General Notations |
|
xxiii | |
Part I Charge States of Swift Ions |
|
|
|
3 | (42) |
|
1.1 Introductory Comments |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
1.2 Qualitative Orientation |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (5) |
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
|
9 | (2) |
|
|
11 | (11) |
|
1.4.1 Thomas-Fermi Equation for an Atomic Ion |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
|
13 | (3) |
|
1.4.3 Trial Function Approach |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
1.4.4 Examples of Trial Functions |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
1.4.5 Brandt-Kitagawa Theory |
|
|
20 | (2) |
|
1.5 Effect of the Stopping Medium |
|
|
22 | (6) |
|
|
22 | (3) |
|
1.5.2 Application to Light Ions |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
1.5.3 Wake-Riding Electrons |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
1.5.4 Effect of Screening |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (5) |
|
1.6.1 Pas-Solid Difference |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (4) |
|
1.7 Discussion and Outlook |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (5) |
|
1.8.1 Exchange Energy in the Thomas-Fermi Equation |
|
|
34 | (2) |
|
1.8.2 Thomas-Fermi-Dirac Theory |
|
|
36 | (3) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (6) |
|
2 Charge Exchange: Atomistics |
|
|
45 | (52) |
|
2.1 Introductory Comments |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
2.2 Charge-Changing Events |
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
|
48 | (3) |
|
2.3.1 Double Scattering: The Thomas Process |
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
2.4 Quantum Theory of One-Electron Capture |
|
|
51 | (21) |
|
2.4.1 A Qualitative Estimate |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
2.4.2 General Considerations |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
2.4.3 Semiclassical Theory |
|
|
53 | (4) |
|
2.4.4 First-Order Perturbation |
|
|
57 | (8) |
|
2.4.5 Beyond First-Order Perturbation Theory |
|
|
65 | (7) |
|
2.5 Multiple-Electron Systems |
|
|
72 | (5) |
|
|
72 | (4) |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
2.6 Radiative Electron Capture |
|
|
77 | (8) |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
|
81 | (3) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
85 | (4) |
|
2.7.1 Single and Multiple Loss |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
2.7.2 Theoretical Schemes |
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
2.8 Discussion and Outlook |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
91 | (6) |
|
3 Charge Exchange: Statistics and Energetics |
|
|
97 | (52) |
|
3.1 Introductory Comments |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
3.2 Statistics of Charge and Excitation States |
|
|
98 | (8) |
|
|
98 | (2) |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
3.2.3 Spontaneous Processes |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
|
101 | (5) |
|
3.2.5 Eigenvalue Expansion |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
106 | (9) |
|
3.3.1 Continuum Approximation |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
3.3.2 Gaussian Apparoximation |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
3.3.3 Gas-Solid Difference |
|
|
110 | (5) |
|
3.4 Energetics of Charge Exchange |
|
|
115 | (8) |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
3.4.2 Electron Capture: One Dimension |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
3.4.3 Planar Collision: Excitation only |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
3.4.4 Planar Collision: Electron Capture |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
3.4.5 Three-dimensional Collision: Electron Loss |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
3.4.6 Elastic and Inelastic Energy Loss |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
3.4.7 Radiative Electron Capture |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
3.4.8 Spontaneous Processes |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
3.5 Statistics of Energy Loss and Charge Exchange |
|
|
123 | (18) |
|
3.5.1 Generalized Bothe-Landau Formula |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
3.5.2 Transport Equations |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (4) |
|
3.5.4 State-Specific Mean Energy Loss |
|
|
129 | (4) |
|
|
133 | (5) |
|
3.5.6 Energy-Loss Profiles |
|
|
138 | (3) |
|
3.6 Discussion and Outlook |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (6) |
Part II Energy Loss of Swift Ions |
|
|
|
149 | (48) |
|
4.1 Introductory Comments |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
4.3 Effective Charge and its Problems |
|
|
152 | (4) |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
4.5 Binary Stopping Theory and PASS Code |
|
|
158 | (8) |
|
|
159 | (2) |
|
4.5.2 Multiple-Electron Atoms |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
4.5.3 Projectile Excitation and Ionization |
|
|
163 | (2) |
|
4.5.4 Extension into the Bethe Regime |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
4.5.6 Relativistic Effects |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
4.6 PCA/UCA Approximation and CasP Code |
|
|
166 | (3) |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
4.7 Transport Cross Section |
|
|
169 | (5) |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
4.7.2 Generalized Friedel Sum Rule |
|
|
171 | (2) |
|
4.7.3 Convergent Kinetic Theory (CKT) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (9) |
|
4.8.1 Equilibrium Stopping Forces from PASS and CasP |
|
|
174 | (3) |
|
4.8.2 Equilibrium Stopping Forces from Empirical Tabulations |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
4.8.3 Charge-Dependent Stopping |
|
|
178 | (4) |
|
4.8.4 Stopping in Compound Materials |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
4.9 Impact-Parameter-Dependent Energy Loss |
|
|
183 | (5) |
|
4.9.1 Local-Density Approximation |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
4.9.3 PCA/UCA Approximation |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
4.10 Discussion and Outlook |
|
|
188 | (2) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (7) |
|
|
197 | (38) |
|
5.1 Introductory Comments |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
5.2 General Considerations |
|
|
198 | (3) |
|
5.2.1 Validity of the Gaussian Approximation |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
5.2.2 Correlated and Uncorrelated Straggling |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
5.3 Uncorrelated Straggling |
|
|
201 | (6) |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
5.3.2 Transition to the Bethe regime |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
5.3.3 Shell and Barkas-Andersen correction |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
5.3.4 Projectile Excitation and Ionization |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
5.3.7 Short Summary of Linear Straggling |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (11) |
|
|
208 | (2) |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
|
212 | (2) |
|
|
214 | (4) |
|
5.5 Charge-Exchange Straggling |
|
|
218 | (3) |
|
5.5.1 Neglecting Energy Loss by Charge Exchange? |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
|
221 | (4) |
|
|
221 | (2) |
|
5.6.2 Local-Density Approximation |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
5.6.3 Empirical Extension to Heavier Ions |
|
|
223 | (2) |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
5.8 Discussion and Outlook |
|
|
226 | (3) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
229 | (6) |
Part III Scattering |
|
|
6 Interatomic Potentials, Scattering and Nuclear Stopping |
|
|
235 | (46) |
|
6.1 Introductory Comments |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (14) |
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
6.2.2 Thomas-Fermi Theory |
|
|
240 | (5) |
|
6.2.3 Other Binary Potentials |
|
|
245 | (4) |
|
6.2.4 Nonbinary Potentials |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
6.3 Screened-Coulomb Scattering |
|
|
250 | (17) |
|
6.3.1 Limitations of Classical Elastic-Scattering Theory |
|
|
251 | (3) |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
6.3.3 Lindhard-Scharff Scaling |
|
|
255 | (3) |
|
6.3.4 Comparison of Differential Cross Sections |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (2) |
|
6.3.6 Scattering Experiments |
|
|
261 | (5) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
267 | (7) |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
6.4.2 Power Cross Section |
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
6.4.4 Measurements of Nuclear Stopping |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
6.5 Discussion and Outlook |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (5) |
|
|
281 | (62) |
|
7.1 Introductory Comments |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
7.3 Statistics: Angular Distributions |
|
|
283 | (13) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
7.3.2 Expansion in Legendre Polynomials |
|
|
284 | (3) |
|
7.3.3 Small-Angle Approximation |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (3) |
|
7.3.6 Excursion into Truncated Cross Sections |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
7.3.8 Projected Distribution |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
7.4 Statistics: Correlated Distributions |
|
|
296 | (3) |
|
7.4.1 Lateral-Angular Distribution |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
7.4.2 Energy-Angular Distribution |
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
7.4.3 Effect of Charge Exchange |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (7) |
|
7.5.1 Moments and Cumulants |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
7.5.3 An Integrable Example |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
7.5.4 Transition to Single Scattering |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
7.5.5 Bohr-Williams Model |
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (12) |
|
|
306 | (3) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (3) |
|
|
312 | (3) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
|
318 | (7) |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
7.7.6 Angular-Lateral Distribution |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
7.8 Energy-Angular Distribution |
|
|
325 | (9) |
|
7.8.1 Separation of Nuclear from Electronic Stopping |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
|
329 | (3) |
|
7.8.3 Trajectory Inversion |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
7.9 Discussion and Outlook |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (8) |
Part IV Slow Ions |
|
|
|
343 | (74) |
|
8.1 Introductory Comments |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
8.2 Velocity-proportional Stopping? |
|
|
344 | (6) |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (3) |
|
8.2.4 Threshold Behaviour |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (9) |
|
|
350 | (2) |
|
|
352 | (6) |
|
8.3.3 Stopping in Crystals |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
8.4 Limitations to Additivity |
|
|
359 | (3) |
|
8.4.1 Conservation Laws in Inelastic Collisions |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
8.5 Free Target Electrons |
|
|
362 | (16) |
|
|
362 | (3) |
|
8.5.2 Transport Cross Section |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
368 | (5) |
|
8.5.7 Local-Density Approximation |
|
|
373 | (4) |
|
8.5.8 Lindhard-Scharff Formula |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
8.6 Bound Target Electrons |
|
|
378 | (10) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
8.6.3 Dependence on Atomic Radius |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
8.6.5 Numerical Procedures |
|
|
383 | (5) |
|
8.7 Transition to Higher Energies |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
|
390 | (11) |
|
8.8.1 General Considerations |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
8.8.2 Free Target Electrons |
|
|
392 | (6) |
|
8.8.3 Bound Target Electrons |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
8.8.4 Comparison with Experiment |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
8.9 Discussion and Outlook |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
|
403 | (5) |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
8.10.3 Density Functional Theory |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (8) |
|
9 Range and Energy Deposition |
|
|
417 | (64) |
|
9.1 Introductory Comments |
|
|
417 | (3) |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (10) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
425 | (3) |
|
9.2.7 Power Cross Section |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
9.3 Projected and Lateral Range |
|
|
430 | (14) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
|
436 | (5) |
|
|
441 | (3) |
|
|
444 | (11) |
|
9.4.1 Nuclear and Electronic Processes |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (7) |
|
|
452 | (3) |
|
9.5 Range and Energy-Deposition Profiles |
|
|
455 | (14) |
|
9.5.1 Construction from Moments |
|
|
455 | (4) |
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
463 | (6) |
|
9.6 Fluctuations and Correlations |
|
|
469 | (2) |
|
9.7 Discussion and Outlook |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (8) |
Part V Penetration of Aggregates |
|
|
10 Penetration of Molecules and Clusters |
|
|
481 | (68) |
|
10.1 Introductory Comments |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (5) |
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
10.2.3 Transformation to the Laboratory Frame |
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
10.2.4 Energy and Angular Spectra |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
487 | (4) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
10.3.2 Correlated Scattering |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
|
491 | (20) |
|
10.4.1 Qualitative Considerations |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
10.4.2 Born Approximation |
|
|
493 | (6) |
|
|
499 | (4) |
|
|
503 | (6) |
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
|
511 | (7) |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
10.5.2 Qualitative Considerations |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
513 | (5) |
|
|
518 | (10) |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
10.6.2 Coulomb Explosion and Multiple Scattering |
|
|
519 | (4) |
|
10.6.3 Coulomb Explosion and Energy Loss |
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
|
525 | (3) |
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
10.8 Discussion and Outlook |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
10.9 Appendix: Polarization Wake |
|
|
530 | (9) |
|
|
530 | (8) |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
|
541 | (8) |
Part VI Penetration through Crystals |
|
|
11 Channeling and Blocking of Energetic Particles in Crystals |
|
|
549 | (40) |
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
11.2 Collision with String of Atoms |
|
|
552 | (5) |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
11.2.2 Screened Potential |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
11.2.3 Lindhard's Critical Angle |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
11.2.4 Thermal Vibrations |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
11.4 Channeling of Electrons and Positrons |
|
|
558 | (3) |
|
11.5 Channeling Radiation |
|
|
561 | (3) |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (7) |
|
11.7.1 Dechanneling by Crystal Defects |
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
11.7.2 Localization of Impurities by Channeling and Blocking |
|
|
567 | (3) |
|
11.7.3 Crystal Blocking for Determination of Nuclear Lifetimes |
|
|
570 | (2) |
|
11.8 Restricted Equilibrium in Axial Channeling |
|
|
572 | (3) |
|
11.9 Cooling and Heating in Ion Transmission through Crystals |
|
|
575 | (4) |
|
11.10 Secondary Processes |
|
|
579 | (5) |
|
11.10.1 Energy Loss for Channeled Particles |
|
|
579 | (4) |
|
11.10.2 Crystal as Special Target for Atomic Processes |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
585 | (4) |
Author and Subject Index |
|
589 | |