibular Receptor Cells Are Located in the Walls of the Membranous Labyrinth |
|
|
328 | (6) |
|
The Cochlear Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Sound |
|
|
334 | (13) |
|
The Vestibular Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Linear and Angular Acceleration of the Head |
|
|
347 | (12) |
|
Position Sense Is Mediated by the Vestibular, Proprioceptive, and Visual Systems Acting Together |
|
|
359 | (3) |
|
15 Atlas of the Human Brainstem |
|
|
362 | (10) |
|
16 The Thalamus and Internal Capsule: Getting to and From the Cerebral Cortex |
|
|
372 | (24) |
|
The Diencephalon Includes the Epithalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, and Thalamus |
|
|
372 | (3) |
|
The Thalamus Is the Gateway to the Cerebral Cortex |
|
|
375 | (13) |
|
Interconnections Between the Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical Structures Travel Through the Internal Capsule |
|
|
388 | (8) |
|
|
|
396 | (39) |
|
The Eye Has Three Concentric Tissue Layers and a Lens |
|
|
396 | (4) |
|
The Retina Contains Five Major Neuronal Cell Types |
|
|
400 | (6) |
|
Retinal Neurons Translate Patterns of Light Into Patterns of Contrast |
|
|
406 | (12) |
|
Half of the Visual Field of Each Eye Is Mapped Systematically in the Contralateral Cerebral Hemisphere |
|
|
418 | (8) |
|
Primary Visual Cortex Sorts Visual Information and Distributes It to Other Cortical Areas |
|
|
426 | (3) |
|
Early Experience Has Permanent Effects on the Visual System |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Reflex Circuits Adjust the Size of the Pupil and the Focal Length of the Lens |
|
|
430 | (5) |
|
18 Overview of Motor Systems |
|
|
435 | (15) |
|
Each Lower Motor Neuron Innervates a Group of Muscle Fibers, Forming a Motor Unit |
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
Motor Control Systems Involve Both Hierarchical and Parallel Connections |
|
|
437 | (4) |
|
The Corticospinal Tract Has Multiple Origins and Terminations |
|
|
441 | (9) |
|
|
|
450 | (19) |
|
The Basal Nuclei Include Five Major Groups of Cells |
|
|
450 | (4) |
|
Basal Nuclei Circuitry Involves Multiple Parallel Loops That Modulate Cortical Output |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Interconnections of the Basal Nuclei Determine the Pattern of Their Outputs |
|
|
455 | (7) |
|
Perforating Branches From the Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis) Supply the Basal Nuclei |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Many Basal Nuclei Disorders Result in Abnormalities of Movement |
|
|
462 | (7) |
|
|
|
469 | (28) |
|
The Cerebellum Can Be Divided Into Both Transverse and Longitudinal Zones |
|
|
469 | (11) |
|
Cerebellar Cortex Receives Multiple Inputs |
|
|
480 | (4) |
|
Each Longitudinal Zone Has a Distinctive Output |
|
|
484 | (6) |
|
Clinical Syndromes Correspond to Functional Zones |
|
|
490 | (7) |
|
|
|
497 | (16) |
|
Six Extraocular Muscles Move the Eye in the Orbit |
|
|
497 | (3) |
|
There Are Fast and Slow Conjugate Eye Movements |
|
|
500 | (6) |
|
Changes in Object Distance Require Vergence Movements |
|
|
506 | (2) |
|
The Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum Participate in Eye Movement Control |
|
|
508 | (5) |
|
|
|
513 | (36) |
|
Most Cerebral Cortex Is Neocortex |
|
|
513 | (7) |
|
Neocortical Areas Are Specialized for Different Functions |
|
|
520 | (17) |
|
The Corpus Callosum Unites the Two Cerebral Hemispheres |
|
|
537 | (3) |
|
Consciousness and Sleep Are Active Processes |
|
|
540 | (9) |
|
23 Drives and Emotions: The Hypothalamus and Limbic System |
|
|
549 | (25) |
|
The Hypothalamus Coordinates Drive-Related Behaviors |
|
|
549 | (13) |
|
Limbic Structures Are Interposed Between the Hypothalamus and Neocortex |
|
|
562 | (12) |
|
24 Formation, Modification, and Repair of Neuronal Connections |
|
|
574 | (26) |
|
Both Neurons and Connections Are Produced in Excess During Development |
|
|
574 | (5) |
|
Synaptic Connections Are Adjusted Throughout Life |
|
|
579 | (14) |
|
PNS Repair Is More Effective Than CNS Repair |
|
|
593 | (7) |
|
25 Atlas of the Human Forebrain |
|
|
600 | (20) |
| Glossary |
|
620 | (19) |
| Index |
|
639 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta