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E-raamat: Nutritional Trace Metals

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Apr-2008
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Science Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781405148115
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Apr-2008
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Science Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781405148115
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The Nutritional Trace Metals covers the roles played by trace metals in human metabolism, a relatively neglected area of human metabolism and nutrition. The book focuses its attention on the vital roles played by the relatively small number of trace metal nutrients as components of a wide range of functional proteins. Its structure and content are largely based on the approach adopted by the author, Professor Conor Reilly, during more than 30 years of teaching nutrition to a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate students.





The introductory chapter covers the roles of metals in life processes, the metal content of living systems and metals in food and diets. This is followed by chapters, each dealing with an individual trace metal. Those discussed are iron, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, boron, vanadium, cobalt, silicon and arsenic. In each case attention is given to the metals chemistry and metabolic roles, including absorption, transport, losses, status and essentiality, as well as the consequences both of deficiency and excess.





The Nutritional Trace Metals is essential reading for nutritionists, dietitians and other health professionals, including physicians, who wish to know more about these vital components of the diet. The book will also be of value to food scientists, especially those involved in food fortification and pharmaceutical product formulation. It will be an invaluable reference volume in libraries of universities and research establishments involved in nutrition teaching and research.





Conor Reilly is Emeritus Professor of Public Health at the Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, and is also Visiting Professor of Nutrition at Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, U.K.

Arvustused

"This book discusses the role played by trace metals in human metabolism. It is intended for use by food scientists in fields such as food fortification as well as nutritionists, dietitians and other health professionals wanting to learn more about trace metals as dietary components." Food Science & Technology Abstracts, Vol 37 (3) 2005 "This book covers the roles played by trace elements in human metabolism. It provides information on thir nature and function, and discusses reports from the specialist literature, highlighting current thinking concerning the effect of these trace elements. This book will be particularly useful for undergraduates in dietetics and nutrition courses and will be of value to medical and pharmaceutical and other healthprofessionals, including alternative health practitioners. It could also serve as a reference book for food scientists and technologists, as well as for administrators and others in the food industry who need to nore more about the nutritional trace elements that occur in processed and other foods either naturally or added in fortification." CAB Abstracts, 2005 "The Nutritional Trace Metals is a unique reference source for food scientists and technologists (espicially those involved in food fortification and pharmaceutical product formulation. i.e. nutraceuticals and functional foods), dietiticans and other health professionals, including physicians, who wish to know more about these vital components of the diet." International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2005 "...essential reading for public health professionals." "The selenium chapter is a tour de force with a wide ranging discussion on the magnitude and implications of selenium defiency". "This is a fine addition to the body of available literature on trace metals of nutritional significance and covers teh important trace elements including iron, zinc, copper, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, etc". Maternal and Child Nutrition Volume 2 Issue 2 April 2006

Preface xiii
Introduction
1(34)
The role of metals in life processes -- a belated recognition
1(6)
Bioinorganic chemistry
2(1)
A brief review of the metals
3(1)
What are the metals?
3(1)
Chemical properties of the metals
4(1)
Representative and transition metals
4(2)
The biological functions of trace metals
6(1)
The metal content of living systems
7(4)
Metals in human tissue
8(1)
Essential and non-essential elements
9(1)
The essentiality of trace metals
9(2)
Metals in food and diets
11(24)
Variations in metal concentrations in foods
12(3)
Chemical forms of metals in food
15(1)
Determination of levels of trace metals in foods
16(1)
How do metals get into foods?
17(1)
Metals in soils
17(1)
Soil as a source of trace metals in plants and in human diets
17(1)
Effects of agricultural practices on soil metal content
18(1)
Uptake of trace metals by plants from soil
18(1)
Accumulator plants
19(1)
Non-plant sources of trace metal nutrients in foods
19(1)
Adventitious sources of trace metals in foods
20(1)
Food fortification
20(1)
Dietary supplements
21(1)
Bioavailability of trace metal nutrients in foods
22(1)
Estimating dietary intakes of trace metals
22(1)
A hierarchial approach to estimating intakes
23(1)
Other methods for assessing intakes
23(1)
Recommended allowances, intakes and dietary reference values
24(1)
The US RDAs of 1941
24(1)
Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes
25(1)
Modernising the RDAs
26(1)
The US Dietary Reference Intakes for the twenty-first century
27(1)
The UK's Dietary Reference Values
28(1)
Australian and New Zealand Nutrient Reference Values
29(1)
Other nutrient intake recommendations
29(6)
Iron
35(47)
Introduction
35(1)
Iron chemistry
36(1)
Iron in the body
37(5)
Haemoglobin
37(1)
Myoglobin
38(1)
Cytochromes
39(1)
Cytochrome P-450 enzymes
40(1)
Iron-sulphur proteins
40(1)
Other iron enzymes
40(1)
Iron-transporting proteins
41(1)
Transferrin
41(1)
Lactoferrin
41(1)
Ferritin
41(1)
Haemosiderin
42(1)
Iron absorption
42(6)
The luminal phase of iron absorption
43(1)
Inhibitors of iron absorption
43(1)
Effect of tannin in tea on iron absorption
44(1)
Dietary factors that enhance iron absorption
44(1)
Non-dietary factors that affect iron absorption
45(1)
Uptake of iron by the mucosal cell
45(1)
Handling of iron within the intestinal enterocyte
46(1)
Export of iron from the mucosal cells
46(1)
Regulation of iron absorption and transport
47(1)
Transport of iron in plasma
48(1)
Iron turnover in plasma
49(1)
Iron losses
49(1)
Iron status
49(10)
Methods for assessing iron status
50(1)
Measuring body iron stores
50(1)
Measuring functional iron
51(1)
Haemoglobin measurement
52(1)
Iron deficiency
52(1)
Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA)
52(1)
Consequences of IDA
53(1)
Anaemia of chronic disease (ACD)
54(1)
Iron overload
54(1)
Haemochromatosis
54(1)
Non-genetic iron overload
54(1)
Iron and cellular oxidation
55(1)
Iron, immunity and susceptibility to infection
56(1)
Iron and infection
57(1)
Iron and cancer
58(1)
Iron and coronary heart disease
58(1)
Iron in the diet
59(6)
Iron in foods and beverages
59(1)
Iron fortification of foods
60(1)
Bioavailability of iron added to foods
61(1)
Levels of iron used in food fortification
62(1)
Adventitious iron in food
63(1)
Dietary intake of iron
63(2)
Recommended intakes of iron
65(1)
Strategies to combat iron deficiency
66(16)
Iron fortification of dietary staples
67(2)
Use of iron supplements
69(1)
The effect of changing dietary habits on iron status
70(12)
Zinc
82(36)
Introduction
82(1)
Zinc distribution in the environment
83(1)
Zinc chemistry
83(1)
The biology of zinc
84(2)
Zinc enzymes
85(1)
Zinc finger proteins
85(1)
Absorption and metabolism of zinc
86(1)
Chemical forms of zinc in food
86(1)
Promoters and inhibitors of zinc absorption
86(1)
Relation of zinc uptake to physiological state
87(1)
Zinc homeostasis
87(5)
Zinc absorption in the gastrointestinal tract
88(1)
Transfer of zinc across the mucosal membrane
89(1)
Zinc transporters
89(1)
Regulation of zinc homeostasis at different levels of dietary intake
90(1)
Effect of changes in zinc intake on renal losses
91(1)
Other sources of zinc loss
91(1)
Effects of changes in dietary zinc intakes on tissue levels
92(1)
Zinc in bone
92(1)
Zinc in plasma
93(1)
Effects of zinc deficiency
93(2)
Severe zinc deficiency
93(1)
Mild zinc deficiency
93(1)
Zinc deficiency and growth in children
94(1)
Zinc deficiency and diarrhoea in children
94(1)
Zinc deficiency and infection in children
94(1)
Zinc deficiency and neurophysiological behaviour
94(1)
Zinc and the immune system
95(2)
Zinc and thymulin activity
95(1)
Zinc and the epidermal barriers to infection
95(1)
Zinc and apoptosis
96(1)
Effects of high zinc intake on the immune system
96(1)
Effect of zinc on immunity in the elderly
96(1)
The antioxidant role of zinc
97(1)
Zinc metallothionein
97(1)
Nitric oxide and zinc release from MT
98(1)
Zinc requirements
98(3)
WHO estimates of zinc requirements
99(1)
Recommended intakes for zinc in the US and the UK
100(1)
High intakes of zinc
101(1)
Assessment of zinc status
102(2)
An index of suspicion of zinc deficiency
102(1)
Assessment of zinc status using plasma and serum levels
102(1)
Assessment of zinc status from dietary intake data
103(1)
Use of zinc-dependent enzymes to assess zinc status
103(1)
Other biomarkers for assessing zinc status
103(1)
Dietary sources and bioavailability of zinc
104(2)
Dietary intake of zinc in the UK
105(1)
Interventions to increase dietary zinc intake
106(12)
Zinc supplementation of the diet
106(1)
Zinc fortification of foods
107(1)
Dietary diversification and modification to increase zinc intake
108(1)
An integrated approach to improving zinc nutriture in populations
108(10)
Copper
118(17)
Introduction
118(1)
Copper chemistry
118(1)
The biology of copper
119(2)
Copper proteins
119(1)
Cytochrome-c oxidase
119(1)
The ferroxidases
120(1)
Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase
120(1)
Amine oxidases
121(1)
Tyrosinase
121(1)
Other copper proteins
121(1)
Dietary sources of copper
121(1)
Copper absorption and metabolism
122(3)
Effects on copper absorption of various food components
123(1)
Effect of amino acids on copper absorption
123(1)
Competition between copper and other metals for absorption
123(1)
Effects of dietary carbohydrates and fibre on copper absorption
124(1)
Copper absorption from human and cow's milk
124(1)
Transport of copper across the mucosal membrane
124(1)
Distribution of copper in the body
125(1)
Assessment of copper status
126(1)
Assessment of copper status using plasma copper and caeruloplasmin
126(1)
Copper enzyme activity
126(1)
Relation of immunity to copper status
127(1)
Responses to copper supplementation
127(1)
Copper requirements
127(8)
Copper deficiency
127(1)
Copper deficiency and heart disease
128(1)
Recommended and safe intakes of copper
128(1)
Upper limits of intake
129(1)
Dietary intakes of copper
130(5)
Selenium
135(45)
Introduction
135(1)
Selenium chemistry
136(1)
Selenium compounds
136(1)
Organo-selenium products
137(1)
Production of selenium
137(1)
Uses of selenium
138(1)
Sources and distribution of selenium in the environment
138(2)
Selenium in soil and water
139(1)
Availability of selenium in different soils
139(1)
Selenium in surface waters
139(1)
Selenium in foods and beverages
140(5)
Variations in selenium levels in foods
140(1)
Sources of dietary selenium
141(1)
Brazil nuts
141(1)
Dietary intakes of selenium
142(2)
Changes in dietary intakes of selenium: Finland and New Zealand
144(1)
Absorption of selenium from ingested foods
145(4)
Retention of absorbed selenium
146(1)
The nutritional significance of selenomethionine
146(1)
Excretion of selenium
146(1)
Selenium distribution in the human body
146(1)
Selenium levels in blood
147(1)
Selenium in whole blood
147(1)
Selenium in serum and plasma
148(1)
Selenium levels in other blood fractions
149(1)
Biological roles of selenium
149(5)
Selenium-responsive conditions in farm animals
149(1)
Functional selenoproteins in humans
150(1)
Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs)
150(1)
Iodothyronine deiodinase (ID)
151(1)
Thioredoxin reductase (TR)
151(1)
Other selenoproteins
152(1)
Selenoprotein synthesis
152(1)
Selenocysteine, the 21st amino acid
153(1)
Selenocysteine synthesis
153(1)
Selenium in human health and disease
154(9)
Selenium toxicity
154(1)
Effects of selenium deficiency
155(1)
Keshan disease
155(1)
Kashin-Beck disease (KBD)
156(1)
Non-endemic selenium deficiency-related conditions
157(1)
TPN-induced selenium deficiency
157(1)
Other iatrogenic selenium deficiencies
157(1)
Selenium deficiency and iodine deficiency disorders
158(1)
Selenium deficiency and other diseases
158(1)
Selenium and cancer
159(2)
Selenium and the immune response
161(1)
Selenium and brain function
162(1)
Selenium and other health conditions
162(1)
Recommended allowances, intakes and dietary reference values for selenium
163(1)
Perspectives for the future
164(16)
Chromium
180(13)
Introduction
180(1)
Chemistry of chromium
180(1)
Distribution, production and uses of chromium
181(1)
Chromium in food and beverages
181(2)
Adventitious chromium in foods
182(1)
Dietary intakes of chromium
183(1)
Absorption and metabolism of chromium
183(3)
Essentiality of chromium
184(1)
Chromium and glucose tolerance
184(1)
Mechanism of action of chromium
184(1)
Chromium and athletic performance
185(1)
Assessing chromium status
186(1)
Blood chromium
186(1)
Measurements of chromium in urine and hair
186(1)
Chromium requirements
186(2)
Chromium supplementation
188(5)
Manganese
193(9)
Introduction
193(1)
Production and uses of manganese
193(1)
Chemical and physical properties of manganese
193(1)
Manganese in food and beverages
194(1)
Dietary intake of manganese
194(1)
Absorption and metabolism of manganese
194(3)
Metabolic functions of manganese
195(1)
Manganese deficiency
196(1)
Manganese toxicity
196(1)
Assessment of manganese status and estimation of dietary requirements
197(5)
Manganese dietary requirements
199(3)
Molybdenum
202(9)
Introduction
202(1)
Distribution and production of molybdenum
202(1)
Chemical and physical properties of molybdenum
202(1)
Molybdenum in food and beverages
203(1)
Dietary intakes of molybdenum
203(1)
Absorption and metabolism of molybdenum
203(3)
Molybdenum deficiency
205(1)
Molybdenum toxicity
205(1)
Toxicity from molybdenum in dietary supplements
206(1)
Molybdenum requirements
206(5)
Nickel, boron, vanadium, cobalt and other trace metal nutrients
211(23)
Introduction
211(1)
Nickel
211(3)
Chemical and physical properties of nickel
211(1)
Nickel in food and beverages
212(1)
Dietary intake of nickel
212(1)
Intake of nickel from dietary supplements
212(1)
Absorption and metabolism of nickel
213(1)
Dietary requirements for nickel
214(1)
Boron
214(4)
Chemical and physical properties of boron
214(1)
Uses of boron
215(1)
Boron in food and beverages
215(1)
Dietary intake of boron
215(1)
Boron intakes by vegetarians
215(1)
Boron intakes from supplements
216(1)
Absorption and metabolism of boron
216(1)
Boron: an essential nutrient?
217(1)
An acceptable daily intake for boron
217(1)
Vanadium
218(2)
Chemical and physical properties of vanadium
218(1)
Production and uses of vanadium
218(1)
Vanadium in food and beverages
218(1)
Dietary intakes of vanadium
219(1)
Intake of vanadium from dietary supplements
219(1)
Absorption and metabolism of vanadium
220(1)
Vanadium toxicity
220(1)
Vanadium requirements
220(1)
Cobalt
220(3)
Chemical and physical properties of cobalt
221(1)
Production and uses of cobalt
221(1)
Cobalt in food and beverages
221(1)
Absorption and metabolism of cobalt
222(1)
Dietary intake recommendations for cobalt
223(1)
Safe intakes of cobalt
223(1)
Other possibly essential trace metals and metalloids
223(11)
Silicon
224(1)
Arsenic
224(2)
Other as-yet unconfirmed essential trace metals and metalloids
226(8)
Index 234


Connor Reilly is Emeritus Professor of Public Health at the Queenland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, and is also Visiting Professor of Nutrition at Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.