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E-raamat: Nonimaging Optics: Solar and Illumination System Methods, Design, and Performance

, , (University of Merced, California, USA)
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Nonimaging Optics: Solar and Illumination System Methods, Design, and PerformanceSuurem pilt
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This book provides a comprehensive look at the science, methods, designs, and limitations of nonimaging optics. It begins with an in-depth discussion on thermodynamically efficient optical designs and how they improve the performance and cost effectiveness of solar concentrating and illumination systems. It then moves into limits to concentration, imaging devices and their limitations, and the theory of furnaces and its applications to optical design. Numerous design methods are discussed in detail followed by chapters of estimating the performance of a nonimaging design and pushing their limits of concentration. Exercises and worked examples are included throughout.

Preface ix
Authors xi
Chapter 1 Nonimaging Optical Systems And Their Uses
1(8)
1.1 Nonimaging Collectors
1(1)
1.2 Failure of Imaging Optics
2(1)
1.3 Definition of the Concentration Ratio; the Theoretical Maximum
3(3)
1.4 Uses of Concentrators
6(1)
1.5 Uses of Illuminators
7(1)
References
7(2)
Chapter 2 Some Basic Ideas In Geometrical Optics
9(20)
2.1 The Concepts of Geometrical Optics
9(1)
2.2 Formulation of the Ray-Tracing
10(2)
2.3 Elementary Properties of Image-Forming Optical Systems
12(3)
2.4 Aberrations in Image-Forming Optical Systems
15(2)
2.5 The Effect of Aberrations in an Image-Forming System on the Concentration Ratio
17(1)
2.6 The Optical Path Length and Fermat's Principle
18(2)
2.7 The Optical Lagrangian
20(2)
2.8 The Fermi Vector Method
22(1)
2.9 The Generalized Etendue or Lagrange Invariant and the Phase Space Concept
23(4)
2.10 The Skew Invariant
27(1)
2.11 Different Versions of the Concentration Ratio
28(1)
References
28(1)
Chapter 3 Some Designs Of Image-Forming Concentrators
29(18)
3.1 Introduction
29(1)
3.2 Some General Properties of Ideal Image-Forming Concentrators
29(6)
3.3 Can an Ideal Image-Forming Concentrator Be Designed?
35(5)
3.4 Media with Continuously Varying Refractive Indices
40(2)
3.5 Another System of Spherical Symmetry
42(1)
3.6 Image-Forming Mirror Systems
43(1)
3.7 Conclusions on Classical Image-Forming Concentrators
44(1)
References
45(2)
Chapter 4 Nonimaging Optical Systems
47(26)
4.1 Limits to Concentration
47(1)
4.2 Imaging Devices and Their Limitations
48(1)
4.3 Nonimaging Concentrators
49(1)
4.4 The Edge-Ray Principle or "String" Method
50(3)
4.5 Light Cones
53(1)
4.6 The Compound Parabolic Concentrator
54(6)
4.7 Properties of the Compound Parabolic Concentrator
60(7)
4.7.1 The Equation of the CPC
61(1)
4.7.2 The Normal to the Surface
62(1)
4.7.3 Transmission-Angle Curves for CPCs
62(5)
4.8 Cones and Paraboloids as Concentrators
67(3)
References
70(3)
Chapter 5 Developments And Modifications Of The Compound Parabolic Concentrator
73(32)
5.1 Introduction
73(1)
5.2 The Dielectric-Filled CPC with Total Internal Reflection
73(4)
5.3 The CPC with Exit Angle Less Than nil
77(2)
5.4 The Concentrator for a Source at a Finite Distance
79(2)
5.5 The Two-Stage CPC
81(2)
5.6 The CPC Designed for Skew Rays
83(2)
5.7 The Truncated CPC
85(3)
5.8 The Lens-Mirror CPC
88(2)
5.9 2D Collection in General
90(1)
5.10 Extension of the Edge-Ray Principle
90(3)
5.11 Some Examples
93(1)
5.12 The Differential Equation for the Concentrator Profile
94(1)
5.13 Mechanical Construction for 2D Concentrator Profiles
95(2)
5.14 A General Design Method for a 2D Concentrator with Lateral Reflectors
97(4)
5.15 A Constructive Design Principle for Optimal Concentrators
101(1)
References
102(3)
Chapter 6 The Flowline Method For Nonimaging Optical Designs
105(14)
6.1 The Concept of the Flowline
105(1)
6.2 Lines of Flow from Lambertian Radiators: 2D Examples
106(3)
6.3 3D Example
109(2)
6.4 A Simplified Method for Calculating Lines of Flow
111(1)
6.5 Properties of the Lines of Flow
111(1)
6.6 Application to Concentrator Design
112(1)
6.7 The Hyperboloid of Revolution as a Concentrator
113(1)
6.8 Elaborations of the Hyperboloid: The Truncated Hyperboloid
114(1)
6.9 The Hyperboloid Combined with a Lens
114(1)
6.10 The Hyperboloid Combined with Two Lenses
115(1)
6.11 Generalized Flowline Concentrators with Refractive Components
115(2)
References
117(2)
Chapter 7 Freeform Optics And Supporting Quadric Method: Introduction
119(8)
Notation
119(5)
References
124(3)
Chapter 8 Supporting Quadric Method (Sqm)
127(20)
8.1 Precise Statement of the FFR Problem
127(2)
8.2 Relaxed Formulation, SQM, and Freeform Surfaces
129(1)
8.3 Reflectors and Radial Functions
130(2)
8.4 Focal Function
132(1)
8.5 Generalized Reflector Map
133(1)
8.6 Weak Solutions
134(3)
8.7 Weak Solutions to the FFR Problem and Its Semi-Discrete Version
137(4)
8.7.1 Derivation of the Semi-Discrete FFR Problem
138(1)
8.7.2 Solution to Equation (8.25)
139(2)
8.8 Numerics and SQM
141(1)
8.9 Brief Related and Historical Comments
142(1)
References
143(4)
Chapter 9 Variational Approach
147(14)
9.1 The FFR Problem as an Optimization Problem
147(2)
9.2 Discrete Maximization Problem
149(1)
9.3 Connection with Optimal Mass Transport
150(1)
9.4 Computed Reflector for FFR Problem---Point Source
151(1)
9.5 Type B Reflectors
152(5)
9.6 When Does the Variational Approach Not Apply?
157(1)
9.7 Strong Solutions of the FFR Problem
157(1)
9.8 Acknowledgment
158(1)
References
158(3)
Chapter 10 A Paradigm For A Wave Description Of Optical Measurements
161(14)
10.1 Introduction
161(1)
10.2 The van Cittert-Zernike Theorem
162(1)
10.3 Measuring Radiance
163(2)
10.4 Near-Field and Far-Field Limits
165(2)
10.5 A Wave Description of Measurement
167(1)
10.6 Focusing and the Instrument Operator
168(2)
10.7 Measurement by Focusing the Camera on the Source
170(1)
10.8 Experimental Test of Focusing
170(1)
10.9 Conclusion
171(2)
References
173(2)
Appendix A Derivation and Explanation of the Etendue Invariant, Including the Dynamical Analogy; Derivation of the Skew Invariant 175(6)
Appendix B The Luneburg Lens 181(5)
References 186(1)
Appendix C The Geometry of the Basic Compound Parabolic Concentrator 187(4)
Appendix D The θi/θ6o Concentrator 191(2)
Appendix E The Truncated Compound Parabolic Concentrator 193(4)
Appendix F Skew Rays in a Hyperboloidal Concentrator 197(2)
Appendix G Sine Relation for Hyperboloidal/Lens Concentrator 199(2)
Index 201
Dr. Roland Winston is a leading figure in the field of nonimaging optics and its applications to solar energy. He is the inventor of the compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), used in solar energy, astronomy, and illumination. He is also a Guggenheim Fellow, a Franklin Institute medalist, past head of the University of Chicago Department of Physics, and a member of the founding faculty of University of California Merced, and he is currently the Director of UC Solar.

Dr. Lun Jiang is a Research Scientist at UC Solar. His expertise is with vacuum devices, nonimaging optics and solar thermal and hybrid systems, solar cooling, and solar desalination. In his Ph.D. thesis he demonstrated two novel solar collectors that reach a working temperature above 200°C, without tracking. He led the receiver designing team for a vacuum hybrid receiver that generates both electricity and heat under 70x concentration, commissioned by Advance Research Project Agence-Energy (a segment of the U.S. Department Of Energy).

Vladimir Oliker received his PhD in mathematics from Leningrad University, USSR (former Soviet Union). He has published over a hundred papers in the fields of pure and applied mathematics. Since 1984 he has been developing theoretical and computational methods for design of freeform optics.
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