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Section 1: General Overviews |
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3 | (16) |
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The First Solid-State Solar Cell |
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3 | (1) |
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The Discovery of the Silicon Solar Cell |
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4 | (1) |
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The First Practical Application of Silicon Solar Cells |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (11) |
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The Future of Photovoltaics |
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16 | (3) |
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17 | (2) |
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Inorganic Photovoltaic Materials and Devices: Past, Present, and Future |
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19 | (18) |
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20 | (2) |
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Recent Aspects of Advanced Inorganic Materials |
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20 | (1) |
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Focus: Advanced Materials and Processing |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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Overview of Specific Materials |
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22 | (3) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Gallium Arsenide and Related III--V Materials |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (7) |
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Multijunction III--V Devices |
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25 | (2) |
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Nanotechnology---Specifically Quantum Dots |
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27 | (1) |
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Advanced Processing for Low-Temperature Substrates |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (4) |
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34 | (3) |
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Natural Organic Photosynthetic Solar Energy Transduction |
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37 | (12) |
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38 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis is a Solar Energy Storage Process |
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38 | (1) |
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Where Photosynthesis Takes Place |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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The Four Phases of Energy Storage in Photosynthetic Organisms |
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41 | (1) |
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Antennas and Energy Transfer Processes |
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41 | (3) |
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Primary Electron Transfer in Reaction Centers |
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44 | (3) |
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Stabilization by Secondary Reactions |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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Solid-State Organic Photovoltaics: A Review of Molecular and Polymeric Devices |
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49 | (58) |
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50 | (3) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (13) |
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Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells |
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53 | (3) |
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Molecular OPVs with Bulk Heterojunctions |
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56 | (4) |
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High-Efficiency Molecular OPVs with Exciton Blocking Layers |
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60 | (4) |
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Open-Circuit Voltage and Tandem Solar Cells |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (19) |
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Single-Layer Polymer Devices |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (8) |
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Polymer Blend and Multilayer Solar Cells |
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76 | (9) |
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85 | (11) |
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Polymer--Quantum Dot Devices |
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85 | (4) |
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89 | (5) |
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Solid State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (11) |
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97 | (10) |
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Section 2: Mechanisms and Modeling |
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Simulations of Optical Processes in Organic Photovoltaic Devices |
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107 | (32) |
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108 | (2) |
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The Seven Processes of Polymer Photovoltaic Devices |
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110 | (3) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Routes to Optical Models of PPVDs |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (9) |
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114 | (1) |
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Derivation --- the Stack Model |
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115 | (5) |
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Taking Into Account the Substrate |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (12) |
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Simulation of the Optical Electric Field Inside the Device |
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127 | (1) |
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Q-Profile for Different Wavelengths |
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127 | (1) |
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Q-Profile for Different Thicknesses, Monochromatic Illumination |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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Optimizing the Double Layer Structure |
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130 | (1) |
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Optimizing the Blend Layer Structure |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (4) |
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136 | (3) |
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Coulomb Forces in Excitonic Solar Cells |
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139 | (22) |
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The Essence of Excitonic Solar Cells |
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140 | (2) |
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Differences Between Conventional and Excitonic Semiconductors |
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140 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Excitonic Semiconductors |
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141 | (1) |
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Charge Carrier Photogeneration in CSCs and XSCs |
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142 | (3) |
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Forces and Fluxes in XSCs |
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143 | (1) |
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The Chemical Potential Energy Gradient in XSCs |
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144 | (1) |
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Open Circuit Photovoltage |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (6) |
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Adventitiously Doped π-Conjugated Polymers |
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146 | (1) |
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Purposely Doped Perylene Diimide Films |
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146 | (1) |
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Superlinear Increase in Conductivity with Doping Density |
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147 | (3) |
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No Shallow Dopants in XSCs |
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150 | (1) |
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Carrier Transport in XSCs |
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151 | (6) |
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151 | (1) |
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Adventitiously Doped XSCs |
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151 | (1) |
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The Poole--Frenkel Mechanism |
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152 | (2) |
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Space Charge Limited Currents |
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154 | (2) |
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Field-Dependent Carrier Mobilities |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (4) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (3) |
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Electronic Structure of Organic Photovoltaic Materials: Modeling of Exciton-Dissociation and Charge-Recombination Processes |
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161 | (22) |
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162 | (1) |
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The Failure of the Static View |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | (4) |
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Strategies for Efficient Charge Generation |
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173 | (5) |
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Specifically Designed Supramolecular Architectures |
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173 | (1) |
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Donor Bridge Acceptor Architectures |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (5) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (4) |
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Optimization of Organic Solar Cells in Both Space and Energy--Time Domains |
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183 | (34) |
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184 | (1) |
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Fundamentals and Current Problems of Organic Photovoltaics |
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185 | (6) |
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Photon Absorption and Exciton Generation |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Exciton Separation and Charge Carrier Generation |
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189 | (1) |
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Carrier Diffusion to the Electrodes |
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189 | (1) |
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Carrier Collection at the Electrodes |
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190 | (1) |
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Optimization in the Spatial Domain Via A --DBAB- Type Block Copolymer |
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191 | (12) |
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Block Copolymers and Self-Assembled Supramolecular Nanostructures |
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191 | (1) |
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Design and Development of a --DBAB- Type Block Copolymer for a ``Tertiary'' Supramolecular Nanostructure |
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192 | (4) |
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Materials and Equipment, Experimental |
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196 | (2) |
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Results and Discussion on Spatial Domain Optimization |
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198 | (5) |
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Optimization in the Energy--Time Domain |
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203 | (8) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (5) |
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Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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211 | (6) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (5) |
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Section 3: Materials and Devices |
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Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells |
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217 | (22) |
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217 | (1) |
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Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Conjugated Polymers onto Fullerenes |
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218 | (2) |
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The Bulk Heterojunction Concept |
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220 | (3) |
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Metal-Insulator--Metal (MIM) Picture |
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223 | (2) |
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Bilayer Heterojunction Devices |
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225 | (1) |
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Bulk Heterojunction Devices |
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226 | (2) |
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The Open Circuit Potential, VOC |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (7) |
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232 | (7) |
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Organic Solar Cells Incorporating a p--i--n Junction and a p--n Homojunction |
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239 | (32) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (11) |
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241 | (1) |
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Direct Heteromolecular Contact as a Photocarrier Generation Site |
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241 | (3) |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (3) |
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Application of Inorganic Semiconductors to the n-Type Layer |
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249 | (1) |
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Sensitization Mechanism of Photocarrier Generation at Heteromolecular Contacts |
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250 | (2) |
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Control of the Nanostructure of Co-Deposited Films |
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252 | (7) |
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252 | (1) |
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Photovoltaic Properties vs. Substrate Temperature |
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252 | (1) |
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Nanostructure vs. Substrate Temperature |
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253 | (2) |
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Photocurrent Generation in Co-Deposited Films |
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255 | (1) |
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Three-Layered Cells Incorporating Crystalline--Amorphous Nanocomposite Films |
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256 | (3) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (9) |
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259 | (1) |
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Efficient Purification by Reactive Sublimation |
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260 | (2) |
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pn-Control of a Single Organic Semiconductor by Doping |
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262 | (4) |
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p--n Homojunction in Perylene Pigment Film |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (3) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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Liquid-Crystal Approaches to Organic Photovoltaics |
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271 | (28) |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (2) |
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Transport in Organic Semiconductors |
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276 | (6) |
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Disorder Formalism for Transport in Amorphous Materials |
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277 | (1) |
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Mobility Measurement Techniques |
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278 | (4) |
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Semiconducting Liquid Crystals |
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282 | (8) |
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Fundamentals of Liquid Crystals |
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282 | (2) |
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Transport in Liquid Crystals |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (3) |
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Supramolecular Architectures |
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289 | (1) |
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Overview of Liquid-Crystal-Based Photovoltaic Cells |
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290 | (3) |
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293 | (6) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (5) |
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Photovoltaic Cells Based on Nanoporous Titania Films Filled with Conjugated Polymers |
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299 | (14) |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (1) |
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Filling Nanopores with Conjugated Polymers |
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302 | (3) |
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Performance of Photovoltaic Cells and Characterization of Polymer--Titania Films |
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305 | (4) |
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Photovoltaic Cells with Non-Interpenetrating Semiconductors |
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305 | (2) |
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Interpenetrating Polymer--Titania Nanostructures |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (4) |
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310 | (3) |
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Solar Cells Based on Cyanine and Polymethine Dyes |
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313 | (18) |
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314 | (1) |
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Cyanine and Polymethine Dye Sensitization |
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314 | (10) |
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314 | (3) |
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317 | (3) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (3) |
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Thin Film Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (6) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (4) |
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Semiconductor Quantum Dot Based Nanocomposite Solar Cells |
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331 | (20) |
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332 | (3) |
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Quantum Dot--Organic Polymer Composite Solar Cells |
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335 | (6) |
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336 | (1) |
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Power Conversion in Quantum Dot--Polymer Composite Solar Cells |
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337 | (1) |
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Light Absorption and Generation of Charge Carriers |
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337 | (1) |
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Separation and Extraction of Carriers from Quantum Dots |
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338 | (2) |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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Quantum Dot Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells |
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341 | (4) |
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341 | (2) |
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Issues Concerning Materials Used as QDSSCs |
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343 | (1) |
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Challenges in Materials and Device Development |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (6) |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (5) |
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Solar Cells Based on Composites of Donor Conjugated Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes |
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351 | (16) |
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352 | (4) |
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356 | (1) |
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Current Voltage Characteristics |
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356 | (5) |
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Light Intensity Dependence Measurements |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (1) |
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Nanotube Concentration Dependence |
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361 | (2) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (3) |
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364 | (3) |
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Photovoltaic Devices Based on Polythiophene/C60 |
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367 | (20) |
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368 | (1) |
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Organic Photovoltaic Devices |
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368 | (3) |
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Bilayers of Polythiophenes/C60 |
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371 | (7) |
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Optical Modeling of PEOPT/C60 Devices |
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372 | (2) |
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Electrical Transport in PEOPT/C60 Diodes in Dark |
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374 | (2) |
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Electrical Transport in PEOPT/C60 Photodiodes under Illumination |
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376 | (2) |
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Blends of Polythiophenes/C60 |
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378 | (5) |
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383 | (4) |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (3) |
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Alternating Fluorene Copolymer--Fullerene Blend Solar Cells |
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387 | (16) |
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387 | (3) |
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Alternating Polyfluorene Copolymers: Synthesis and Characterization |
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390 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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Alternating Polyfluorene Copolymers: Electronic Structure and Optical Absorption |
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391 | (2) |
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Optical Transitions and Electronic Structure |
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392 | (1) |
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Dielectric Functions of APFO Films |
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393 | (1) |
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Photoluminescence Processes in APFO materials |
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393 | (1) |
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Electronic Transport in APFOs |
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393 | (2) |
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Polyfluorene--Fullerene Blends: Morphology and Optical Properties |
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395 | (2) |
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Polyfluorene--Fullerene Blends in Devices: Performance |
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397 | (3) |
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Temperature Dependence of Photovoltaic Device Performance |
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398 | (2) |
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400 | (3) |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (3) |
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Solar Cells Based on Diblock Copolymers: A PPV Donor Block and a Fullerene Derivatized Acceptor Block |
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403 | (18) |
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404 | (3) |
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Microphase Separation of Block Copolymers |
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405 | (2) |
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Block Copolymers for Photovoltaic Applications |
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407 | (1) |
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Synthesis of PPV-Based Donor--Acceptor Diblock Copolymer |
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407 | (4) |
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Synthesis of Diblock Rod--Coil Copolymers: General Aspects |
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407 | (1) |
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Synthesis of PPV Macroinitiator |
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408 | (1) |
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Polymerization with the PPV Macroinitiator and Functionalization of the Coil Block |
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409 | (2) |
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Phase Behavior of the PPV-Based Diblock Copolymers |
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411 | (4) |
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Aggregation of PPV-b-PS Diblock Copolymers in Solution |
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412 | (1) |
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Self Organization of PPV-based Block Copolymers in Thin Films |
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413 | (2) |
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Photovoltaic Response of the Donor--Acceptor Block Copolymer |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (4) |
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418 | (3) |
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Interface Electronic Structure and Organic Photovoltaic Devices |
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421 | (32) |
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422 | (2) |
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Symmetry of Metal--Organic Interfaces: Pentacene with Au. Ag, and Ca |
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424 | (3) |
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Mechanisms of Interface Dipole Formation |
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427 | (2) |
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Doping and Energy Level Shift: Cs in CuPc |
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429 | (3) |
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Interface Engineering in OSCs: LiF |
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432 | (3) |
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ITO Surface Treatment and its Interface with Organic: NPB/ITO |
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435 | (4) |
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Organic--Organic Interface: NPB and Alq3 |
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439 | (4) |
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Dynamics of Interface Charge Transfer: TPD and DPEP |
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443 | (5) |
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448 | (5) |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (4) |
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The Influence of the Electrode Choice on the Performance of Organic Solar Cells |
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453 | (26) |
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454 | (1) |
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Criteria for Electrode Choice |
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455 | (3) |
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Schottky Barrier Solar Cells |
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456 | (1) |
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Heterojunction Solar Cells |
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456 | (1) |
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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (11) |
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459 | (9) |
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Poly(Ethylene Dioxythiophene): Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid (PEDOT:PSS)/ITO |
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468 | (1) |
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Polyaniline/ITO and Self-Assembled Monolayers on ITO |
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468 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (2) |
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Single Layer Metal Cathode |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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471 | (8) |
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472 | (7) |
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Conducting and Transparent Polymer Electrodes |
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479 | (16) |
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480 | (1) |
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481 | (4) |
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Conductivity of PEDOT--PSS |
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482 | (1) |
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The Optical Properties of PEDOT--PSS Film |
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482 | (1) |
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Processing and Patterning |
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483 | (2) |
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485 | (1) |
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485 | (5) |
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PEDOT--PSS Used as a Buffer Layer |
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485 | (1) |
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Increase the Rectification and Photovoltage of Polymer PVDs |
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485 | (1) |
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Tuning the Photovoltage of Polymer PVDs |
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486 | (2) |
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PEDOT--PSS as an Electrode in Polymer PVDs |
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488 | (2) |
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490 | (5) |
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490 | (1) |
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491 | (4) |
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Progress in Optically Transparent Conducting Polymers |
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495 | (34) |
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496 | (1) |
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497 | (25) |
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Polymers with Electron-Rich Moieties |
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497 | (6) |
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Polymers Containing Electron-Withdrawing Repeat Units |
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503 | (2) |
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Fused Aromatics as Repeat Units |
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505 | (6) |
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Arylvinylenes and Arylmethines |
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511 | (4) |
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Donor--Acceptor Type Polymers |
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515 | (7) |
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522 | (7) |
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523 | (6) |
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Optoelectronic Properties of Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Binary Pairs with Variety of LUMO Level Differences |
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|
529 | (30) |
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530 | (3) |
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Optoelectronic Properties of Donor--Acceptor Materials and Their Influence on the Photovoltaic Parameters |
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|
533 | (21) |
|
Fullerene and Fullerene Derivatives as Electron Acceptors |
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|
533 | (1) |
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Regioregular P3ATs as Electron Donors |
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|
533 | (1) |
|
Electrochemical Properties of Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
Optical Properties of Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in P3AT/Fullerene Systems |
|
|
535 | (4) |
|
Photovoltaic Devices Based on P3ATs/PCBM |
|
|
539 | (3) |
|
Summary of P3ATs/Fullerene Systems |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
MDMO-PPV, DE69, and DE21 as Electron Donors |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Electrochemical Properties of MDMO-PPV, DE69, and DE21 |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Optical Properties of MDMO-PPV, DE69, and DE21 |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in MDMO-PPV, DE69, or DE21--Fullerene Systems |
|
|
545 | (6) |
|
Photovoltaic Devices Based on MDMO-PPV/PCBM, DE69/PCBM, and DE21/PCBM |
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
Summary of MDMO-PPV/PCBM and PPE-PPV/PCBM Systems |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
554 | (5) |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
554 | (5) |
|
Polymer-Fullerene Concentration Gradient Photovoltaic Devices by Thermally Controlled Interdiffusion |
|
|
559 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (11) |
|
Thermally Controlled Interdiffusion |
|
|
562 | (4) |
|
Dependence on MEH-PPV Thickness |
|
|
566 | (3) |
|
In situ Observation of Interdiffusion |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Morphology of the Interdiffused Devices |
|
|
570 | (2) |
|
|
572 | (3) |
|
|
575 | (4) |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes for Organic Photovoltaic Devices |
|
|
579 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
580 | (3) |
|
Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Solar Cells |
|
|
583 | (3) |
|
Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes for Optoelectronic Applications |
|
|
586 | (4) |
|
Nano-Engineering for the Future |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
|
592 | (7) |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
593 | (6) |
Index |
|
599 | |