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E-raamat: Off-Site Enhanced Biogas Production with Concomitant Pathogen Removal from Faecal Matter

(IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands)
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Off-Site Enhanced Biogas Production with Concomitant Pathogen Removal from Faecal MatterSuurem pilt
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Globally, 2.7 billion people are using onsite sanitation systems, particularly in low income, high density settlements (LIHDS) in urban areas of developing countries. However, treatment technologies to manage the faecal sludge (FS) generated from these systems are often not in place, leading to high risks for environmental and public health. The development of replicable and effective technologies for FS treatment is key in addressing this challenge.

This research focused on development of an innovative FS stabilisation technology and addressed key constraints in anaerobic FS treatment: inadequate pathogen inactivation and limitations in biochemical energy recovery. The developed two-stage reactor system consists of an acidogenic reactor fed with mixtures of FS and market waste to facilitate pathogen inactivation, and a subsequent methanogenic plug-flow reactor for enhanced methane production. Due to its potential for application as an off-site FS treatment technology at any scale, receiving any type of faecal matter, collected from different types of sanitary systems, the system provides an option for FS stabilisation for LIHDS. Additionally, the research evaluated the limitations of sanitation provision in LIHDS, and proposes methods for creating an enabling environment for full-scale implementation of onsite systems. The presented results contribute to designing appropriate sanitation interventions in LIHDS.

Dedication v
Thesis summary viii
Thesis samenvatting xii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(10)
1.1 General introduction
2(2)
1.2 Scope of research
4(1)
1.3 Thesis outline
5(6)
Chapter 2 An evaluation of the limitations of sanitation chain in low income, high density settlements: Case study, Kibera, Kenya
11(22)
Abstract
12(1)
2.1 Introduction
13(2)
2.2 Method
15(1)
2.2.1 Introduction
15(1)
2.2.2 Questionnaires
15(1)
2.3 Results
16(9)
2.3.1 Institutional and Legal Framework for FSM in Nairobi City
16(1)
2.3.2 Bio-resource based approach to sanitation
17(2)
2.3.3 Funding, technology selection and ownership of the sanitation technologies
19(2)
2.3.4 Operation and Management of the sanitation facilities
21(2)
2.3.5 Toilet emptying, transportation and disposal of faecal sludge
23(2)
2.4 Discussion
25(3)
2.4.1 Sanitation provision approach
25(1)
2.4.2 Kibera sanitation chain
26(1)
2.4.3 Legal and institutional framework
27(1)
2.5 Conclusions
28(1)
Acknowledgements
28(1)
References
29(4)
Chapter 3 Build-up and impact of volatile fatty acids on E. coli and A. lumbricoides during co-digestion of urine diverting dehydrating toilet (UDDT-FS) Faeces
33(24)
Abstract
34(1)
3.1 Introduction
35(2)
3.2 Materials and Methods
37(5)
3.2.1 UDDT-FS waste samples
37(1)
3.2.2 Organic market waste samples
37(1)
3.2.3 Fertilised A. lumbricoides eggs
38(1)
3.2.4 Laboratory Scale Experimental set-up
38(1)
3.2.5 Analytical procedures
39(1)
3.2.5.1 Total solids and volatile solids
39(1)
3.2.5.2 VFA measurements
39(1)
3.2.5.3 E. coli enumeration
40(1)
3.2.5.4 A. lumbricoides egg recovery
41(1)
3.2.6 Data analysis
42(1)
3.3 Results and discussion
42(9)
3.3.1 VFA concentration effect on E. coli inactivation
42(3)
3.3.2 Co-digestion of UDDT Waste and Mixed OMW
45(1)
3.3.2.1 Effect of mix ratio on pH and VFA build-up
45(1)
3.3.2.2 E. coli inactivation in single substrate and co-digestion experiments
46(3)
3.3.2.3 A. lumbricoides egg inactivation
49(1)
3.3.3 Practical application in enhancing UDDT-FS sanitisation
50(1)
3.4 Conclusions
51(1)
Acknowledgements
51(1)
References
51(6)
Chapter 4 Volatile fatty acids (VFA) build-up and its effect on E. coli inactivation during excreta digestion in single-stage and two-stage systems
57(20)
Abstract
58(1)
4.1 Introduction
59(1)
4.2 Materials and Methods
60(4)
4.2.1 UDDT-Faeces waste samples
60(1)
4.2.2 Mixed Organic Market Waste samples (OMW)
61(1)
4.2.3 Pilot scale AD experiments
61(1)
4.2.3.1 Plug flow reactor start-up and operation in single substrate and co-digestion experiments
62(1)
4.2.4 Analytical procedures
63(1)
4.2.4.1 Total solids and volatile solids
63(1)
4.2.4.2 VFA measurements
63(1)
4.2.4.3 E. coli enumeration
64(1)
4.3 Results and discussion
64(7)
4.3.1 Evaluation of the performance of single stage reactor (Rs) system
64(3)
4.3.2 Co-digestion of UDDT-FS and OMW in a two-stage reactor (Ram) system
67(4)
4.4 Conclusions
71(1)
Acknowledgements
71(1)
References
71(6)
Chapter 5 Anaerobic digestion of Urine Diverting Dehydrating Toilet Faeces (UDDT-FS) in urban poor settlements: Biochemical energy recovery
77(18)
Abstract
78(1)
5.1 Introduction
79(1)
5.2 Materials and Methods
80(5)
5.2.1 UDDT-FS waste samples
80(1)
5.2.2 Organic market waste samples
80(1)
5.2.3 Inoculum
81(1)
5.2.4 Experimental setup
81(1)
5.2.4.1 Laboratory scale BMP test
81(1)
5.2.4.2 Pilot scale AD experiments
82(1)
5.2.5 Plug flow digester start-up and operation in one- and two-stage AD
83(1)
5.2.6 Analytical procedures
84(1)
5.2.7 Data analysis
85(1)
5.3 Results and discussion
85(6)
5.3.1 Methane production in batch scale BMP tests
85(2)
5.3.2 Methane production pilot scale experiments
87(3)
5.3.3 AD application of UDDT-FS management in LIHDS
90(1)
5.4 Conclusions
91(1)
Acknowledgements
92(1)
References
92(3)
Chapter 6 General discussion, conclusion and recommendations
95
6.1 General discussion
96(7)
6.1.1 Enhancing pathogen inactivation during AD
98(2)
6.1.2 Biochemical energy recovery during anaerobic stabilisation of UDDT-FS
100(1)
6.1.3 Sanitation in relation to energy crisis
101(1)
6.1.4 LIHDS sanitation; Sustainability assessment
102(1)
6.2 Conclusions
103(1)
6.3 Recommendations
104(1)
References
105
Ms Joy N Riungu is a researcher and founder of the Sanitation Research Institute, Meru University of Science and Technology, Kenya. She has vast experience in onsite sanitation, technology development, testing and implementation; in particular within informal slum and peri-urban settlements. Her PhD thesis Off-Site Enhanced Biogas Production with Concomitant Sludge Hygienisation of Faecal Matter was based on slum sanitation and sought to diversify treatment options for faecal sludge collected from container-based sanitation.

Among the sanitation projects she is currently leading are: community based black soldier fly faecal sludge processing unit, onsite sanitation capacity building (MSc, short courses and diploma), biochemical energy recovery, enabling the circular economy for sanitation and sanitation enhancement in off-grid cities.

Her intervention point is to create a paradigm shift in faecal sludge management in Kenya for sanitation enhancement, environmental protection, energy, and food security.
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