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E-raamat: NP-strategy for Expressing Reciprocity: Typology, history, syntax and semantics

(The Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
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NP-strategy for Expressing Reciprocity: Typology, history, syntax and semanticsSuurem pilt
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"This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the syntax and semantics of a single linguistic phenomenon - the NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity - in synchronic, diachronic, and typological perspectives. It challenges the assumption common in thetypological, syntactic, and semantic literature, namely that so-called reciprocal constructions encode symmetric relations. Instead, they are analyzed as constructions encoding unspecified relations. In effect, it provides a new proposal for the truth-conditional semantics of these constructions. More broadly, this book introduces new ways of bringing together historical linguistics and formal semantics, demonstrating how, on the one hand, the inclusion of historical data concerning the sources of reciprocal constructions enriches their synchronic analysis; and how, on the other hand, an analysis of the syntax and the semantics of these constructions serves as a key for understanding their historical origins"--

This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the syntax and semantics of a single linguistic phenomenon – the NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity – in synchronic, diachronic, and typological perspectives. It challenges the assumption common in the typological, syntactic, and semantic literature, namely that so-called reciprocal constructions encode symmetric relations. Instead, they are analyzed as constructions encoding unspecified relations. In effect, it provides a new proposal for the truth-conditional semantics of these constructions. More broadly, this book introduces new ways of bringing together historical linguistics and formal semantics, demonstrating how, on the one hand, the inclusion of historical data concerning the sources of reciprocal constructions enriches their synchronic analysis; and how, on the other hand, an analysis of the syntax and the semantics of these constructions serves as a key for understanding their historical origins.

Arvustused

The book thus can serve the needs of a wide range of readership. I encourage everyone with an interest in the natural language encoding of reciprocity to cover the whole book. It takes a unique approach in grouping together different reciprocal constructions under the umbrella term NP-strategy and in the postulation of a uniform, weak semantics for thiw whole class. The result is a novel and highly insightful contribution to the study of reciprocity, which will most probably fertilize the field in several compartments. -- György Rákosi, University of Debrecen, in Journal of Historical Linguistics 13:3 (2023).

Symbols and abbreviations xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction 1(1)
1 Studying reciprocity
1(1)
2 The NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity: Typology, history, syntax and semantics
2(1)
3 The literature on reciprocal constructions
3(7)
4 A methodology for constructing a typology for reciprocal constructions
10(3)
5 The methodology in practice: The NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity
13(2)
6 The semantics of the NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity -- preliminary observations
15(5)
7 Building theoretical bridges between historical linguistics and formal semantics
20(5)
7.1 Background
20(3)
7.2 Working hypothesis
23(2)
8 The scope and goals of the book
25(3)
8.1 The topics
25(1)
8.2 The languages
25(3)
9 The structure of the book and the intended audience
28(5)
PART 1
Chapter 1 The types of constructions and their origin
33(28)
1.1 Introduction
33(1)
1.2 Types of NP-strategy constructions for expressing reciprocity in Semitic languages
34(3)
1.3 Two-unit constructions: Origin and semantics
37(16)
1.3.1 Two-unit constructions: A nominal construction
37(6)
1.3.2 Two-unit constructions: Pronominal constructions
43(10)
1.4 A compositional explanation for the origin of the NP-strategy constructions
53(6)
1.5 Conclusions
59(2)
Chapter 2 The diachronic development from a two-unit to a one-unit construction
61(34)
2.1 Introduction
61(2)
2.2 Previous proposals for the emergence of the one-unit construction
63(1)
2.3 Syntactic differences between the one- and the two-unit construction
64(4)
2.4 The diachronic development within the NP-strategy
68(16)
2.4.1 Stage I
68(3)
2.4.2 Stage II
71(4)
2.4.3 Stage III
75(9)
2.5 An interim summary and the significance of the observations
84(2)
2.6 From one- to two-unit constructions
86(1)
2.7 Conclusions and extrapolations
87(8)
2.7.1 Diachronic developments, syntax and semantics
87(2)
2.7.2 The nature of the change from two- to one-unit constructions
89(3)
2.7.3 Future typological study
92(3)
PART 2
Chapter 3 Relics as a syntactic category: Modern Hebrew and Italian constructions as frozen formulae
95(18)
3.1 Introduction
95(1)
3.2 Modern Hebrew and Modern Italian constructions
96(6)
3.3 The syntax of the one-unit construction in Modern Hebrew (and Modern Italian)
102(7)
3.4 Interim summary
109(1)
3.5 In real time: A diachronic development in Modern Hebrew
109(2)
3.6 Conclusions
111(2)
Chapter 4 Heterogeneity: Languages with more than one NP-Strategy construction
113(38)
4.1 Introduction
113(1)
4.2 Various approaches to account for heterogeneity
114(3)
4.3 Part 1: The range of NP-strategy constructions in Early and Late Hebrew
117(17)
4.3.1 The relation between Early and Late Hebrew
117(1)
4.3.2 NP-strategy in Biblical Hebrew
118(2)
4.3.3 NP-strategy in Mishnaic Hebrew
120(5)
4.3.4 The functions of the Biblical and Mishnaic constructions
125(6)
4.3.5 Another type of heterogeneity in Mishnaic Hebrew
131(3)
4.4 Part 2: Heterogeneity in Modern Hebrew
134(14)
4.4.1 Introduction
134(1)
4.4.2 The origin of the Modern Hebrew constructions
135(3)
4.4.3 The availability of the two-unit construction in Modern Hebrew
138(4)
4.4.4 A mixed-gender antecedent
142(4)
4.4.5 Semantic agreement with plural subjects
146(2)
4.5 Summary and concluding remarks
148(3)
Chapter 5 Changing meaning of the NP-strategy constructions
151(32)
5.1 Introduction
151(1)
5.2 One-unit anaphors and adverbs
152(5)
5.2.1 The adverbial strategy for expressing reciprocity
152(2)
5.2.2 Defining the adverbial strategy for expressing reciprocity
154(3)
5.3 The Akkadian expression ahdmis
157(7)
5.3.1 Ahdmis as an anaphor
157(4)
5.3.2 A putative shift: One-unit anaphor adverb
161(3)
5.4 Strategies for encoding reciprocity versus collective, sociative and comitative expressions
164(4)
5.4.1 Collective, sociative and comitative expressions
164(1)
5.4.2 Shifts in meaning between the conceptual categories of reciprocity and sociativity
165(3)
5.5 The origin of the Akkadian one-unit anaphor ahdmis
168(8)
5.6 Summary and discussion of formal analyses of changes in meaning
176(5)
5.7 Appendix: An observation found in an ancient text on the grammatical relationship between the reciprocal and the sociative domains
181(2)
Chapter 6 A comparative linguistics study of NP-strategy constructions
183(16)
6.1 Introduction
183(1)
6.2 A brief history of Aramaic
183(1)
6.3 NP-strategy constructions in the history of Aramaic
184(4)
6.4 Linking Eastern Neo-Aramaic NP-strategy constructions with their Late Aramaic forebears
188(6)
6.4.1 Two types of constructions preserved from late Aramaic
188(1)
6.4.2 Derivatives of the Late-Aramaic one-unit constructions/anaphors
189(1)
6.4.3 NENA forms deriving from unattested morphemes
190(2)
6.4.4 The emergence of a new one-unit anaphor
192(2)
6.5 Concluding notes
194(5)
PART 3
Chapter 7 The basic meaning of the NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity
199(40)
7.1 Introduction
199(1)
7.2 Structure and meaning
200(2)
7.3 Previous scholarship
202(4)
7.4 The Strongest Meaning Hypothesis
206(4)
7.5 The Modal Hypothesis
210(3)
7.6 Non-reciprocal readings of NP-strategy constructions for expressing reciprocity
213(8)
7.7 Unspecified constructions
221(12)
7.7.1 A weak interpretation as the basic meaning
221(3)
7.7.2 NP-strategy constructions under negation
224(4)
7.7.3 Support from diachronic evidence
228(5)
7.8 The indifference implicature
233(3)
7.9 An additional type of implied meaning
236(1)
7.10 Summary
237(2)
Chapter 8 Specifying the meaning of the NP-strategy through context
239(26)
8.1 Introduction
239(1)
8.2 The role of context in interpretation
240(2)
8.3 Hypothesis: Consistency with relevant descriptions of events in causal relations (CRDECR)
242(12)
8.3.1 Identifying the causal relations for a given context
242(5)
8.3.2 Inducing alternatives
247(4)
8.3.3 Broader issues germane to the current analysis
251(3)
8.4 The NP-strategy with focus-sensitive particles
254(1)
8.5 The indifference implicature within CRDECR
255(3)
8.6 Two clarifications
258(3)
8.6.1 Sentences out of context
258(2)
8.6.2 Contextual contradictions
260(1)
8.7 Summary
261(4)
References 265(20)
Language index 285(4)
Subject index 289
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