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E-raamat: Optimizing Adverb Positions

(Aarhus University)
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Optimizing Adverb PositionsSuurem pilt
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Adverb positions vary within a single language as well as across diverse languages. Based on the study of adverbs in English, French and German, this monograph shows that the distribution of adverbs is influenced by various factors at distinct levels of linguistic representation – comprising semantics, syntax, phonology and information structure –, which interact in determining adverb positions. The results of the investigation are formulated within the theoretical framework of Optimality Theory, which captures the complex interaction of these factors by hierarchically ranked constraints, deriving cross-linguistic variation of adverb positions by differences in the language-specific constraint hierarchies. The book is divided into two parts: While Part I examines adverb positions in general, Part II investigates under which circumstances an adverb may attach to a phonetically empty constituent in the languages under discussion. The book appeals to a linguistic audience interested in Germanic and Romance languages as well as in theoretical syntax in general.
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction xi
PART I Adverb positions
Chapter 1 Basic assumptions on inputs and output candidates
3(30)
1.1 A semantic restriction on adverb positions
3(4)
1.2 Restricting the input
7(16)
1.2.1 Restrictions on input semantic representations
7(6)
1.2.2 A note on subject-oriented adverbs
13(3)
1.2.3 Type lowering
16(3)
1.2.4 Excursus: Specified Events and manner readings
19(2)
1.2.5 Other co-occurrence restrictions
21(2)
1.3 Restricting the candidates
23(8)
1.4 Conclusion
31(2)
Chapter 2 Verb movement and adverb placement
33(68)
2.1 Ordering of adverbs and verbs/auxiliaries in English and French
33(40)
2.1.1 Adverb positions and finite verb movement
34(7)
2.1.2 Adverbs as adjuncts
41(3)
2.1.3 Clause-final adverbs and adjunction to the right
44(5)
2.1.4 Adverbs in pre-auxiliary position
49(9)
2.1.5 Adverb positions in negated clauses
58(8)
2.1.6 Adverbs with narrow scope relative to a finite auxiliary
66(3)
2.1.7 Adverbs and non-finite verbs/auxiliaries
69(3)
2.1.8 Summary
72(1)
2.2 Main clause/embedded clause asymmetry in verb positions in German
73(26)
2.2.1 V2 in German main clauses
74(8)
2.2.2 V-final in German embedded clauses
82(4)
2.2.3 Clause-initial position
86(12)
2.2.4 Summary
98(1)
2.3 Conclusion
99(2)
Chapter 3 Information structure and adverb placement
101(118)
3.1 Adverb placement and focus-background structure
101(41)
3.1.1 Focus-sensitivity of sentence adverbs
102(4)
3.1.2 Focus-sensitive adverbs in the German middle field
106(12)
3.1.3 Focus-sensitive adverbs and the German prefield position
118(12)
3.1.4 Focus-sensitive adverbs in English and French
130(8)
3.1.5 Excursus: Positions of sentence adverbs in Italian
138(3)
3.1.6 Summary
141(1)
3.2 Adverb placement and topic-comment structure
142(75)
3.2.1 Topics in clause-initial position in English and French
143(4)
3.2.2 Topics in clause-medial position in German
147(6)
3.2.3 A left-peripheral topic position in IP
153(11)
3.2.4 Adverbs in pre-subject position
164(7)
3.2.5 Pre-subject phrases: Merge versus Move
171(6)
3.2.6 A scopal restriction on pre-subject adverbs
177(11)
3.2.7 A structural restriction on pre-subject phrases
188(25)
3.2.8 Excursus: Pre-subject phrases in the Scandinavian V2-languages
213(3)
3.2.9 Summary
216(1)
3.3 Conclusion
217(2)
Chapter 4 Interim conclusion
219(6)
PART II Adverb positions in gap constructions
Chapter 5 Gap constructions in English
225(44)
5.1 Data
225(9)
5.2 Previous approaches to adverb placement in gap constructions
234(6)
5.2.1 Baker (1971,1981)
234(3)
5.2.2 Sag (1978,1980b), Sag & Fodor (1994), Kim & Sag (1995, 2002)
237(1)
5.2.3 Empty Category Principle Approaches
238(1)
5.2.4 Summary
239(1)
5.3 The gaps
240(4)
5.4 Wide scope adverb positions in non-inverted gap constructions
244(7)
5.5 Excursus: There-gap constructions
251(4)
5.6 Narrow scope adverb positions in gap constructions
255(6)
5.7 Adverb positions in inverted gap constructions
261(4)
5.8 Conclusion
265(4)
Chapter 6 Other languages
269(56)
6.1 French
270(38)
6.1.1 Data
270(9)
6.1.2 Adverb positions in Clitic Left Dislocations with simple tense
279(3)
6.1.3 Adverb positions in clefts with simple tense
282(16)
6.1.4 Adverb positions in gap constructions with complex tense
298(7)
6.1.5 Excursus: The distribution of sentence adverbs in Italian
305(2)
6.1.6 Summary
307(1)
6.2 German
308(14)
6.2.1 Data
308(4)
6.2.2 Syntax: V2
312(2)
6.2.3 Information structure: Focus-background and topic-comment structure
314(3)
6.2.4 Semantics: Scope
317(4)
6.2.5 Summary
321(1)
6.3 Conclusion
322(3)
Chapter 7 Conclusion
325(8)
References 333(12)
Index 345
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