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E-raamat: Nominal Classification: A history of its study from the classical period to the present

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Nominal Classification: A history of its study from the classical period to the presentSuurem pilt
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This book offers the first comprehensive survey of the study of gender and classifiers throughout the history of Western linguistics. Based on an analysis of over 200 genetically and typologically diverse languages, the author shows that these seemingly arbitrary and redundant categories play in fact a central role in the lexicon, grammar and the organization of discourse. As a result, the often contradictory approaches to their functionality and semantic motivation encapsulate the evolving conceptions of such issues as cognitive and cultural correlates of linguistic structure, the diverse functions of grammatical categories, linguistic complexity, agreement phenomena and the interplay between lexicon and grammar. The combination of a typological and historiographic perspective adopted here allows the reader to appreciate the detail and insight of earlier, supposedly ‘prescientific’ accounts in light of the data now available and to examine contemporary discussions in the context of prevailing conceptions in the study of language at different points in its history since antiquity.
Preface & Acknowledgments xi
List of abbreviations
xiii
Chapter 1 Preliminaries
1(6)
1.1 Aims of the book
1(2)
1.2 Structure of the book
3(4)
Chapter 2 Nominal classification systems: An overview
7(52)
2.1 Introduction
7(1)
2.2 Terms and definitions
7(2)
2.3 Gender/noun classes vs. classifiers
9(2)
2.4 Gender
11(21)
2.4.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.4.2 Gender assignment
12(1)
2.4.2.1 Semantic assignment
12(4)
2.4.2.2 Morphological assignment
16(2)
2.4.2.3 Phonological assignment
18(3)
2.4.3 Gender agreement
21(1)
2.4.3.1 Morphosyntactic realization of agreement
21(3)
2.4.3.2 Semantic vs. syntactic agreement and non-prototypical controllers
24(2)
2.4.3.3 Constraints and variability in agreement
26(1)
2.4.4 Diachrony of gender systems
27(1)
2.4.4.1 Origin
27(2)
2.4.4.2 Development
29(2)
2.4.4.3 Reduction and loss
31(1)
2.5 Classifiers
32(22)
2.5.1 Introduction
32(1)
2.5.2 Types of classifiers
33(1)
2.5.2.1 Numeral classifiers
33(3)
2.5.2.2 Noun classifiers
36(1)
2.5.2.3 Genitive classifiers
37(3)
2.5.2.4 Verbal classifiers
40(4)
2.5.2.5 Deictic and locative classifiers
44(1)
2.5.3 Semantics of classifiers
45(1)
2.5.3.1 Applicability and semantic complexity of classifiers
45(1)
2.5.3.2 Semantic properties and classifier type
46(6)
2.5.4 Diachrony of classifiers
52(1)
2.5.4.1 Origin and development
52(1)
2.5.4.2 Loss
53(1)
2.6 Complex systems
54(3)
2.7 Concluding observations
57(2)
Chapter 3 From Protagoras to the philosophical grammars
59(58)
3.1 Introduction
59(1)
3.2 Classical studies
59(24)
3.2.1 Introduction
59(1)
3.2.2 Greek and Alexandrian scholarship
60(1)
3.2.2.1 Terminology and controversies
60(5)
3.2.2.2 From Protagoras to Aristotle
65(3)
3.2.2.3 Alexandria
68(6)
3.2.3 Rome and Late Latin grammarians
74(1)
3.2.3.1 Varro and Quintilian
75(2)
3.2.3.2 Late Latin grammarians
77(5)
3.2.4 Concluding remarks
82(1)
3.3 The Middle Ages
83(15)
3.3.1 Introduction
83(1)
3.3.2 Early and Central Middle Ages
83(2)
3.3.2.1 Early Middle Ages
85(1)
3.3.2.2 Central Middle Ages
86(3)
3.3.3 Late Middle Ages: Speculative grammars and nominalism
89(1)
3.3.3.1 Speculative grammars
89(4)
3.3.3.2 The Modistae
93(2)
3.3.3.3 Criticism of the Modistae
95(2)
3.3.4 Concluding remarks
97(1)
3.4 Discussions during the 15th--18th centuries
98(17)
3.4.1 Introduction
98(1)
3.4.2 General and particular grammars
98(7)
3.4.3 Universal languages
105(3)
3.4.4 Grammars of non-Indo-European languages
108(2)
3.4.5 Gender in Algonquian and Iroquoian
110(5)
3.5 Concluding observations
115(2)
Chapter 4 From the `Romantics' to the Neogrammarians
117(42)
4.1 Introduction
117(1)
4.2 Studies of non-Indo-European languages
118(1)
4.3 The `Romantics'
119(13)
4.3.1 Introduction
119(1)
4.3.2 From Herder to Humboldt
120(8)
4.3.3 Grimm and his successors
128(4)
4.4 The Neogrammarian critique
132(12)
4.4.1 Introduction
132(1)
4.4.2 Exchange between Brugmann and Roethe
133(8)
4.4.3 After Brugmann
141(2)
4.4.4 The `Romantics' vs. the Neogrammarians: A summary
143(1)
4.5 Gender in Algonquian and Iroquoian
144(4)
4.6 Functions and correlates of nominal classification
148(9)
4.6.1 Introduction
148(1)
4.6.2 `Value' of gender
148(2)
4.6.3 Male and female features
150(3)
4.6.4 Cognitive and cultural correlates of gender and classifiers
153(4)
4.7 Concluding observations
157(2)
Chapter 5 Structuralism
159(40)
5.1 Introduction
159(1)
5.2 Studies of gender/noun classes
159(21)
5.2.1 Introduction
159(1)
5.2.2 Descriptive studies of Indo-European and Bantu languages
160(7)
5.2.3 Diachrony of Indo-European gender
167(6)
5.2.4 American structuralism
173(7)
5.3 Studies of classifiers
180(5)
5.4 Social and cultural correlates
185(12)
5.4.1 Introduction
185(1)
5.4.2 Indo-European and Semitic gender
185(8)
5.4.3 Gender in Algonquian
193(3)
5.4.4 Cherokee verbs for "wash"
196(1)
5.5 Concluding observations
197(2)
Chapter 6 Contemporary studies of gender/noun classes
199(74)
6.1 Introduction
199(1)
6.2 Studies of nominal classification
199(5)
6.3 Gender/noun class assignment
204(21)
6.3.1 Introduction
204(1)
6.3.2 Semantically arbitrary gender
204(1)
6.3.2.1 Arbitrariness of grammatical gender in Indo-European
205(2)
6.3.2.2 Indo-European gender and Bantu noun classes as examples of arbitrariness
207(1)
6.3.2.3 Gender/noun classes compared with classifiers
208(2)
6.3.3 Not arbitrary, not regular: The magic of gender assignment
210(1)
6.3.3.1 Semantic basis of gender systems
210(2)
6.3.3.2 Semantic organization of gender
212(5)
6.3.3.3 Status of assignment rules
217(4)
6.3.3.4 Methodological issues
221(4)
6.4 Functionality of gender/noun classes
225(47)
6.4.1 Introduction
225(1)
6.4.2 Linguistic `male nipples'
225(1)
6.4.2.1 Redundancy of Indo-European gender
226(1)
6.4.2.2 Gender and linguistic complexity
226(5)
6.4.2.3 Functionality of gender vs. classifiers
231(1)
6.4.3 Semantic functions of gender
232(2)
6.4.3.1 Expansion of the lexicon
234(6)
6.4.3.2 Variable classification
240(2)
6.4.3.3 Individuation
242(3)
6.4.3.4 Ascribing properties to referents
245(5)
6.4.4 Discourse functions of gender
250(1)
6.4.4.1 Reference identification
251(4)
6.4.4.2 Reference management
255(3)
6.4.4.3 Re-presentation of referents
258(5)
6.4.5 Functional relationships
263(4)
6.4.6 Functionality and motivation
267(5)
6.5 Concluding observations
272(1)
Chapter 7 Contemporary studies of classifiers
273(48)
7.1 Introduction
273(1)
7.2 Semantic motivation of classifiers
273(11)
7.2.1 Early accounts of classifiers
274(4)
7.2.2 Semantic organization of classifier systems
278(2)
7.2.3 Classifier choice and predictability
280(4)
7.3 Functionality of classifiers
284(35)
7.3.1 Introduction
284(1)
7.3.2 What are classifiers for?
284(1)
7.3.2.1 Studies of numeral classifiers
284(5)
7.3.2.2 Studies of noun classifiers
289(2)
7.3.2.3 Terminology and glossing
291(4)
7.3.3 Semantic functions of classifiers
295(1)
7.3.3.1 Expansion of the lexicon
295(2)
7.3.3.2 Variable classification
297(7)
7.3.3.3 Individuation
304(5)
7.3.3.4 Ascribing properties to referents
309(3)
7.3.4 Discourse functions of classifiers
312(1)
7.3.4.1 Reference identification
312(2)
7.3.4.2 Reference management
314(4)
7.3.4.3 Re-presentation of referents
318(1)
7.4 Concluding observations
319(2)
Chapter 8 Final discussion
321(16)
8.1 Introduction
321(1)
8.2 Motifs
321(12)
8.2.1 Motivation vs. arbitrariness
322(4)
8.2.2 Functionality vs. redundancy
326(5)
8.2.3 Motivation and functionality
331(2)
8.3 Conceptual projections
333(2)
8.4 Prospects
335(2)
References 337(44)
Index of biographical names 381(10)
Index of subjects and terms 391(10)
Language index 401
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