E-raamat: Parallel Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method

Preface		ix
Chapter 1 FDTD Method		1	(14)
1.1 FINITE-DIFFERENCE CONCEPT		1	(2)
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO FDTD		3	(5)
1.3 NUMERICAL DISPERSION		8	(2)
1.4 STABILITY ANALYSIS		10	(1)
1.5 NONUNIFORM MESH		11	(2)
REFERENCES		13	(2)
Chapter 2 Boundary Conditions		15	(18)
2.1 PEC AND PMC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS		16	(2)
2.2 MUR'S ABSORBING BOUNDARY CONDITION		18	(3)
2.3 UNSPLIT PML		21	(5)
2.4 STRETCHED COORDINATE PML		26	(1)
2.5 TIME CONVOLUTION PML		27	(5)
REFERENCES		32	(1)
Chapter 3 Improvement of the FDTD		33	(36)
3.1 CONFORMAL FDTD FOR PEC OBJECTS		33	(7)
3.2 CONFORMAL TECHNIQUE FOR DIELECTRIC		40	(2)
3.3 ALTERNATING DIRECTION IMPLICIT (ADI) ALGORITHM		42	(11)
3.3.1 Update for ADI Equations		43	(4)
3.3.2 PML Truncation Techniques for ADI-FDTD		47	(2)
3.3.3 Separable Backward-Central Difference		49	(4)
3.4 SIMULATION OF DISPERSIVE MEDIA		53	(7)
3.4.1 Recursive Convolution		53	(5)
3.4.2 Pole Extraction Techniques		58	(1)
3.4.3 Simulation of Double-Negative Materials		59	(1)
3.5 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS		60	(7)
REFERENCES		67	(2)
Chapter 4 Excitation Source		69	(28)
4.1 INTRODUCTION		69	(2)
4.2 TIME SIGNATURE		71	(2)
4.3 LOCAL SOURCE		73	(5)
4.4 SOURCES FOR UNIFORM TRANSMISSION LINES		78	(9)
4.5 POWER INTRODUCED BY LOCAL EXCITATION SOURCES		87	(2)
4.6 PHASE DIFFERENCE AND TIME DELAY		89	(1)
4.7 PLANE WAVE SOURCES		90	(5)
REFERENCES		95	(2)
Chapter 5 Data Collection and Post-Processing		97	(22)
5.1 TIME-FREQUENCY TRANSFORMATION		97	(3)
5.2 MODE EXTRACTION OF TIME SIGNAL		100	(3)
5.3 CIRCUIT PARAMETERS		103	(3)
5.4 NEAR-TO-FAR-FIELD TRANSFORMATION		106	(11)
5.4.1 Basic Approach		106	(3)
5.4.2 Far-Field Calculation for Planar Structures		109	(4)
5.4.3 Data Compression and Its Application		113	(4)
REFERENCES		117	(2)
Chapter 6 Introduction to Parallel Computing Systems		119	(26)
6.1 ARCHITECTURE OF THE PARALLEL SYSTEM		120	(5)
6.1.1 Symmetric Multiprocessor		121	(1)
6.1.2 Distributed Shared Memory System		122	(1)
6.1.3 Massively Parallel Processing		123	(1)
6.1.4 Beowulf PC Cluster		124	(1)
6.2 PARALLEL PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES		125	(1)
6.3 MPICH ARCHITECTURE		126	(4)
6.4 PARALLEL CODE STRUCTURE		130	(5)
6.5 EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL FDTD		135	(8)
REFERENCES		143	(2)
Chapter 7 Parallel FDTD Method		145	(34)
7.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE MPI LIBRARY		146	(1)
7.2 DATA EXCHANGING TECHNIQUES		147	(3)
7.3 DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUE		150	(2)
7.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PARALLEL FDTD METHOD		152	(13)
7.4.1 Data Exchange Along the x-Direction		156	(6)
7.4.2 Data Exchange Along the y-Direction		162	(1)
7.4.3 Data Exchange Along the z-Direction		163	(2)
7.5 RESULT COLLECTION		165	(5)
7.5.1 Nonuniform Mesh Collection		165	(1)
7.5.2 Result Collection		166	(1)
7.5.3 Far-Field Collection		167	(1)
7.5.4 Surface Current Collection		167	(3)
7.6 ASSOCIATED PARALLEL TECHNIQUES		170	(4)
7.6.1 Excitation Source		170	(3)
7.6.2 Waveguide Matched Load		173	(1)
7.6.3 Subgridding Technique		173	(1)
7.7 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES		174	(4)
7.7.1 Crossed Dipole		175	(1)
7.7.2 Circular Horn Antenna		175	(1)
7.7.3 Patch Antenna Array Beam Scanning		176	(2)
REFERENCES		178	(1)
Chapter 8 Illustrative Engineering Applications		179	(14)
8.1 FINITE PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY		179	(6)
8.2 FINITE CROSSED DIPOLE ANTENNA ARRAY		185	(7)
REFERENCES		192	(1)
Chapter 9 FDTD Analysis of Bodies of Revolution		193	(22)
9.1 BOR/FDTD		193	(1)
9.2 UPDATE EQUATIONS FOR BOR/FDTD		194	(4)
9.3 PML FOR BOR/FDTD		198	(2)
9.4 NEAR-TO-FAR-FIELD TRANSFORMATION IN BOR/FDTD		200	(7)
9.5 SINGULAR BOUNDARY IN THE BOR/FDTD		207	(1)
9.6 PARTIALLY SYMMETRIC PROBLEM		208	(5)
9.6.1 Normally Incident Plane Wave		209	(1)
9.6.2 Obliquely Incident Plane Wave		210	(3)
REFERENCES		213	(2)
Chapter 10 Parallel BORJFDTD		215	(14)
10.1 INTRODUCTION TO PARALLEL BOR/FDTD		215	(1)
10.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF PARALLEL BOR/FDTD		216	(4)
10.3 EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL BOR/FDTD		220	(2)
10.4 REFLECTOR ANTENNA SYSTEM		222	(6)
10.4.1 Reflector Antenna Simulation		222	(2)
10.4.2 Combination with Reciprocity Principle		224	(2)
10.4.3 Simulation of the Reflector Antenna System		226	(2)
REFERENCES		228	(1)
Appendix A Introduction to Basic MPI Functions		229	(16)
A.1 SELECTED MPICH FUNCTIONS IN FORTRAN		229	(7)
A.2 SELECTED MPICH FUNCTIONS IN C/C++		236	(5)
A.3 MPI DATA TYPE		241	(1)
A.4 MPI OPERATOR		242	(1)
A.5 MPICH SETUP		243	(1)
A.5.1 MPICH Installation and Configuration for Windows		243	(1)
A.5.2 MPICH Installation and Configuration for Linux		243	(1)
REFERENCES		244	(1)
Appendix B PC Cluster-Building Techniques		245	(12)
B.1 SETUP OF A PC CLUSTER FOR THE LINUX SYSTEM		245	(8)
B.1.1 PC Cluster System Description		246	(1)
B.1.2 Linux Installation		246	(2)
B.1.3 Linux System Configuration		248	(3)
B.1.4 Developing Tools		251	(1)
B.1.5 MPICH		252	(1)
B.1.6 Batch Processing Systems		253	(1)
B.2 PARALLEL COMPUTING SYSTEM BASED ON WINDOWS		253	(1)
B.2.1 System Based on Windows		254	(1)
B.2.2 System Based on a Peer Network		254	(1)
B.3 USING AN EXISTING BEOWULF PC CLUSTER		254	(2)
REFERENCES		256	(1)
List of Notations		257	(2)
About the Authors		259	(2)
Index		261

Wenhua Yu is a Visiting Professor of Department of Electrical Engineering of Pennsylvania State University and a group leader of Electromagnetic Communication Lab. He is a director of Electromagnetic Communication Institute of Communication University of China. Raj Mittra is a Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department of Pennsylvania State University and the Director of the Electromagnetic Communication Laboratory. He has served as the editor of the prominent journal, Transactions of the Antennas and Propagation Society. Professor Mittra won the IEEE Millennium medal in 2000, the IEEE/AP-S Distinguished Achievement Award in 2002, the AP-S Chen-To Tai Distinguished Educator Award in 2004, and the IEEE Electromagnetics Award in 2005. Tao Su has been working as a postdoctoral Research Associate in the Electromagnetics Communications Lab at Pennsylvania State University. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. He is currently with Sigrity Inc. Yongjun Liu is a Research Associate in Department of Electrical Engineering of Pennsylvania State University. He earned an M.S. in electrical engineering at the Communication University of China. Xiaoling Yang is a Research Associate in Department of Electrical Engineering of Pennsylvania State University. He earned an M.S. in mathematics at Tianjin University, China.