Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

E-raamat: Ocean Mixing: Drivers, Mechanisms and Impacts

Edited by (Professor of Physical Oceanography, University of Southampton, and Director, NEXUSS Centre of Doctoral Training, Smart and Autonomous Observation of the), Edited by (Oceanographer and Science Leader, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Cambridge, UK)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Sep-2021
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128215135
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat - PDF+DRM
  • Hind: 156,97 €*
  • * hind on lõplik, st. muud allahindlused enam ei rakendu
  • Lisa ostukorvi
  • Lisa soovinimekirja
  • See e-raamat on mõeldud ainult isiklikuks kasutamiseks. E-raamatuid ei saa tagastada.
Ocean Mixing: Drivers, Mechanisms and ImpactsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Sep-2021
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128215135
Teised raamatud teemal:

DRM piirangud

  • Kopeerimine (copy/paste):

    ei ole lubatud

  • Printimine:

    ei ole lubatud

  • Kasutamine:

    Digitaalõiguste kaitse (DRM)
    Kirjastus on väljastanud selle e-raamatu krüpteeritud kujul, mis tähendab, et selle lugemiseks peate installeerima spetsiaalse tarkvara. Samuti peate looma endale  Adobe ID Rohkem infot siin. E-raamatut saab lugeda 1 kasutaja ning alla laadida kuni 6'de seadmesse (kõik autoriseeritud sama Adobe ID-ga).

    Vajalik tarkvara
    Mobiilsetes seadmetes (telefon või tahvelarvuti) lugemiseks peate installeerima selle tasuta rakenduse: PocketBook Reader (iOS / Android)

    PC või Mac seadmes lugemiseks peate installima Adobe Digital Editionsi (Seeon tasuta rakendus spetsiaalselt e-raamatute lugemiseks. Seda ei tohi segamini ajada Adober Reader'iga, mis tõenäoliselt on juba teie arvutisse installeeritud )

    Seda e-raamatut ei saa lugeda Amazon Kindle's. 

Ocean Mixing: Drivers, Mechanisms and Impacts contains a broad perspective on the causes of ocean mixing, with a perspective on the implications, in terms of governing ocean circulation, climate, biogeochemistry and the marine ecosystem. Included in this edited volume are key future questions relating to ocean mixing, and emerging ideas/activities to address them, including innovative technology developments and advances in methodology.

Ocean Mixing is a key reference for those entering the field, and for those seeking a comprehensive overview of how the key current issues are being addressed, and the priorities for future research. It will be used by those seeking specific information on sub-topics (with comprehensive referencing enabling more detailed follow-ups), as well as those seeking a broad synopsis of current understanding. It will be useful ammunition for those seeking funding for specific future research campaigns, by being an authoritative source concerning key scientific goals in the short, medium and long terms. It will contain bespoke and informative graphics that can be used in teaching to convey complex concepts and phenomena in easily-accessible ways.
  • Presents a coherent overview of state-of-the-art research concerning ocean mixing
  • Provides an in-depth discussion of how ocean mixing impacts all scales of the planetary system
  • Includes elucidation of the grand challenges in ocean mixing, and how they might be addressed
List of contributors
ix
Editors' biographies xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Ocean mixing: oceanography at a watershed
Alberto Naveira Garabato
Michael Meredith
References
3(2)
2 The role of ocean mixing in the climate system
Angelique V. Melet
Robert Hallberg
David P. Marshall
2.1 Introduction
5(6)
2.2 The role of ocean mixing in shaping the contemporary climate mean state
11(7)
2.2.1 Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport
11(3)
2.2.2 Southern Ocean
14(2)
2.2.3 Mixing in exchanges between marginal seas and the open ocean
16(1)
2.2.4 Mixing and marine ecosystems
17(1)
2.3 Ocean mixing and transient climate change
18(3)
2.3.1 Ocean anthropogenic heat and carbon uptake
18(1)
2.3.2 Contemporary and future sea level rise
19(1)
2.3.3 Changes in nutrient fluxes
20(1)
2.3.4 Changes in ocean mixing sources
21(1)
2.4 Ocean mixing in past climate states
21(2)
2.4.1 The Early Pliocene
23(1)
2.4.2 The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
23(1)
2.5 Summary and conclusion
23(12)
References
25(10)
3 The role of mixing in the large-scale ocean circulation
Casimir de Lavergne
Sjoerd Groeskamp
Jan Zika
Helen L. Johnson
3.1 Introduction
35(1)
3.2 Flavours of mixing
36(4)
3.3 Non-dissipative theories of ocean circulation
40(2)
3.3.1 Ekman pumping
40(1)
3.3.2 Momentum redistribution by geostrophic turbulence
41(1)
3.4 How can mixing shape circulation?
42(1)
3.4.1 By altering surface wind and buoyancy forcing
42(1)
3.4.2 By altering density gradients
42(1)
3.4.3 By producing and consuming water masses
43(1)
3.5 Where is mixing most effective at shaping circulation?
43(6)
3.5.1 Isotropic mixing, from top to bottom
44(3)
3.5.2 Mesoscale stirring, from top to bottom
47(2)
3.6 Some impacts on basin-scale overturning circulation
49(4)
3.6.1 Abyssal overturning cell
49(2)
3.6.2 North Atlantic Deep Water circulation
51(1)
3.6.3 Southern Ocean upwelling: adiabatic or diabatic?
52(1)
3.6.4 The return flow to the North Atlantic
52(1)
3.6.5 Shallow hemispheric cells
53(1)
3.7 Some impacts on basin-scale horizontal circulation
53(3)
3.7.1 Upper-ocean gyres
53(2)
3.7.2 The Stommel and Arons circulation
55(1)
3.7.3 The Antarctic Circumpolar Current
55(1)
3.8 Conclusions
56(9)
References
57(8)
4 Ocean near-surface layers
Baylor Fox-Kemper
Leah Johnson
Fangli Qiao
4.1 Introduction
65(1)
4.2 Mixing layers and mixed layers in theory
66(13)
4.2.1 Mixing and surface layers: Monin--Obukhov scaling
68(2)
4.2.2 Near-surface distinctions from M--O theory and each other
70(6)
4.2.3 Mixed layers: boundary layer memory
76(2)
4.2.4 A home for submesoscales
78(1)
4.3 Observing the surface layers and their processes
79(3)
4.3.1 Observing mixing
79(2)
4.3.2 Wave-driven turbulence
81(1)
4.3.3 Laboratory experiments
81(1)
4.4 Modelling surface layers and their processes
82(3)
4.4.1 Large eddy simulations
82(1)
4.4.2 1D boundary layer models
82(2)
4.4.3 Ocean and climate models
84(1)
4.5 Global perspective
85(1)
4.5.1 Energy and forcing
85(1)
4.5.2 Surface layers, weather, and climate
85(1)
4.6 Outlook
85(10)
Acknowledgements
86(1)
References
86(9)
5 The lifecycle of surface-generated near-inertial waves
Leif N. Thomas
Xiaoming Zhai
5.1 Introduction
95(1)
5.2 Generation of near-inertial waves at the surface
95(3)
5.3 Propagation of near-inertial waves out of the mixed layer
98(4)
5.3.1 Refraction
99(1)
5.3.2 Straining
100(1)
5.3.3 Interaction with frontal vertical circulations
101(1)
5.4 Interactions of near-inertial waves with variable stratification, other internal waves, and mean flows in the interior
102(5)
5.4.1 Variable stratification
102(1)
5.4.2 Interactions with other internal waves
103(1)
5.4.3 Interactions with mean flows
104(3)
5.5 Dissipation of near-inertial waves
107(3)
5.5.1 Near-surface dissipation
107(1)
5.5.2 Interior dissipation
108(1)
5.5.3 Near-bottom dissipation
109(1)
5.6 Discussion
110(1)
5.6.1 Vertical mixing
110(1)
5.6.2 Lateral mixing
111(1)
5.7 Conclusions and outstanding questions
111(6)
Acknowledgements
112(1)
References
112(5)
6 The lifecycle of topographically-generated internal waves
Ruth Musgrave
Friederike Pollmann
Samuel Kelly
Maxim Nikurashin
6.1 Introduction
117(1)
6.2 Generation
118(7)
6.2.1 Internal tides
118(5)
6.2.2 Quasi-steady lee waves
123(2)
6.3 Internal tide propagation and an integral estimate of decay
125(1)
6.4 Wave-wave interactions
126(4)
6.4.1 Theoretical background
126(2)
6.4.2 Parametric subharmonic instability of the internal tide
128(1)
6.4.3 Wave-wave interactions in finestructure methods, mixing parameterisations, and numerical simulations
129(1)
6.4.4 Global perspective
130(1)
6.5 Wave-mean flow interactions
130(3)
6.5.1 Theoretical background
130(1)
6.5.2 Mean-flow effects on wave propagation
131(1)
6.5.3 Mean-flow effects on wave energy
132(1)
6.5.4 Global perspective
133(1)
6.6 Wave-topography interaction
133(3)
6.6.1 Theoretical background & observational estimates
134(1)
6.6.2 Global distribution
135(1)
6.7 Conclusions and outstanding questions
136(9)
Acknowledgements
138(1)
References
138(7)
7 Mixing at the ocean's bottom boundary
Kurt L. Polzin
Trevor J. McDougall
7.1 Introduction
145(2)
7.2 Common ground
147(8)
7.2.1 Equations
147(1)
7.2.2 Boundary conditions
148(1)
7.2.3 Coordinate transformations and the one-dimensional model
149(2)
7.2.4 Integration
151(1)
7.2.5 Energetics and mixing
152(3)
7.3 Implications of the bottom intensification of ocean mixing for upwelling: buoyancy budgets for bottom-intensified mixing
155(9)
7.3.1 Abyssal ocean circulation models are sensitive to bottom topography
156(1)
7.3.2 One-dimensional solutions for flow near a sloping bottom boundary
156(1)
7.3.3 Expressions for the upwelling in the BBL and downwelling in the SML
157(2)
7.3.4 How much larger is the upwelling in the BBL than the net upwelling?
159(2)
7.3.5 Net upwelling in the abyss depends mainly on the shape of the ocean floor
161(1)
7.3.6 What can be learned from purposefully released tracers?
161(1)
7.3.7 Implications for the circulation of the abyssal ocean
162(1)
7.3.8 Summary remarks
163(1)
7.4 Production mechanisms for boundary mixing
164(7)
7.4.1 Internal wave reflection / internal tide generation
164(2)
7.4.2 Sub-inertial flow and topography
166(2)
7.4.3 Friction and sub-inertial flows
168(3)
7.5 Discussion
171(10)
Acknowledgements
176(1)
References
176(5)
8 Submesoscale processes and mixing
Jonathan Gula
John Taylor
Andrey Shcherbina
Amala Mahadevan
8.1 Introduction
181(3)
8.2 Life-cycle of submesoscale fronts
184(17)
8.2.1 Frontogenesis
184(1)
8.2.2 Instability of surface boundary layer fronts
185(8)
8.2.3 Submesoscale processes at the bottom of the ocean
193(5)
8.2.4 The influence of vertical mixing on the evolution of a submesoscale front
198(2)
8.2.5 Frontal arrest and routes to dissipation
200(1)
8.3 Redistribution of density and restratification at the submesoscale
201(3)
8.3.1 Restratification induced by submesoscale processes
201(1)
8.3.2 Competition between destratification and restratification of a front
202(1)
8.3.3 Bottom boundary layer mixing and restratification
203(1)
8.4 Redistribution of passive tracers and particles
204(2)
8.4.1 Conservative tracers
204(1)
8.4.2 Mixing and transport of reactive tracers
205(1)
8.4.3 Impacts on the dispersion of buoyant material
205(1)
8.4.4 Dispersion by the deep submesoscale currents
205(1)
8.5 Conclusion and future directions
206(9)
Acknowledgements
207(1)
References
207(8)
9 Isopycnal mixing
Ryan Abernathey
Anand Gnanadesikan
Marie-Aude Pradal
Miles A. Sundermeyer
9.1 Introduction?
215(1)
9.2 Background concepts
216(5)
9.2.1 What is mixing?
216(2)
9.2.2 What is isopycnal?
218(2)
9.2.3 What then is isopycnal mixing?
220(1)
9.2.4 Lateral mixing near boundaries
221(1)
9.3 Mechanisms of isopycnal stirring and dissipation
221(6)
9.3.1 Mesoscale turbulence
221(1)
9.3.2 Transport by coherent structures
222(1)
9.3.3 Chaotic advection
223(1)
9.3.4 Shear-driven mixing
224(1)
9.3.5 Additional submesoscale isopycnal mixing processes
225(1)
9.3.6 Diapycnal dissipation of isopycnal tracer variance
226(1)
9.3.7 Frontogenesis and loss of balance
227(1)
9.4 Frameworks for thinking about isopycnal mixing
227(6)
9.4.1 Reynolds-averaged tracer equations
227(1)
9.4.2 Mixing-length theory
228(1)
9.4.3 Spectral-space view of turbulence and mixing
229(2)
9.4.4 Isopycnal mixing in numerical models
231(2)
9.5 Observational estimates of isopycnal mixing
233(7)
9.5.1 Tracer-based methods
234(4)
9.5.2 Drifter and float-based methods
238(2)
9.6 Simulation-based estimates
240(2)
9.6.1 Inverse methods
240(1)
9.6.2 Direct simulation
241(1)
9.7 Impacts of isopycnal mixing
242(3)
9.7.1 Physical circulation
243(1)
9.7.2 Passive tracers
244(1)
9.7.3 Isopycnal mixing and ocean biogeochemical cycles
244(1)
9.8 Summary and future directions
245(12)
Acknowledgements
247(1)
References
247(10)
10 Mixing in equatorial oceans
James N. Mourn
Andrei Natarov
Kelvin J. Richards
Emily L. Shroyer
William D. Smyth
10.1 Introduction
257(2)
10.2 Ocean turbulence peaks at the equator, or does it?
259(1)
10.3 Mixing in the cold tongues: diurnal forcing of turbulence below the mixed layer
259(1)
10.4 The concepts of marginal instability and self-organised criticality and how they apply to mixing in the cold tongues
260(2)
10.5 The importance of inertia-gravity waves and flow instabilities
262(2)
10.6 Westerly wind bursts in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific
264(1)
10.7 Variations on subseasonal, seasonal and interannual timescales
264(1)
10.8 Equatorial mixing in large-scale models
265(2)
10.9 Shortcomings, surprises and targets for future investigation
267(8)
References
269(6)
11 Mixing in the Arctic Ocean
Yueng-Djern Lenn
Ilker Fer
Mary-Louise Timmermans
Jennifer A. MacKinnon
11.1 Introduction
275(1)
11.2 Foundations
276(3)
11.3 Key findings
279(11)
11.3.1 Ice-ocean interactions
280(1)
11.3.2 Tidal mixing
281(2)
11.3.3 Near-inertial motions and the internal wave continuum
283(1)
11.3.4 Eddies
284(3)
11.3.5 Double diffusion
287(1)
11.3.6 Thermohaline intrusions
288(2)
11.4 Grand challenges
290(2)
11.5 Conclusions
292(9)
Acknowledgements
292(1)
References
292(9)
12 Mixing in the Southern Ocean
Sarah T. Gille
Katy L. Sheen
Sebastiaan Swart
Andrew F. Thompson
12.1 Introduction
301(1)
12.2 Large-scale context: foundations
301(2)
12.3 Upper cell: mixed-layer transformations
303(4)
12.3.1 Foundations and setting
303(1)
12.3.2 Mixing in the surface boundary layer and connection to subsurface adiabatic stirring
304(3)
12.4 Interior mixing: regional and mesoscale processes
307(5)
12.4.1 Foundations: Southern Ocean eddy pathways
307(1)
12.4.2 Mixing and coherent structures: adiabatic recipes for Southern Ocean mixing
308(4)
12.5 Interior mixing: closing the budgets through turbulence at the smallest scales
312(3)
12.5.1 Foundations
312(1)
12.5.2 Recent findings: sub-surface diapycnal mixing pathways in the Southern Ocean
313(2)
12.6 Grand challenges
315(14)
Acknowledgements
318(1)
References
318(11)
13 The crucial contribution of mixing to present and future ocean oxygen distribution
Marina Levy
Laure Resplandy
Jaime B. Palter
Damien Couespel
Zouhair Lachkar
13.1 Introduction
329(1)
13.2 Role of mixing in oxygen minimum zones
330(4)
13.3 Role of mixing on global deoxygenation
334(5)
13.4 Response of OMZ to global warming
339(1)
13.5 Conclusions and grand challenges
340(5)
Acknowledgements
342(1)
References
342(3)
14 New technological frontiers in ocean mixing
Eleanor Frajka-Williams
J. Alexander Brearley
Jonathan D. Nash
Caitlin B. Whalen
14.1 Introduction
345(1)
14.2 Current and historical measurements of mixing
345(3)
14.3 Recent technological developments: novel methods
348(10)
14.3.1 Shear microstructure on AUVs
348(3)
14.3.2 Temperature microstructure on new platforms
351(2)
14.3.3 Finescale parameterisations from autonomous platforms
353(1)
14.3.4 Large-eddy method using autonomous platforms and moorings
354(4)
14.4 Future outlook
358(1)
14.5 Conclusions
358(5)
References
359(4)
Index 363
Professor Mike Meredith is an oceanographer and Science Leader at the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in Cambridge, UK. He is head of the Polar Oceans team at BAS, which has research foci on determining the role of the polar oceans on global climate, the ice sheets, and the interdisciplinary ocean system. He is an Honorary Professor at the University of Bristol, a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and a NERC Individual Merit Promotion (Band 2) scientist. He has published more than 200 papers in international journals, and was the inaugural Chair of the Southern Ocean Observing System. He led the design and delivery of the multi-institute ORCHESTRA programme, which is unravelling the role of the Southern Ocean in controlling global climate. He was recently coordinating lead author for the IPCC Special Report on Oceans and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. In 2018, Mike was awarded the Tinker-Muse Prize for Science and Policy in Antarctica, in recognition of his contributions to the study of the Southern Ocean and its global impacts, and the Challenger Medal, for his contributions to marine science. Professor Alberto Naveira Garabato is an oceanographer interested in the processes governing ocean circulation and its role in climate. His groups research focuses on unravelling the dynamics connecting the breadth of scales of oceanic flow from small-scale turbulence to the basin-scale circulationthrough the development and application of new approaches to measure the ocean. He holds a Chair of Physical Oceanography at the University of Southampton, and is an Honorary Fellow of the British Antarctic Survey. His work has been recognised with the Outstanding Early Career Scientist Award of the European Geosciences Union (2008), an Honorary Fellowship of the Challenger Society (2010), a Philip Leverhulme Prize (2010) and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit award (2014). He was the lead proponent of the RoSES programme, which is assessing the role of the Southern Ocean in the global carbon cycle. He is the founding director of the NEXUSS Centre of Doctoral Training, which is training 45 PhD students at 10 UK institutions in the use of cutting-edge sensor and autonomous system technologies for environmental science.
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/97801282151352e.html
Märksõnad: