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E-raamat: Optical Measurements for Scientists and Engineers: A Practical Guide

(Harvard University, Massachusetts), (Harvard University, Massachusetts)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Apr-2018
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781316805282
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Optical Measurements for Scientists and Engineers: A Practical GuideSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Apr-2018
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781316805282
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With this accessible, introductory guide, you will quickly learn how to use and apply optical spectroscopy and optical microscopy techniques. Focusing on day-to-day implementation and offering practical lab tips throughout, it provides step-by-step instructions on how to select the best technique for a particular application, how to set up and customize new optical systems, and how to analyze optical data. You will gain an intuitive understanding of the full range of standard optical techniques, from fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy to super resolution microscopy. Understand how to navigate around an optics lab with clear descriptions of the most common optical components and tools. Including explanations of basic optics and photonics, and easy-to-understand mathematics, this is an invaluable resource for graduate students, instructors, researchers and professionals who use or teach optical measurements in laboratories.

Arvustused

'This book contains five chapters, starting with a very precise and clear explanation of different optical phenomena. Fully covering ground-level knowledge for working in any optics lab  This guide is easy to understand and an invaluable resource as a must-have, day-to-day implementation handbook for advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, researchers and professionals who perform optical research and measurement in laboratories.' Ishtiaque Ahmed, Optics & Photonics News

Muu info

An accessible, introductory text explaining how to select, set up and use optical spectroscopy and optical microscopy techniques.
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1 Introduction
1(24)
1.1 Light: A Brief Introduction to its Properties
2(3)
1.1.2 What is Light?
2(3)
1.2 An Explanation of Energy, Wavelength, and Frequency Jargon
5(1)
1.3 Polarization
6(4)
1.4 Spatial Resolution
10(2)
1.5 Near-Field and Far-Field
12(1)
1.6 Light--Matter Interactions
12(1)
1.7 Reflection
13(2)
1.8 Total Internal Reflection
15(2)
1.9 Absorption
17(1)
1.10 Scattering
18(1)
1.11 Emission
18(1)
1.12 Birefringence
19(3)
1.13 Interference
22(1)
1.14 Ray Optics
22(1)
1.15 Real Versus Reciprocal Space
23(1)
1.16 Further Reading on Optics
24(1)
2 Introduction to Common Optical Components
25(85)
2.1 Light Safety
25(7)
2.2 Light Sources
32(16)
2.2.1 White Light Sources
33(1)
2.2.2 Synchrotrons
34(1)
2.2.3 Lasers
34(5)
2.2.4 Light Emitting Diodes
39(1)
2.2.5 Pulsed Lasers
39(3)
2.2.6 Harmonic Units
42(1)
2.2.7 Optical Parametric Oscillator
43(1)
2.2.8 Optical Parametric Amplifier
43(1)
2.2.9 Characterizing Your Light
44(2)
2.2.10 Autocorrelators
46(2)
2.3 Common Components in an Optics Lab
48(58)
2.3.1 Optical Tables
48(5)
2.3.2 Optomechanics
53(1)
2.3.3 Post Holders
54(1)
2.3.4 Posts
55(3)
2.3.5 Collars
58(1)
2.3.6 Post Clamps
59(1)
2.3.7 Rails
59(2)
2.3.8 L-Brackets or Table Clamps
61(1)
2.3.9 Removable/Flip/Kinematic Holders
61(1)
2.3.10 Micromanipulators
62(1)
2.3.11 Cube/Cage Systems
63(2)
2.3.12 Optical Mounts
65(1)
2.3.13 Mirrors
65(4)
2.3.14 Polarizers
69(2)
2.3.15 Waveplates
71(2)
2.3.16 Polarization Scramblers
73(1)
2.3.17 Beam Splitters
73(1)
2.3.18 Filters and Dichroic Mirrors
74(5)
2.3.19 Apertures, Irises, and Pinholes
79(1)
2.3.20 Beam Blocks, Traps, and Shutters
80(1)
2.3.21 Lenses
80(2)
2.3.22 Antireflection Coatings
82(1)
2.3.23 Lens Aberrations
82(3)
2.3.24 Doublets
85(1)
2.3.25 Microscope Objectives
85(1)
2.3.26 Magnification
86(1)
2.3.27 Field of View
86(1)
2.3.28 Depth of Focus
87(1)
2.3.29 Infinity Corrected Objectives
87(1)
2.3.30 Numerical Aperture
87(1)
2.3.31 Immersion Objectives
88(1)
2.3.32 Dipping Objective
89(1)
2.3.33 Working Distance
89(1)
2.3.34 Long Working Distance Objectives
90(1)
2.3.35 Correction Collar
91(1)
2.3.36 Diffraction Gratings
91(1)
2.3.37 Fiber Optics
92(2)
2.3.38 Spectrometers (Monochromators)
94(3)
2.3.39 Detectors
97(1)
2.3.40 Point Detectors
97(1)
2.3.41 Photodiodes
98(1)
2.3.42 Photomultiplier Tube
98(1)
2.3.43 GaAsP Detectors
99(1)
2.3.44 Mercury Cadmium Telluride Detectors
99(1)
2.3.45 Array Detectors
100(1)
2.3.46 Photodiode Arrays
100(1)
2.3.47 Charge Coupled Device
100(1)
2.3.48 Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Device
101(1)
2.3.49 Scientific Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
101(1)
2.3.50 Streak Cameras
102(1)
2.3.51 Alignment Tools: Cards, Viewers, and Targets
102(1)
2.3.52 Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter
103(1)
2.3.53 Acousto-Optical Modulators
103(1)
2.3.54 Electro Optic Modulators (EOMs)
103(1)
2.3.55 Diffusers
104(1)
2.3.56 Nonlinear Crystals
104(1)
2.3.57 Cryostats
105(1)
2.4 Cell Phone Optics
106(2)
2.4.1 Microlenses and Spectrometers
106(1)
2.4.2 Eyepiece Adapters
107(1)
2.4.3 Infrared Imaging
107(1)
2.5 Further Reading on Optical Components
108(1)
2.6 Vendors
108(2)
3 Spectroscopy: So Many Squiggly Lines!
110(79)
3.1 UV-VIS-NIR Absorption Spectroscopy
113(5)
3.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
118(5)
3.3 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (and an Early Introduction to Imaging)
123(14)
3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
137(20)
3.4.1 Transmission FTIR
142(3)
3.4.2 Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
145(1)
3.4.3 Specular Reflection
146(1)
3.4.4 Polarized FTIR
146(2)
3.4.5 Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
148(2)
3.4.6 Baseline Correction
150(1)
3.4.7 Atmospheric Compensation
151(1)
3.4.8 ATR Correction
151(1)
3.4.9 Averaging
151(2)
3.4.10 Smoothing
153(1)
3.4.11 Difference Spectra
153(1)
3.4.12 Chemometrics and Multivariate Image Analysis
153(1)
3.4.13 FTIR Mapping
154(1)
3.4.14 Quantum Cascade Lasers as FTIR Light Sources
154(1)
3.4.15 Coupling Scanning Probe Techniques with FTIR Spectroscopy
155(1)
3.4.16 Infrared Tomography
155(1)
3.4.17 Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
156(1)
3.5 Raman Spectroscopy
157(17)
3.5.1 Excitation Laser Selection
158(1)
3.5.2 Diffraction Grating Selection
159(1)
3.5.3 Exposure Time
160(1)
3.5.4 Number of Measurements Averaged Together
161(1)
3.5.5 Binning
161(4)
3.5.6 Cosmic Ray Removal
165(1)
3.5.7 Baseline Correction
165(1)
3.5.8 Peak Fitting
165(1)
3.5.9 Polarized Raman Spectroscopy
166(2)
3.5.10 Raman Mapping
168(1)
3.5.11 Confocal Raman 3D Imaging
169(1)
3.5.12 Resonance Raman
169(1)
3.5.13 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy
170(2)
3.5.14 Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy
172(1)
3.5.15 Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
173(1)
3.5.16 Tip Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
173(1)
3.6 Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
174(2)
3.7 Hyperspectral Imaging/Mapping
176(3)
3.8 Ultrafast, Pump-Probe Time-Resolved Measurements
179(4)
3.9 Chemometrics: Multivariate Data Analysis
183(4)
3.9.1 Principal Component Analysis
184(1)
3.9.2 Data Preprocessing
185(1)
3.9.3 Classical Least Squares
186(1)
3.9.4 Partial Least Squares
186(1)
3.9.5 Clustering
187(1)
3.9.6 Software Packages
187(1)
3.10 Further Reading About Spectroscopy Techniques
187(2)
4 Optical Imaging: What Are the Pretty Pictures Actually Showing Me?
189(78)
4.1 A Quick Tour of an Optical Microscope
189(14)
4.1.1 Kohler illumination
198(1)
4.1.2 Controlling a Microscope System
199(1)
4.1.3 Capturing an Image
200(2)
4.1.4 Analyzing Images
202(1)
4.2 Bright Field Imaging
203(2)
4.3 Dark Field Imaging
205(3)
4.4 Phase Contrast Imaging
208(5)
4.5 Cross Polarized Imaging
213(2)
4.6 Differential Interference Contrast Imaging
215(5)
4.7 Wide Field Fluorescence Imaging
220(5)
4.7.1 Sample Preparation for Fluorescent Imaging
220(5)
4.8 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy
225(2)
4.9 Confocal Microscopy
227(3)
4.10 Light Sheet Microscopy or Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy
230(3)
4.11 Multiphoton Microscopy
233(4)
4.11.1 Second Harmonic Generation
235(1)
4.11.2 Two-Photon Fluorescence
235(2)
4.12 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy/Time Resolved Photoluminescence Imaging/Time Correlated Single-Photon Counting
237(3)
4.12.1 Time Domain FLIM
238(1)
4.12.2 Frequency Domain FLIM
239(1)
4.12.3 Phasor Analysis of FLIM Data
240(1)
4.13 Introduction to Super Resolution Microscopy
240(2)
4.14 Deconvolution
242(1)
4.15 Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy
243(1)
4.16 Structured Illumination Microscopy
243(7)
4.17 Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy and Photoactivated Localization Microscopy
250(2)
4.18 Atomic Force Microscopy: A Brief Overview
252(3)
4.19 Electron Microscopy: A Brief Overview
255(9)
4.20 Photolithography: A Brief Overview
264(2)
4.21 Further Reading on Microscopy Techniques
266(1)
5 Notes on How to Design and Build Optical Setups in the Lab
267(17)
5.1 Cleaning Optics
270(1)
5.2 Walking the Beam
271(2)
5.3 Inserting a Lens or Other Optical Element
273(2)
5.4 Plumb Line
275(1)
5.5 Periscopes
276(1)
5.6 Optical Delay Lines
277(1)
5.7 Prism Pulse Compressors
278(2)
5.8 Using a Microscope Slide as a Beam Splitter
280(1)
5.9 Beam Expanders
281(3)
Appendices
284(9)
Appendix 1 The Photoelectric Effect and Photoelectron Spectroscopy
284(3)
Appendix 2 Wave-Particle Duality
287(2)
Appendix 3 Young's Double Slit Experiment
289(2)
Appendix 4 Blackbody Radiation
291(2)
Index 293
Arthur McClelland is a Principal Scientist at the Center for Nanoscale Systems at Harvard University. He is a member of the American Chemical Society and the New England Society for Microscopy, and has co-taught Harvard Extension School's Introduction to Microscopy course. Max Mankin is the Co-Founder and CTO of Modern Electron, USA and previously completed his Ph.D. at Harvard University, Massachusetts.
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