Preface |
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xvii | |
Author |
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xix | |
Chapter 1 Introduction |
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1 | (18) |
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1.1 Ultrashort Pulse and Multi-Bound Solitons |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers as Soliton and Multi-Bound Soliton Generators |
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3 | (3) |
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1.3 Nonlinear Effects and Higher-Order Spectral Analyses |
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6 | (4) |
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6 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Nonlinear Processing and Higher-Order Spectral Analyses |
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8 | (2) |
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1.4 Motivation and Objectives of the Book Chapters |
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10 | (2) |
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1.5 Organization of the Chapters |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (5) |
Chapter 2 Generations of Solitons in Optical Fiber Ring Resonators |
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19 | (58) |
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2.1 Nonlinear Schrodinger Equations |
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19 | (7) |
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19 | (3) |
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2.1.2 Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation |
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22 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Ginzburg—Landau Equation: A Modified NLSE |
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23 | (1) |
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2.1.4 Coupled Nonlinear Schrodinger Equations |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (5) |
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26 | (4) |
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2.2.2 Dissipative Solitons |
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30 | (1) |
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2.3 Generation of Solitons Using Nonlinear Optical Fiber Ring Resonators |
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31 | (15) |
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2.3.1 Master Equation for Mode-Locking |
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31 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Passive Mode-Locking |
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32 | (6) |
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2.3.3 Active Mode-Locking |
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38 | (8) |
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38 | (3) |
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41 | (3) |
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2.3.3.3 Rational Harmonic Mode-Locking |
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44 | (2) |
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2.4 Actively FM Mode-Locked Fiber Rings: An Experiment |
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46 | (12) |
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46 | (3) |
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2.4.2 Results and Discussion |
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49 | (9) |
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2.4.2.1 Soliton Generation |
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49 | (2) |
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2.4.2.2 Detuning Effect and Relaxation Oscillation |
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51 | (4) |
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2.4.2.3 Rational Harmonic Mode-Locking |
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55 | (3) |
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2.5 Simulation of Actively FM Mode-Locked Fiber Laser |
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58 | (12) |
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2.5.1 Numerical Simulation Model |
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58 | (2) |
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2.5.2 Simulation Results and Discussion |
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60 | (18) |
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2.5.2.1 Mode-Locked Pulse Formation |
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60 | (5) |
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2.5.2.2 Detuning Operation |
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65 | (5) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (5) |
Chapter 3 Multi-Bound Solitons: Fundamentals and Generations |
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77 | (34) |
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77 | (1) |
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3.2 Bound Solitons by Passive Mode-Locking |
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78 | (3) |
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3.2.1 Multipulsing Operation |
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78 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Bound States in a Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Ring |
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79 | (2) |
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3.3 Bound Solitons by Active Mode-Locking |
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81 | (18) |
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3.3.1 Multi-Bound Solitons Conditions |
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81 | (3) |
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3.3.2 Experimental Generation |
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84 | (1) |
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3.3.2.1 Experimental Setup |
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84 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Results and Discussion |
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85 | (7) |
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3.3.4 Simulation Generation |
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92 | (7) |
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3.3.4.1 Formation of Multisoliton Bound States |
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92 | (4) |
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3.3.4.2 Evolution of the Bound Soliton States in an FM Fiber Loop |
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96 | (3) |
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3.4 Relative Phase Difference of Multi-Bound Solitons |
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99 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Interferometer Measurement and Experimental Setup |
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99 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Results and Discussion |
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101 | (1) |
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3.5 Multi-Bound and Saddle Solitons: Experimental Observations |
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102 | (5) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (4) |
Chapter 4 Multi-Bound Solitons under Carrier Phase Modulation |
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111 | (26) |
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4.1 Electro-Optic Phase Modulators |
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111 | (3) |
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4.1.1 Lumped-Type Modulator |
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111 | (2) |
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4.1.2 Traveling-Wave Modulator |
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113 | (1) |
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4.2 Characterization Measurements |
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114 | (7) |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (4) |
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4.3 Comb Spectrum in Actively Mode-Locked Fiber Ring Resonator Incorporating Phase Modulator |
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121 | (4) |
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4.3.1 Birefringence and Comb Spectrum in the Fiber Ring Using Phase Modulator |
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121 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Discrete Wavelength Tuning |
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122 | (3) |
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4.4 Influence of Phase Modulator on Multi-Bound Solitons |
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125 | (6) |
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4.4.1 Formation of Multi-Bound Solitons |
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125 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Limitation of Multi-Bound Soliton States |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (3) |
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134 | (3) |
Chapter 5 Bound-Soliton Bispectra and Nonlinear Photonic Signal Processing |
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137 | (40) |
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5.1 Bispectrum of Multi-Bound Solitons |
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137 | (12) |
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137 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Various States of Bound Solitons |
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139 | (3) |
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5.1.3 Transitions in Multi-Bound Soliton Formation |
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142 | (7) |
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5.2 Third-Order Nonlinearity Four-Wave Mixing for Photonic Signal Processing |
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149 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Four-Wave Mixing in Nonlinear Waveguides |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Simulink® Model for FWM in Optical Waveguides |
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152 | (2) |
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5.3 Applications of FWM in Photonic Signal Processing |
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154 | (16) |
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5.3.1 Signal Processing Based on Parametric Amplification |
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154 | (6) |
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5.3.2 Ultrahigh-Speed OTDM Demultiplexing (Optical Switching) |
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160 | (3) |
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5.3.3 FWM-Based Triple Correlation and Bispectrum |
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163 | (7) |
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170 | (5) |
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175 | (2) |
Chapter 6 Solitons and Multi-Bound Solitons in Passive Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers |
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177 | (74) |
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177 | (1) |
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6.2 Soliton Generation by Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers |
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178 | (6) |
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6.2.1 Pulse Propagation in Single-Mode Fibers |
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179 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Cavity Transmission of NLPR Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers |
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180 | (4) |
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6.3 Soliton Dynamics in Dual-Polarization Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers |
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184 | (20) |
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6.3.1 Experimental Configuration |
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184 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Soliton Deterministic Dynamics |
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185 | (19) |
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6.3.2.1 Period-Doubling Bifurcation and Chaos of Single-Pulse Solitons |
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186 | (4) |
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6.3.2.2 Period-Doubling and Quadrupling of Bound Solitons |
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190 | (4) |
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6.3.2.3 Period-Doubling of Multiple Solitons |
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194 | (3) |
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6.3.2.4 Period-Doubling of Dispersion-Managed Solitons at Point near Cavity Zero-Dispersion |
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197 | (2) |
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6.3.2.5 Period-Doubling of Gain-Guided Solitons with Large Net Normal Dispersion |
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199 | (3) |
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6.3.2.6 Period-Doubling of Vector Solitons in a Fiber Laser |
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202 | (2) |
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6.4 Soliton Deterministic Dynamics in Fiber Lasers: Simulation |
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204 | (23) |
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6.4.1 Round Trip Model of Soliton Fiber Lasers |
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204 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Deterministic Dynamics of Solitons in Different Fiber Lasers |
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205 | (24) |
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6.4.2.1 Period-Doubling Route to Chaos of Single Pulse Solitons |
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206 | (7) |
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6.4.2.2 Period-Doubling Route to Chaos of Bound Solitons |
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213 | (1) |
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6.4.2.3 Period-Doubling of Multiple Solitons |
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213 | (5) |
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6.4.2.4 Period-Doubling of Dispersion-Managed Solitons |
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218 | (3) |
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6.4.2.5 Period-Doubling of Gain-Guided Solitons |
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221 | (1) |
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6.4.2.6 Period-Doubling of Vector Solitons |
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222 | (5) |
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6.5 Cavity-Induced Soliton Modulation Instability Effect |
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227 | (2) |
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6.6 Multisoliton Formation and Soliton Energy Quantization in Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers |
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229 | (17) |
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6.6.1 Introductory Remarks |
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229 | (2) |
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6.6.2 Experimental Observations of Multi-Bound Solitons |
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231 | (2) |
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6.6.3 Theoretical Modeling |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (5) |
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6.6.5 Multiple-Soliton Formation and Soliton Energy Quantization |
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240 | (5) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (5) |
Chapter 7 Multirate Multiplication Soliton Fiber Ring and Nonlinear Loop Lasers |
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251 | (60) |
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252 | (2) |
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7.2 Active Mode-Locked Fiber Ring Laser by Rational Harmonic Detuning |
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254 | (12) |
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7.2.1 Rational Harmonic Mode-Locking |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Phase Plane Analysis |
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256 | (4) |
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260 | (6) |
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266 | (1) |
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7.3 Repetition-Rate Multiplication Ring Laser Using Temporal Diffraction Effects |
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266 | (14) |
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7.3.1 Phase Plane Analysis |
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268 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Uniform Lasing Mode Amplitude Distribution |
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269 | (4) |
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7.3.3 Gaussian Lasing Mode Amplitude Distribution |
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273 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Effects of Filter Bandwidth |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (3) |
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279 | (1) |
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7.4 Bistability, Bifurcation, and Chaos in Nonlinear Loop Fiber Lasers |
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280 | (24) |
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281 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Optical Bistability, Bifurcation, and Chaos |
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282 | (4) |
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7.4.3 Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror |
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286 | (2) |
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7.4.4 Nonlinear Amplifying Loop Mirror |
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288 | (2) |
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7.4.5 NOLM—NALM Fiber Ring Lasers |
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290 | (3) |
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7.4.6 Experiment Setups and Analyses |
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293 | (21) |
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7.4.6.1 Bidirectional Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Laser |
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293 | (4) |
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7.4.6.2 NOLM—NALM Fiber Ring Laser |
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297 | (5) |
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7.4.6.3 Amplitude-Modulated NOLM—NALM Fiber Ring Laser |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (5) |
Chapter 8 Optical Multisoliton Transmission |
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311 | (94) |
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311 | (1) |
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8.2 Fundamentals of Nonlinear Propagation Theory |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (5) |
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8.3.1 Beam Propagation Method |
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314 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Analytical Approach: ISM |
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315 | (4) |
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8.3.2.1 Soliton N= 1 by Inverse Scattering |
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316 | (1) |
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8.3.2.2 Soliton N= 2 by Inverse Scattering |
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317 | (2) |
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8.4 Fundamental and Higher-Order Solitons |
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319 | (2) |
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8.4.1 Soliton Evolution for N= 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (1) |
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8.5 Interaction of Fundamental Solitons |
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321 | (10) |
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8.5.1 Dual Solitons Interaction with Different Pulse Separation |
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321 | (2) |
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8.5.2 Dual Solitons Interaction with Different Relative Amplitude |
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323 | (2) |
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8.5.3 Dual Solitons Interaction under Different Relative Phase |
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325 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Triple-Soliton Interaction under Different Relative Phases |
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326 | (1) |
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8.5.5 Triple Solitons Interaction with Different Relative Phase and r= 1.5 |
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326 | (5) |
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8.6 Soliton Pulse Transmission Systems and ISM |
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331 | (14) |
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334 | (2) |
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8.6.1.1 Step 1: Direct Scattering |
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334 | (1) |
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8.6.1.2 Step 2: Evolution of the Scattering Data |
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334 | (1) |
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8.6.1.3 Step 3: Inverse Spectral Transform |
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335 | (1) |
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8.6.2 ISM Solutions for Solitons |
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336 | (3) |
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8.6.2.1 Step 1: Direct Scattering Problem |
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336 | (1) |
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8.6.2.2 Step 2: Evolution of the Scattering Data |
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337 | (1) |
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8.6.2.3 Step 3: Inverse Scattering Problem |
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338 | (1) |
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8.6.3 N-Solitons Solution (Explicit Formula) |
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339 | (3) |
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342 | (1) |
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8.6.5 N-Soliton Solutions (Asymptotic Form as τ -+ + infinity) |
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342 | (2) |
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8.6.6 Bound States and Multiple Eigenvalues |
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344 | (1) |
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8.7 Interaction between Two Solitons in an Optical Fiber |
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345 | (5) |
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8.7.1 Soliton Pair with Initial Identical Phases |
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346 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Soliton Pair with Initial Equal Amplitudes |
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347 | (1) |
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8.7.3 Soliton Pair with Initial Unequal Amplitudes |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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8.8 Generation and Transmission of Multi-Bound Solitons: Experiments |
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350 | (51) |
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8.8.1 Generation of Bound-Solitons Using Mode-Locked Fiber Ring Resonators |
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350 | (14) |
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8.8.1.1 Introductory Remarks |
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350 | (1) |
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8.8.1.2 Formation of Bound States in an FM Mode-Locked Fiber Laser |
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351 | (2) |
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8.8.1.3 Experimental Setup and Results |
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353 | (4) |
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8.8.1.4 Simulation of Dynamics of Bound States in an FM Mode-Locked Fiber Laser |
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357 | (7) |
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8.8.2 Active Harmonic Mode-Locked Fiber Laser for Soliton Generation |
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364 | (19) |
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364 | (1) |
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8.8.2.2 Tunable Wavelength Harmonic Mode-Locked Pulses |
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365 | (5) |
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8.8.2.3 Measurement of the Fundamental Frequency |
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370 | (1) |
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8.8.2.4 Effect of the Modulation Frequency |
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371 | (1) |
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8.8.2.5 Effect of the Modulation Depth/Index |
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372 | (1) |
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8.8.2.6 Effect of Fiber Ring Length |
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373 | (5) |
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8.8.2.7 Effect of Pump Power |
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378 | (5) |
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8.8.3 Transmission of Generated Multi-Bound Solitons |
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383 | (30) |
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8.8.3.1 Soliton Propagation in Optical Fibers |
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384 | (3) |
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8.8.3.2 Transmission of Multi-Bound Solitons: Experiments |
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387 | (5) |
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8.8.3.3 Dynamics of Multi-Bound Solitons in Transmission |
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392 | (6) |
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398 | (3) |
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401 | (4) |
Chapter 9 Concluding Remarks |
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405 | (6) |
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408 | (3) |
Appendix A: Generic Mathematical Aspects of Nonlinear Dynamics |
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411 | (40) |
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412 | (1) |
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A.2 Nonlinear Systems: Phase Spaces and Dynamical States |
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413 | (11) |
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413 | (2) |
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415 | (9) |
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A.2.2.1 Fixed Points in 1-D Phase Space |
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415 | (3) |
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A.2.2.2 Fixed Points in 2-D Phase Space |
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418 | (4) |
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422 | (2) |
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424 | (10) |
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A.3.1 Pitchfork Bifurcation |
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425 | (1) |
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A.3.2 Saddle-Node Bifurcation |
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426 | (3) |
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A.3.3 Transcritical Bifurcation |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (5) |
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434 | (16) |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (3) |
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435 | (1) |
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A.4.2.2 Quasi-Periodicity |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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A.4.3 Chaotic Nonlinear Circuit |
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438 | (41) |
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A.4.3.1 Simulation Results |
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439 | (4) |
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A.4.3.2 Experimental Results |
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443 | (7) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
Appendix B: Derivation of the Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE) |
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451 | (6) |
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B.1 Wave Equation in Nonlinear Optics |
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451 | (1) |
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B.2 Generalized Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation |
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452 | (5) |
Appendix C: Calculation Procedures of Triple Correlation and Bispectrum with Examples |
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457 | (8) |
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C.1 Triple Correlation and Bispectrum Estimation |
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457 | (1) |
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C.2 Properties of Bispectrum |
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458 | (1) |
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C.3 Bispectrum of Optical Pulse Propagation |
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458 | (6) |
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464 | (1) |
Appendix D: Simulink Models |
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465 | (14) |
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D.1 MATLAB® and Simulink® Modeling Platforms |
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465 | (1) |
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D.2 Wavelength Converter in WDM System |
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465 | (1) |
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D.3 Nonlinear Phase Conjugation for Mid-Link Spectral Inversion |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (12) |
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478 | (1) |
Appendix E: Optical Waveguides |
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479 | (52) |
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479 | (1) |
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E.2 Optical Fiber: General Properties |
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479 | (12) |
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E.2.1 Geometrical Structures and Index Profile |
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479 | (3) |
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E.2.2 Fundamental Mode of Weakly Guiding Fibers |
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482 | (9) |
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E.2.2.1 Solutions of the Wave Equation for Step-Index Fiber |
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483 | (1) |
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E.2.2.2 Single and Few Mode Conditions |
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484 | (5) |
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E.2.2.3 Gaussian Approximation: Fundamental Mode Revisited |
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489 | (2) |
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E.3 Signal Propagation in Optical Fibers |
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491 | (11) |
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491 | (3) |
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E.3.1.1 Attenuation: Intrinsic or Material Absorption Losses |
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491 | (1) |
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492 | (1) |
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E.3.1.3 Attenuation Coefficient |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (8) |
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E.3.2.1 Material Dispersion |
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495 | (4) |
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E.3.2.2 Waveguide Dispersion |
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499 | (3) |
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E.3.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion |
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502 | (1) |
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E.4 Transfer Function of Single Mode Fibers |
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502 | (12) |
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E.4.1 Linear Transfer Function |
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502 | (7) |
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E.4.2 Nonlinear Fiber Transfer Function |
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509 | (5) |
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514 | (9) |
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515 | (1) |
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E.5.2 SPM and Modulation Instability |
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516 | (1) |
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E.5.3 SPM and Intra-Channel Nonlinear Effects |
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517 | (4) |
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E.5.4 Nonlinear Phase Noises in Cascaded Multi-Span Optical Link |
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521 | (2) |
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E.6 Numerical Solution: Split-Step Fourier Method |
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523 | (4) |
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E.6.1 Symmetrical Split-Step Fourier Method |
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523 | (4) |
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E.6.1.1 Modeling of Polarization Mode Dispersion |
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525 | (1) |
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E.6.1.2 Optimization of Symmetrical SSFM |
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526 | (1) |
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527 | (4) |
Index |
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531 | |