Preface |
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xiii | |
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1 | (34) |
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The role of metals in life processes -- a belated recognition |
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1 | (6) |
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2 | (1) |
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A brief review of the metals |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Chemical properties of the metals |
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4 | (1) |
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Representative and transition metals |
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4 | (2) |
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The biological functions of trace metals |
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6 | (1) |
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The metal content of living systems |
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7 | (4) |
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8 | (1) |
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Essential and non-essential elements |
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9 | (1) |
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The essentiality of trace metals |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (24) |
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Variations in metal concentrations in foods |
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12 | (3) |
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Chemical forms of metals in food |
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15 | (1) |
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Determination of levels of trace metals in foods |
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16 | (1) |
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How do metals get into foods? |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Soil as a source of trace metals in plants and in human diets |
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17 | (1) |
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Effects of agricultural practices on soil metal content |
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18 | (1) |
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Uptake of trace metals by plants from soil |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Non-plant sources of trace metal nutrients in foods |
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19 | (1) |
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Adventitious sources of trace metals in foods |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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Bioavailability of trace metal nutrients in foods |
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22 | (1) |
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Estimating dietary intakes of trace metals |
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22 | (1) |
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A hierarchial approach to estimating intakes |
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23 | (1) |
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Other methods for assessing intakes |
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23 | (1) |
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Recommended allowances, intakes and dietary reference values |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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The US Dietary Reference Intakes for the twenty-first century |
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27 | (1) |
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The UK's Dietary Reference Values |
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28 | (1) |
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Australian and New Zealand Nutrient Reference Values |
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29 | (1) |
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Other nutrient intake recommendations |
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29 | (6) |
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35 | (47) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (5) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Iron-transporting proteins |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (6) |
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The luminal phase of iron absorption |
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43 | (1) |
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Inhibitors of iron absorption |
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43 | (1) |
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Effect of tannin in tea on iron absorption |
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44 | (1) |
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Dietary factors that enhance iron absorption |
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44 | (1) |
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Non-dietary factors that affect iron absorption |
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45 | (1) |
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Uptake of iron by the mucosal cell |
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45 | (1) |
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Handling of iron within the intestinal enterocyte |
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46 | (1) |
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Export of iron from the mucosal cells |
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46 | (1) |
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Regulation of iron absorption and transport |
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47 | (1) |
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Transport of iron in plasma |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (10) |
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Methods for assessing iron status |
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50 | (1) |
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Measuring body iron stores |
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50 | (1) |
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Measuring functional iron |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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Anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Non-genetic iron overload |
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54 | (1) |
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Iron and cellular oxidation |
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55 | (1) |
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Iron, immunity and susceptibility to infection |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Iron and coronary heart disease |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (6) |
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Iron in foods and beverages |
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59 | (1) |
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Iron fortification of foods |
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60 | (1) |
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Bioavailability of iron added to foods |
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61 | (1) |
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Levels of iron used in food fortification |
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62 | (1) |
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Adventitious iron in food |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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Recommended intakes of iron |
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65 | (1) |
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Strategies to combat iron deficiency |
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66 | (16) |
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Iron fortification of dietary staples |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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The effect of changing dietary habits on iron status |
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70 | (12) |
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82 | (36) |
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82 | (1) |
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Zinc distribution in the environment |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Absorption and metabolism of zinc |
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86 | (1) |
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Chemical forms of zinc in food |
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86 | (1) |
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Promoters and inhibitors of zinc absorption |
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86 | (1) |
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Relation of zinc uptake to physiological state |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (5) |
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Zinc absorption in the gastrointestinal tract |
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88 | (1) |
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Transfer of zinc across the mucosal membrane |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Regulation of zinc homeostasis at different levels of dietary intake |
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90 | (1) |
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Effect of changes in zinc intake on renal losses |
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91 | (1) |
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Other sources of zinc loss |
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91 | (1) |
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Effects of changes in dietary zinc intakes on tissue levels |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Effects of zinc deficiency |
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93 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Zinc deficiency and growth in children |
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94 | (1) |
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Zinc deficiency and diarrhoea in children |
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94 | (1) |
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Zinc deficiency and infection in children |
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94 | (1) |
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Zinc deficiency and neurophysiological behaviour |
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94 | (1) |
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Zinc and the immune system |
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95 | (2) |
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Zinc and thymulin activity |
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95 | (1) |
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Zinc and the epidermal barriers to infection |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Effects of high zinc intake on the immune system |
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96 | (1) |
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Effect of zinc on immunity in the elderly |
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96 | (1) |
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The antioxidant role of zinc |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Nitric oxide and zinc release from MT |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (3) |
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WHO estimates of zinc requirements |
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99 | (1) |
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Recommended intakes for zinc in the US and the UK |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Assessment of zinc status |
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102 | (2) |
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An index of suspicion of zinc deficiency |
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102 | (1) |
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Assessment of zinc status using plasma and serum levels |
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102 | (1) |
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Assessment of zinc status from dietary intake data |
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103 | (1) |
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Use of zinc-dependent enzymes to assess zinc status |
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103 | (1) |
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Other biomarkers for assessing zinc status |
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103 | (1) |
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Dietary sources and bioavailability of zinc |
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104 | (2) |
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Dietary intake of zinc in the UK |
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105 | (1) |
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Interventions to increase dietary zinc intake |
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106 | (12) |
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Zinc supplementation of the diet |
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106 | (1) |
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Zinc fortification of foods |
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107 | (1) |
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Dietary diversification and modification to increase zinc intake |
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108 | (1) |
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An integrated approach to improving zinc nutriture in populations |
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108 | (10) |
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118 | (17) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Dietary sources of copper |
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121 | (1) |
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Copper absorption and metabolism |
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122 | (3) |
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Effects on copper absorption of various food components |
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123 | (1) |
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Effect of amino acids on copper absorption |
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123 | (1) |
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Competition between copper and other metals for absorption |
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123 | (1) |
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Effects of dietary carbohydrates and fibre on copper absorption |
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124 | (1) |
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Copper absorption from human and cow's milk |
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124 | (1) |
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Transport of copper across the mucosal membrane |
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124 | (1) |
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Distribution of copper in the body |
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125 | (1) |
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Assessment of copper status |
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126 | (1) |
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Assessment of copper status using plasma copper and caeruloplasmin |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Relation of immunity to copper status |
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127 | (1) |
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Responses to copper supplementation |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (8) |
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127 | (1) |
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Copper deficiency and heart disease |
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128 | (1) |
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Recommended and safe intakes of copper |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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Dietary intakes of copper |
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130 | (5) |
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135 | (45) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Sources and distribution of selenium in the environment |
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138 | (2) |
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Selenium in soil and water |
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139 | (1) |
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Availability of selenium in different soils |
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139 | (1) |
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Selenium in surface waters |
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139 | (1) |
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Selenium in foods and beverages |
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140 | (5) |
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Variations in selenium levels in foods |
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140 | (1) |
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Sources of dietary selenium |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Dietary intakes of selenium |
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142 | (2) |
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Changes in dietary intakes of selenium: Finland and New Zealand |
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144 | (1) |
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Absorption of selenium from ingested foods |
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145 | (4) |
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Retention of absorbed selenium |
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146 | (1) |
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The nutritional significance of selenomethionine |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Selenium distribution in the human body |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Selenium in serum and plasma |
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148 | (1) |
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Selenium levels in other blood fractions |
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149 | (1) |
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Biological roles of selenium |
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149 | (5) |
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Selenium-responsive conditions in farm animals |
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149 | (1) |
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Functional selenoproteins in humans |
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150 | (1) |
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Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) |
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150 | (1) |
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Iodothyronine deiodinase (ID) |
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151 | (1) |
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Thioredoxin reductase (TR) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Selenocysteine, the 21st amino acid |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Selenium in human health and disease |
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154 | (9) |
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154 | (1) |
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Effects of selenium deficiency |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) |
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156 | (1) |
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Non-endemic selenium deficiency-related conditions |
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157 | (1) |
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TPN-induced selenium deficiency |
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157 | (1) |
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Other iatrogenic selenium deficiencies |
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157 | (1) |
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Selenium deficiency and iodine deficiency disorders |
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158 | (1) |
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Selenium deficiency and other diseases |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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Selenium and the immune response |
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161 | (1) |
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Selenium and brain function |
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162 | (1) |
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Selenium and other health conditions |
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162 | (1) |
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Recommended allowances, intakes and dietary reference values for selenium |
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163 | (1) |
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Perspectives for the future |
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164 | (16) |
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180 | (13) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Distribution, production and uses of chromium |
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181 | (1) |
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Chromium in food and beverages |
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181 | (2) |
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Adventitious chromium in foods |
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182 | (1) |
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Dietary intakes of chromium |
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183 | (1) |
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Absorption and metabolism of chromium |
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183 | (3) |
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184 | (1) |
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Chromium and glucose tolerance |
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184 | (1) |
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Mechanism of action of chromium |
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184 | (1) |
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Chromium and athletic performance |
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185 | (1) |
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Assessing chromium status |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Measurements of chromium in urine and hair |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (5) |
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193 | (9) |
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193 | (1) |
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Production and uses of manganese |
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193 | (1) |
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Chemical and physical properties of manganese |
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193 | (1) |
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Manganese in food and beverages |
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194 | (1) |
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Dietary intake of manganese |
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194 | (1) |
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Absorption and metabolism of manganese |
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194 | (3) |
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Metabolic functions of manganese |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Assessment of manganese status and estimation of dietary requirements |
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197 | (5) |
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Manganese dietary requirements |
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199 | (3) |
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202 | (9) |
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202 | (1) |
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Distribution and production of molybdenum |
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202 | (1) |
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Chemical and physical properties of molybdenum |
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202 | (1) |
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Molybdenum in food and beverages |
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203 | (1) |
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Dietary intakes of molybdenum |
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203 | (1) |
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Absorption and metabolism of molybdenum |
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203 | (3) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Toxicity from molybdenum in dietary supplements |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (5) |
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Nickel, boron, vanadium, cobalt and other trace metal nutrients |
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211 | (23) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (3) |
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Chemical and physical properties of nickel |
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211 | (1) |
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Nickel in food and beverages |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Intake of nickel from dietary supplements |
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212 | (1) |
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Absorption and metabolism of nickel |
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213 | (1) |
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Dietary requirements for nickel |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (4) |
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Chemical and physical properties of boron |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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Boron in food and beverages |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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Boron intakes by vegetarians |
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215 | (1) |
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Boron intakes from supplements |
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216 | (1) |
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Absorption and metabolism of boron |
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216 | (1) |
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Boron: an essential nutrient? |
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217 | (1) |
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An acceptable daily intake for boron |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (2) |
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Chemical and physical properties of vanadium |
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218 | (1) |
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Production and uses of vanadium |
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218 | (1) |
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Vanadium in food and beverages |
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218 | (1) |
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Dietary intakes of vanadium |
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219 | (1) |
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Intake of vanadium from dietary supplements |
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219 | (1) |
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Absorption and metabolism of vanadium |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
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Chemical and physical properties of cobalt |
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221 | (1) |
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Production and uses of cobalt |
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221 | (1) |
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Cobalt in food and beverages |
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221 | (1) |
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Absorption and metabolism of cobalt |
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222 | (1) |
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Dietary intake recommendations for cobalt |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Other possibly essential trace metals and metalloids |
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223 | (11) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (2) |
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Other as-yet unconfirmed essential trace metals and metalloids |
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226 | (8) |
Index |
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234 | |