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E-raamat: Nonlinear RF Circuits and Nonlinear Vector Network Analyzers: Interactive Measurement and Design Techniques

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Nonlinear RF Circuits and Nonlinear Vector Network Analyzers: Interactive Measurement and Design TechniquesSuurem pilt
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"This book is concerned with recent advances in the use of nonlinear vector network analyzers (NVNAs) for the characterization, modeling, design, and linearization of nonlinear RF devices and circuits. Wireless has experienced an incredible growth; from cellular phones to wireless local area networks (WLANs), portable radios have become ubiquitous. The trend is to develop RF radios with wider bandwidth and low power dissipation for supporting new broadband services. Of particular importance are the nonlinear RF front-end circuits in radios, which typically dissipate half the handheld power"--

"With increasingly low-cost and power-efficient RF electronics demanded by today's wireless communication systems, it is essential to keep up to speed with new developments. This book presents key advances in the field that you need to know about and emerging patterns in large-signal measurement techniques, modeling and nonlinear circuit design theory supported by practical examples. Topics covered include: [ bullet] Novel large-signal measurement techniques that have become available with the introduction of nonlinear vector network analyzers (NVNA), such as the LSNA, PNA-X and SWAP [ bullet] Direct extraction of device models from large-signal RF dynamic loadlines [ bullet] Characterization of memory effects (self-heating, traps) with pulsed RF measurements [ bullet] Interactive design of power-efficient amplifiers (PA) and oscillators using ultra-fast multi-harmonic active load-pull [ bullet] Volterra and poly-harmonic distortion (X-parameters) behavioral modeling [ bullet] Oscillator phase noise theory [ bullet] Balancing, modeling and poly-harmonic linearization of broadband RFIC modulators [ bullet] Development of a frequency selective predistorter to linearize PAs"--

"With increasingly low-cost and power-efficient RF electronics demanded by today's wireless communication systems, it is essential to keep up to speed with new developments. This book presents key advances in the field that you need to know about and emerging patterns in large-signal measurement techniques, modeling and nonlinear circuit design theory supported by practical examples. Topics covered include: [ bullet] Novel large-signal measurement techniques that have become available with the introduction of nonlinear vector network analyzers (NVNA), such as the LSNA, PNA-X and SWAP [ bullet] Direct extraction of device models from large-signal RF dynamic loadlines [ bullet] Characterization of memory effects (self-heating, traps) with pulsed RF measurements [ bullet] Interactive design of power-efficient amplifiers (PA) and oscillators using ultra-fast multi-harmonic active load-pull [ bullet] Volterra and poly-harmonic distortion (X-parameters) behavioral modeling [ bullet] Oscillator phase noise theory [ bullet] Balancing, modeling and poly-harmonic linearization of broadband RFIC modulators [ bullet] Development of a frequency selective predistorter to linearize PAs"--

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Brings you up to speed with the latest advances in large-signal measurement techniques and nonlinear circuit design.
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiv
1 Wireless signals
1(16)
1.1 Modern wireless communications
1(2)
1.2 OFDM primer
3(6)
1.3 Impact of clipping on OFDM
9(3)
1.4 Spectral regrowth and clipping
12(1)
1.5 Metrics
13(1)
1.6 Multisine
14(1)
References
15(2)
2 Large-signal vector measurement techniques with NVNAs
17(49)
2.1 Measurement of RF signals
17(2)
2.2 Principle of operation of vector large-signal measurements
19(4)
2.3 Sampler-based principle of operation
23(4)
2.4 Relative and absolute power and harmonic phase calibrations
27(8)
2.4.1 Calibration for connectorized devices
27(6)
2.4.2 On-wafer calibration
33(2)
2.5 Tuner deembedding with the LSNA
35(4)
2.5.1 Definitions
36(2)
2.5.2 Extraction of βc, γc, and δc in Tc
38(1)
2.5.3 Extraction of (1/KC)TP
38(1)
2.5.4 Extraction of LRRM(Zx)
39(1)
2.6 Modulated measurements and IF calibration
39(3)
2.6.1 Absolute time reference calibration for RF modulated measurements
40(2)
2.7 Broadband measurements with the LSNA
42(9)
2.7.1 Principle of phase calibration
44(4)
2.7.2 Experimental results and discussions
48(3)
2.8 Pulsed-RF small- and large-signal measurements
51(7)
2.8.1 Analysis of pulsed-RF signals
52(1)
2.8.2 Pulsed I-V pulsed-RF measurement system with the LSNA
53(2)
2.8.3 Measurement bandwidth
55(1)
2.8.4 Envelope analysis of pulsed-RF signals
56(2)
2.9 Multiple recording of pulsed-RF signals
58(5)
2.9.1 Multiple recording for CW signals
59(3)
2.9.2 Multiple recording for jointly pulsed and modulated signals
62(1)
References
63(3)
3 Device modeling and verification with NVNA measurements
66(23)
3.1 Model verification
66(6)
3.2 Model symmetry
72(3)
3.3 Device parasitics
75(6)
3.4 Model extraction from power-sweep measurements
81(2)
3.5 Model extraction from dynamic loadline measurements
83(4)
References
87(2)
4 Characterization and modeling of memory effects in RF power transistors
89(35)
4.1 Importance of memory effects in RF devices
89(1)
4.2 Distributed and transient models for self-heating in power transistors
90(8)
4.2.1 Steady-state thermal modeling
90(2)
4.2.2 Implementation of the distributed thermal model
92(2)
4.2.3 Transient thermal response
94(2)
4.2.4 Modeling of the transient thermal response
96(2)
4.3 Identification of self-heating using pulsed I-V pulsed-RF measurements
98(5)
4.3.1 CW dynamic loadline measurement system
99(1)
4.3.2 Pulsed I-V pulsed-RF loadline measurement system
99(1)
4.3.3 Origin of the I-V knee walk-out in the CW-RF loadlines
100(3)
4.4 Trapping in GaN Hemts
103(2)
4.5 Characterization with a combined Lsna/Dlos system
105(3)
4.6 Quasi-static device parasitics
108(3)
4.7 Rate equation for physical modeling of trapping effects
111(2)
4.8 Two-trap-level model
113(2)
4.9 Cyclostationary effect
115(5)
4.9.1 Theory
115(1)
4.9.2 Experimental investigations
116(4)
References
120(4)
5 Interactive loadline-based design of RF power amplifiers
124(77)
5.1 Review of power amplifiers of various classes (A-F)
124(10)
5.2 Output termination with load-pull measurements
134(6)
5.2.1 Active load-pull measurements
135(1)
5.2.2 Real-time active load-pull measurements
136(4)
5.3 Class-F design with Rtalp
140(7)
5.4 Complete design cycle for a phemt amplifier
147(3)
5.5 Rtalp of PAs for pulsed I-V pulsed-RF class-B operation
150(4)
5.6 PldB contour plot
154(1)
5.7 Class-E PA operation
155(3)
References
158(2)
6 Behavioral modeling
160(1)
6.1 Behavioral model for SISO and MIMO systems
160(1)
6.2 Volterra modeling
161(18)
6.2.1 Volterra algorithm
162(3)
6.2.2 Model derivation
165(3)
6.2.3 Analytic example
168(3)
6.2.4 Model extraction
171(1)
6.2.5 Experimental model extraction and validation
172(2)
6.2.6 Phase reference
174(1)
6.2.7 Poly-harmonic distortion model (PHD)
175(4)
6.3 Single-band multi-harmonic envelope PA model
179(11)
6.3.1 Input signal
180(1)
6.3.2 Orthogonal Chaillot expansion
180(3)
6.3.3 Memoryless nonlinear system modeling
183(2)
6.3.4 Quasi-memoryless nonlinear system modeling
185(1)
6.3.5 Power-series expansion
186(1)
6.3.6 Multi-path model partitioning
187(1)
6.3.7 Time-selective single-band multi-harmonic envelope PA model
187(3)
6.4 Two-band fundamental envelope PA model
190(8)
6.4.1 Nonlinear power-amplifier characterization with NVNA
192(2)
6.4.2 Extension to higher-order nonlinearities
194(1)
6.4.3 Modulated two-band model
195(3)
6.5 Appendix: Volterra series expansion for a four-tone excitation
198(2)
References
200(1)
7 Kurokawa theory of oscillator design and phase-noise theory
201(36)
7.1 Oscillator operating point
201(2)
7.2 Kurokawa theory of oscillators
203(4)
7.3 Vector measurement of device line with real-time active load-pull
207(8)
7.3.1 Test oscillator circuit
207(1)
7.3.2 Real-time multi-harmonic active load-pull system
208(1)
7.3.3 Experimental results
209(4)
7.3.4 Self-oscillation test
213(2)
7.4 Impact of white noise on an oscillator
215(7)
7.5 Impact of 1/f noise on an oscillator
222(7)
7.5.1 Derivation of Sa, 1/f (Δω)
223(1)
7.5.2 Derivation of Sθ, 1/f (Δω)
224(3)
7.5.3 Range of validity of the Kurokawa equations
227(2)
7.6 Injection locking and additive phase-noise measurements
229(6)
7.6.1 Theory
229(4)
7.6.2 Experimental measurements
233(2)
References
235(2)
8 Design, modeling, and linearization of mixers, modulators, and demodulators
237(25)
8.1 Vector characterization of an I-Q modulator
237(11)
8.1.1 Balancing of an I-Q modulator
237(1)
8.1.2 K modeling
238(2)
8.1.3 I-Q modulator characterization with LSNA
240(3)
8.1.4 K modeling of an I-Q modulator and an I-Q demodulator chain
243(5)
8.2 Polyphase multi-path technique
248(5)
8.2.1 Nonlinear behavior
249(1)
8.2.2 Polyphase multi-path technique
249(4)
8.3 Poly-harmonic modeling of a single-sideband modulator
253(8)
8.3.1 Theory
253(4)
8.3.2 Poly-harmonic predistortion linearization test results
257(4)
References
261(1)
9 Linearization of RF power amplifiers with memory
262(18)
9.1 Predistortion linearization and the impact of memory effects
262(4)
9.2 Predistortion for quasi-memoryless amplifiers
266(3)
9.3 Linearization for PAs modeled with memory polynomials
269(5)
9.4 Two-band frequency-selective predistorter
274(5)
References
279(1)
Index 280
Patrick Roblin is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Ohio State University (OSU). He has worked at OSU since 1984, after receiving his D.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Washington University. He is the founder of the Nonlinear RF Research Laboratory at OSU and previously co-wrote the book High-Speed Heterostructure Devices (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
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