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E-raamat: Passing-On Problem in Damages and Restitution under EU Law

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'Passing-on' occurs when harm or loss incurred by a business is passed on to burden that business's customers or the next level of the supply chain. In this authoritative book Magnus Strand provides the first comprehensive examination of passing-on in EUlaw damages and restitution. The analysis covers a broad range of contexts including competition damages and the repayment of charges --

‘Passing-on’ occurs when harm or loss incurred by a business is passed on to burden that business’s customers or the next level of the supply chain. In this authoritative book Magnus Strand provides the first comprehensive examination of passing-on in EU law damages and restitution. The analysis covers a broad range of contexts including competition damages and the repayment of charges.The book offers a systematic examination of the key questions facing parties in a passing-on situation: When can downstream claimants bring an action? How can claimants demonstrate sufficient proximity to the original harmful act or unjustified transaction? Will a possibility of passing-on be relevant to the estimation of the award? These questions are assessed for actions against the EU, a Member State and private individuals.Key features of this book include:• specific EU law focus and guidance that will be relevant to lawyers throughout the EU• a multi-faceted analysis of the defence of passing-on and the position of potential claimants downstream in the supply chain• practical suggestions for consistent approaches to passing-on in EU law across existing and future contexts.This timely work will be an invaluable point of reference for practitioners working in damages and restitution law, but also in other fields of commercial law, including competition law and consumer law. Legislators and policy-makers in the EU and beyond will also benefit from the lucid analysis of the various policy choices made in the EU and US.
Preface xii
List of abbreviations
xiii
Table of cases and opinions
xiv
Table of legislation and official documents
xxx
PART I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1 Introduction
A What Is Passing-On?
1(29)
I A short story
1(5)
II The passing-on problem: A set of factual circumstances ...
6(5)
III ... Triggering a set of legal problems
11(12)
IV What situations are passing-on situations?
23(7)
B The Parties
30(16)
I Introducing the acronyms
30(3)
II Alpha
33(3)
III Beta
36(5)
IV Gamma
41(3)
V The need for coordination
44(2)
C Purpose and Approach of the Book
46
I Purpose
46(1)
II Contexts and perspectives
47(7)
III Structure of the presentation
54
2 Effective Judicial Protection In Eu Law
A A Coat Of Many Colours
1(9)
B The Right To An Effective Remedy
10(20)
I Effective remedies in EU law and national law
10(13)
II What qualities make remedies `effective'?
23(5)
III Equal remedies before national courts
28(2)
C Article 47 of the Eu Charter
30(3)
I Introducing the EU law right of access to court
33(5)
II Permissible limitations under Article 52(1) of the Charter
38(14)
D The Principles of Equivalence and Effectiveness
52
I Scope of application of the principles of equivalence and effectiveness
53(8)
II The principle of equivalence
61(7)
III The principle of effectiveness
68
PART II PASSING-ON IN ACTIONS AGAINST THE EU
3 Passing-On In Damages From the Eu
A
Chapter Outline
1(5)
B Introduction To Article 340(2) Tfeu
6(17)
C Access To Claim Damages Under Article 340(2) Tfeu
23(18)
I General observations on access
23(9)
II Access and passing-on
32(9)
D Substantive Proximity Under Article 340(2) Tfeu
41(29)
I General observations on causation
43(18)
II Causation and passing-on
61(9)
E Estimation of Damages Under Article 340(2) Tfeu
70(42)
I General observations on the estimation of damages
71(13)
II The defence of passing-on in case law
84(15)
III Analysis of the case law
99(13)
F Conclusions and Suggestions
112
4 Passing-On In Other Actions Against the EU?
A
Chapter Outline
1(5)
B The Action for Restitution of Sums Unduly Levied
6(10)
I General observations on the action
6(7)
II Passing-on in restitution pursuant to fine reductions?
13(3)
C The Action of Unjust Enrichment
16(9)
I General observations on the action
16(8)
II Passing-on in unjust enrichment actions?
24(1)
D Passing-On Issues In Restitution From the Eu
25(12)
I Access issues for Gamma claimants
26(2)
II Substantive proximity issues for Gamma claimants
28(4)
III The defence of passing-on
32(5)
E Conclusions and Suggestions
37
PART III PASSING-ON IN ACTIONS AGAINST A MEMBER STATE
5 Passing-On In Restitution From A Member State
A
Chapter Outline
1(6)
B Introduction To Restitution From A Member State
7(8)
C Access To Claim Restitution From A Member State
15(36)
I General observations on access
15(13)
II Access and passing-on
28(23)
D Substantive Proximity In Restitution From A Member State
51(11)
I General observations on substantive proximity
52(4)
II Substantive proximity and passing-on
56(6)
E Estimating Restitution From A Member State
62(120)
I General observations on the estimation of restitution
64(10)
II The defence of passing-on
74(90)
III A defence of unjust enrichment?
164(15)
IV Estimating restitution in Gamma actions
179(3)
F Conclusions and Suggestions
182
6 Passing-On In Damages From A Member State?
A
Chapter Outline
1(3)
B Introduction To Damages From A Member State
4(21)
C Passing-On Issues In Damages From A Member State
25(69)
I Access issues for Gamma claimants
26(26)
II Substantive proximity issues for Gamma claimants
52(28)
III The defence of passing-on
80(14)
D Conclusions and Suggestions
94
PART IV PASSING-ON IN HORIZONTAL ACTIONS
7 Passing-On In Competition Damages
A
Chapter Outline
1(9)
B Introduction To Competition Damages
10(41)
I Case law developments
10(29)
II The new harmonized regime
39(12)
C Access To Claim Competition Damages
51(78)
I General observations on access
53(14)
II Access and passing-on
67(54)
III Access for other remote claimants
121(8)
D Substantive Proximity In Eu Competition Damages
129(25)
I General observations on causation
130(17)
II Causation and passing-on
147(7)
E Estimating Competition Damages
154(101)
I General observations on the estimation of damages
155(14)
II The defence of passing-on
169(86)
F Conclusions and Suggestions
255
8 Passing-On In Other Horizontal Actions?
A
Chapter Outline
1(3)
B Passing-On In Other Damages From A Private Individual?
4(29)
I Is other horizontal damages liability possible?
4(16)
II Passing-on issues in other horizontal damages actions
20(13)
C Passing-On In Restitution From A Private Individual?
33(26)
I Is horizontal restitutionary liability possible?
33(8)
II Passing-on issues in horizontal EU law restitution
41(18)
D Conclusions and Suggestions
59
PART V PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS
9 Comparison and Analysis
A
Chapter Outline
1(2)
B Access To Court For Gamma Claimants: Summary
3(6)
C Substantive Proximity Problems For Gamma Claimants: Summary
9(4)
D The Defence Of Passing-On: Summary
13(6)
E Coordination, Deterrence, and the Passing-On Problem
19(38)
I Coordinating in the interest of reparation
21(21)
II Safeguarding the interest of deterrence
42(15)
F Conclusions and Suggestions
57(374)
Index 431
Magnus Strand, Associate Professor of European Law, Uppsala University, Sweden