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E-raamat: Novel Bioremediation Processes for Treatment of Seleniferous Soils and Sediment

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Novel Bioremediation Processes for Treatment of Seleniferous Soils and SedimentSuurem pilt
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The aim of this Ph.D. was to develop a technology for the remediation of seleniferous soils/sediments and to explore microbial reduction of selenium oxyanions under different respiration conditions and bioreactor configurations. Seleniferous soil collected from the wheat-grown agricultural land in Punjab (India) was characterized and its soil washing was optimized by varying parameters, where addition of oxidizing agents showed a maximum selenium removal efficiency. Aquatic plants, Lemna minor and Egeria densa were used to study phytoremediation of the selenium-rich soil leachate containing oxidizing agents. Additionally, migration of the soluble selenium fraction from the upper to the lower layers and its subsequent reduction and accumulation in the lower layers of the soil column was observed during soil flushing. Furthermore, the soil leachate containing selenium oxyanions obtained from soil washing was treated in a UASB reactor by varying the organic feed. Ex situ bioremediation of selenium oxyanions was studied under variable conditions. An aerobic bacterium (Delftia lacustris) capable of transforming selenate and selenite to elemental selenium was isolated and characterized. Anaerobic bioreduction of selenate coupled to methane oxidation was investigated in serum bottles and a biotrickling filter using marine sediment as inoculum. Finally, the effect of contamination of other chalcogen oxyanions (tellurium) on selenium bioreduction was studied in a continuous system (UASB reactor).
Acknowledgement xiii
Summary xv
Abstract xvii
Resume xix
Sommario xxi
Chapter 1 General Introduction
1(8)
1.1 Background
2(1)
1.2 Problem Statement
2(2)
1.3 Research objectives
4(1)
1.4 Structure of thesis
5(4)
References
6(3)
Chapter 2 Literature review - Environmental impact and bioremediation of seleniferous soils and sediments
9(50)
Abstract
10(1)
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 Selenium in the soil environment
12(6)
2.2.1 Selenium content and species present in soils and sediments
12(3)
2.2.2 Sources of selenium in soil
15(1)
2.2.3 Sources of selenium in sediments
16(2)
2.3 The biogeochemical selenium cycle
18(8)
2.3.1 Selenium speciation
18(1)
2.3.2 Isotopic speciation of selenium
19(1)
2.3.3 Factors affecting selenium speciation in soil
19(3)
2.3.4 Role of the soil compartment in the biogeochemical selenium cycle
22(4)
2.4 Selenium essentiality
26(6)
2.4.1 Metabolic role of selenium in animals and humans
26(4)
2.4.2 Selenium toxicity
30(1)
2.4.3 Selenium deficiency
31(1)
2.5 Plant - selenium interactions
32(2)
2.5.1 Selenium metabolism in plants
32(2)
2.5.2 Role of rhizospheric microorganisms
34(1)
2.6 Microbe - selenium interactions
34(5)
2.6.1 Selenium metabolism in microorganisms
34(3)
2.6.2 Aerobic reduction
37(2)
2.6.3 Anaerobic reduction
39(1)
2.7 Bioremediation of seleniferous soils
39(7)
2.7.1 Phytoremcdiation by use of selenium hyperaccumulators
39(2)
2.7.2 Phytoremcdiation by genetic engineering of plants
41(2)
2.7.3 Microbial remediation by bioaugmentation
43(1)
2.7.4 Microbial remediation by volatilization
43(1)
2.7.5 Microbial remediation by in situ bioreduction of selenium
44(1)
2.7.6 Ex situ bioremediation by soil washing
45(1)
2.8 Conclusions
46(13)
References
46(13)
Chapter 3 Optimisation of soil washing for seleniferous soil from Northern India
59(20)
Abstract
60(1)
3.1 Introduction
61(1)
3.2 Materials and methods
62(2)
3.2.1 Sample collection and characterisation
62(1)
3.2.2 Soil flushing
63(1)
3.2.3 Soil washing
63(1)
3.3 Results
64(7)
3.3.1 Soil characterisation
64(2)
3.3.2 Se leaching in column by soil flushing
66(1)
Figure 3.1 (a) Se extracted (%) from the soil with respect to the total leachate and
66(1)
3.3.3 Optimisation of soil washing
66(5)
3.4 Discussion
71(3)
3.4.1 Se migration in the soil column
71(1)
3.4.2 Optimization of seleniferous soil washing
72(1)
3.4.3 Practical implications
73(1)
3.5 Conclusion
74(5)
References
74(5)
Chapter 4 In situ and ex situ bioremediation approaches for removal and recovery of selenium from seleniferous soils of Northern India
79(22)
Abstract
80(1)
4.1 Introduction
81(1)
4.2 Materials and methods
82(3)
4.2.1 Sample collection and chemicals
82(1)
4.2.2 In situ treatment using microcosms
82(1)
4.2.3 Seleniferous soil leachate preparation and UASB reactor operation
83(1)
4.2.4 Characterisation of anaerobic granular sludge
84(1)
4.2.5 Analysis
85(1)
4.3 Results
85(7)
4.3.1 In situ microcosm for anaerobic reduction of selenium
85(3)
4.3.2 Treatment of soil leachate in a UASB reactor
88(2)
4.3.3 Characterisation of anaerobic granular sludge from the UASB reactor
90(2)
4.4 Discussion
92(3)
4.4.1 In situ biotreatment of selenium oxyanions
92(1)
4.4.2 Biological treatment of soil leachate in a UASB reactor
93(1)
4.4.3 Soil leachate treatment
94(1)
4.5 Conclusions
95(6)
References
95(6)
Chapter 5 Phytoremediation of seleniferous soil leachate using the aquatic plants Lemna minor and Egeria densa
101(22)
Abstract
102(1)
5.1 Introduction
103(1)
5.2 Materials and methods
104(1)
5.2.1 Sample collection and storage
104(1)
5.2.2 Soil washing
104(1)
5.23 Experimental set-up
105(1)
5.14 Analysis
105(1)
5.3 Results
106(7)
5.3.1 Soil washing analysis
106(2)
5.3.2 Selenium removal at different concentrations
108(1)
5.3.3 Effect of Mn, K2S2O8 and SO4
109(3)
5.3.4 Phytoremediation of real soil leachate
112(1)
5.4 Discussion
113(4)
5.4.1 Post-treatment of soil and soil leachate
113(1)
5.4.2 Phytoremediation of soil leachates
114(1)
5.4.3 Effect of oxidising agents on phytoremediation of soil leachate
115(2)
5.5 Conclusion
117(6)
References
117(6)
Chapter 6 Sclenate reduction by Delftia lacuslris under aerobic conditions
123(26)
Abstract
124(1)
6.1 Introduction
125(2)
6.2 Materials and methods
127(5)
6.2.1 Chemicals
127(1)
6.2.2 Isolation and growth conditions
127(1)
6.2.3 Growth and selenate reduction
128(1)
6.2.4 Selenate reduction by spent medium, cell lysate and resting cells
129(1)
6.2.5 Minimum inhibitory concentration of selenate
130(1)
6.2.6 Extraction of organic selenium compound from spent culture medium
130(1)
6.2.7 16S rRMA gene sequencing
131(1)
6.2.8 Electron microscopic imaging
131(1)
6.2.9 Analysis
131(1)
6.3 Results
132(9)
6.3.1 Electron microscopic imaging and identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
132(1)
6.3.2 Growth and selenate reduction profiles
133(5)
6.3.3 Selenate reduction by spent growth medium, cell lysate and resting cells
138(1)
6.3.4 Effect of tungstate on selenate and selenite reduction
139(1)
6.3.5 Organic selenium analysis
139(2)
6.4 Discussion
141(3)
6.4.1 Selenate reduction by D. lacustris is linked to growth and availability of carbon source
141(1)
6.4.2 Reduction of selenate to elemental Se and unaccounted soluble Se fraction
142(1)
6.4.3 Intracellular enzymes are involved in selenite and selenate reduction
143(1)
6.5 Conclusion
144(5)
References
144(5)
Chapter 7 Selenate bioreduction using methane as electron donor inoculated with marine sediment in a biotrickling filter
149(22)
Abstract
150(1)
7.1 Introduction
151(1)
7.2 Materials & methods
152(5)
7.2.1 Sample collection
152(1)
7.2.2 Medium composition
153(1)
7.2.3 Batch experiments
153(1)
7.2.4 Biotrickling filter
154(2)
7.2.5 Analytical methods
156(1)
7.3 Results
157(6)
7.3.1 Batch studies
157(3)
7.3.2 Continuous studies in biotrickling filter
160(3)
7.4 Discussion
163(3)
7.4.1 Bioreduction of selenate coupled with anaerobic oxidation of methane
163(1)
7.4.2 Acetate and propionate production in BTF
164(1)
7.4.3 Practical implications
165(1)
7.5 Conclusion
166(5)
References
166(5)
Chapter 8 Formation of Se(0), Te(0) and Se(0)-Te(0) nanostrtictures during simultaneous bioreduction of selenite and tellurite in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
171(26)
Abstract
172(1)
8.1 Introduction
173(2)
8.2 Materials and methods
175(4)
8.2.1 Source of biomass
175(1)
8.2.2 Synthetic wastewater
175(1)
8.2.3 Batch incubations with various selenium and tellurium concentrations
175(1)
8.2.4 UASB reactor operation
176(1)
8.2.5 Characterization of Se and Te nanostructures deposited in anaerobic granular sludge
177(1)
8.2.6 Extraction and characterisation of Se and Te nanostructures present in the anaerobic granular sludge
177(1)
8.2.7 Analytical procedures
178(1)
8.2.8 Chemicals
178(1)
8.3 Results
179(6)
8.3.1 Selenite and tellurite reduction by anaerobic granular sludge
179(1)
8.3.2 UASB reactor performance
180(2)
8.3.3 Characterization of immobilized Se, Te and Se-Te nanoparticles in the UASB granules
182(2)
8.3.4 Recovery and characterization of Se and Te nanostructures from the UASB granules
184(1)
8.4 Discussion
185(12)
8.4.1 Concomitant removal of selenite and tellurite by anaerobic granular sludge
185(4)
8.4.2 Characterization of biogenic Se(0), Te(0) and Se(0)-Te(0) nanostructures
189(2)
8.4.3 Practical implications
191(1)
References
192(5)
Chapter 9 Discussion, Conclusion and Perspectives
197(12)
9.1 General discussion
198(2)
9.2 Selenium removal and biotreatment of seleniferous soil
200(2)
9.3 Biological treatment by microbial reduction
202(1)
9.4 Future perspectives
203(6)
References
205(4)
Biography 209(1)
Publications 210(1)
Conferences 211
Shrutika Laxmikant Wadgaonkar was born on June 29, 1986 at Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. Shrutika did her bachelor studies (BSc) in biotechnology at the University of Mumbai and master studies (MSc) in biotechnology at the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University. She was qualified for the National Eligibility Test conducted jointly by the University Grants Commission and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (Lectureship) in December 2008. Upon graduation, Shrutika joined as Research Assistant at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad (India), where she worked on the project entitled Screening and isolation of rpoB mutants in E. coli defective in transcription termination, after which she joined as Research Fellow at the Department of Environmental Science, University of Mumbai, Mumbai (India) where she worked on the project entitled Bioremediation of dye stuff effluent compounds in a sequence bioreactor and metagenomic study of rhizosphere. In 2014, Shrutika started her PhD program at UNESCO IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft (the Netherlands), as part of an Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Program on Environmental Technologies for Contaminated Solids, Soils and Sediments (ETeCoS3). During her PhD, she also carried out her research at the Helmholtz institute for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig (Germany) and University of Federico II, Naples (Italy). Shrutika also worked at the University of Saarland, Saarbrucken (Germany) during a short term scientific mission (STSM, COST Action ES1302). Her research was mainly focused on the development of a technology for the remediation of seleniferous soils/sediments and to explore microbial reduction of selenium oxyanions under different respiration conditions and bioreactor configurations.
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