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E-raamat: Ontology and the Lexicon: A Natural Language Processing Perspective

(Università degli Studi, Pisa), (Université de), (Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale del CNR), (Institute of Cognitive Science and Technology), (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University), (Institute of Cognitive Science and Technology)
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Ontology and the Lexicon: A Natural Language Processing PerspectiveSuurem pilt
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An edited collection focusing on the technology involved in enabling integration between lexical resources and semantic technologies.

The relation between ontologies and language is currently at the forefront of natural language processing (NLP). Ontologies, as widely used models in semantic technologies, have much in common with the lexicon. A lexicon organizes words as a conventional inventory of concepts, while an ontology formalizes concepts and their logical relations. A shared lexicon is the prerequisite for knowledge-sharing through language, and a shared ontology is the prerequisite for knowledge-sharing through information technology. In building models of language, computational linguists must be able to accurately map the relations between words and the concepts that they can be linked to. This book focuses on the technology involved in enabling integration between lexical resources and semantic technologies. It will be of interest to researchers and graduate students in NLP, computational linguistics, and knowledge engineering, as well as in semantics, psycholinguistics, lexicology and morphology/syntax.

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An edited collection focusing on the technology involved in enabling integration between lexical resources and semantic technologies.
Contributors xi
Preface xvii
Part I Fundamental aspects
1(78)
Ontology and the lexicon: a multidisciplinary perspective
3(22)
Situating ontologies and lexical resources
3(7)
The content of ontologies
10(4)
Theoretical framework for the ontologies/lexicons interface
14(7)
From ontologies to the lexicon and back
21(2)
Outline of chapters
23(2)
Formal ontology as interlingua: the SUMO and WordNet linking project and global WordNet
25(11)
WordNet
25(4)
Principles of construction of formal ontologies and lexicons
29(1)
Mappings
30(2)
Interpreting language
32(1)
Global WordNet
33(2)
SUMO translation templates
35(1)
Interfacing WordNet with DOLCE: towards OntoWordNet
36(17)
Introduction
36(1)
WordNet's preliminary analysis
37(2)
The DOLCE upper ontology
39(9)
Mapping WordNet into DOLCE
48(4)
Conclusion
52(1)
Reasoning over natural language text by means of FrameNet and ontologies
53(19)
Introduction
53(1)
An introduction to the FrameNet lexicon
54(2)
Linking FrameNet to ontologies for reasoning
56(1)
Formalizing FrameNet in OWL DL
57(5)
Reasoning over FrameNet-annotated text
62(4)
Linking FrameNet to SUMO
66(3)
Discussion
69(1)
Conclusion and outlook
70(2)
Synergizing ontologies and the lexicon: a roadmap
72(7)
Formal mappings between ontologies
72(1)
Evaluation of ontolex resources
73(2)
Bridging different lexical models and resources
75(2)
Technological framework
77(2)
Part II Discovery and representation of conceptual systems
79(104)
Experiments of ontology construction with Formal Concept Analysis
81(17)
Introduction
81(1)
Basic concepts and related work
82(4)
Dataset selection and design of experiments
86(6)
Evaluation and discussion
92(4)
Conclusion and future work
96(2)
Ontology, lexicon, and fact repository as leveraged to interpret events of change
98(24)
Introduction
98(2)
A snapshot of OntoSem
100(1)
Motivation for pursuing deep analysis of events of change
101(1)
Increase
102(12)
Content divorced from its rendering
114(3)
NLP with reasoning and for reasoning
117(1)
Conclusion
118(4)
Hantology: conceptual system discovery based on orthographic convention
122(22)
Introduction: hanzi and conventionalized conceptualization
122(4)
General framework
126(2)
Conceptualization and classification of the radicals system
128(4)
The ontology of a radical as a semantic symbol
132(1)
The architecture of Hantology
133(4)
OWL encoding of Hantology
137(2)
Summary
139(3)
Conclusion
142(2)
What's in a schema?
144(39)
Introduction
144(2)
An ontology for cognitive linguistics
146(2)
The c.DnS ontology
148(13)
Schemata, mental spaces, and constructions
161(5)
An embodied semiotic metamodel
166(3)
Applying Semion to FrameNet and related resources
169(12)
Conclusion
181(2)
Part III Interfacing ontologies and lexical resources
183(56)
Interfacing ontologies and lexical resources
185(16)
Introduction
185(1)
Classifying experiments in ontologies and lexical resources
185(3)
Ontologies and their construction
188(2)
How actual resources fit the classification
190(4)
Two practical examples
194(2)
Available tools for the ontology lexical resource interface
196(4)
Conclusion
200(1)
Sinica BOW (Bilingual Ontological WordNet): integration of bilingual WordNet and SUMO
201(11)
Background and motivation
201(1)
Resources and structure required in the BOW approach
202(2)
Interfacing multiple resources: a lexicon-driven approach
204(3)
Integration of multiple knowledge sources
207(2)
Updating and future improvements
209(1)
Conclusion
210(2)
Ontology-based semantic lexicons: mapping between terms and object descriptions
212(12)
Introduction
212(1)
Why we need semantic lexicons
213(2)
More semantics than we need
215(3)
The semantics we need is in ontologies
218(5)
Conclusion
223(1)
Merging global and specialized linguistic ontologies
224(15)
Introduction
224(2)
Linguistic ontologies versus formal ontologies
226(3)
Specialized linguistic ontologies
229(1)
The plug-in approach
230(6)
Experiments
236(1)
Applications and extensions
237(1)
Conclusion
238(1)
Part IV Learning and using ontological knowledge
239(70)
The life cycle of knowledge
241(17)
Introduction
241(1)
Using ontolexical knowledge in NLP
242(7)
Creating ontolexical knowledge with NLP
249(7)
Conclusion
256(2)
The Omega ontology
258(13)
Introduction
258(1)
Constituents of Omega
258(2)
Structure of Omega
260(3)
Construction of Omega via merging
263(1)
Omega's auxiliary knowledge sources
264(2)
Applications
266(1)
Omega 5 and the OntoNotes project
267(1)
Discussion and future work
268(1)
Conclusion
269(2)
Automatic acquisition of lexico-semantic knowledge for question answering
271(17)
Introduction
271(1)
Lexico-semantic knowledge for QA
272(2)
Related work
274(1)
Extracting semantically similar words
275(4)
Using automatically acquired role and function words
279(1)
Using automatically acquired categorized NEs
280(3)
Evaluation
283(3)
Conclusion and future work
286(2)
Agricultural ontology construction and maintenance in Thai
288(21)
Introduction
288(2)
A framework of ontology construction and maintenance
290(1)
Ontology acquisition from texts
291(10)
Ontology acquisitions from a dictionary and a thesaurus
301(5)
Integration into an ontological tree
306(1)
Conclusion
307(2)
References 309(26)
Index 335
Chu-Ren Huang is Chair Professor in the Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies at Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and Research Fellow at the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica in Taiwan. Nicoletta Calzolari is Director of Research in the Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale at the CNR in Italy. Aldo Gangemi is a Research Scientist at the Laboratory of Applied Ontology in Italy. Alessandro Lenci is a Researcher in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Pisa. Alessandro Oltramari is a Research Fellow in the Laboratory for Applied Ontology, Institute of Cognitive Science and Technology at the Italian National Research Council. Laurent Prévot is an Associate Professor at the Université de Provence.
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