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E-raamat: Patient-Subject Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: Syntax, semantics, discourse

(Nanyang Technological University Singapore)
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Patient-Subject Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: Syntax, semantics, discourseSuurem pilt
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As a distinctive syntactic structure in Mandarin Chinese, the Patient-Subject Construction (PSC) is one of the most interesting but least well-understood structures in the language. This book offers a comprehensive account of the history, structure, meaning and use of the PSC. Unlike previous descriptions which were framed in terms of pre-existing grammatical notions such as ‘topicalization’, ‘passivization’ and ‘ergativization’, this book offers a fresh look at the PSC, in which its syntactic and semantic as well as its discourse functions are examined within the system of major construction-types of the language as a whole. The PSC, being low in transitivity, serves primarily the function of backgrounding in discourse. Typologically, the PSC bears a resemblance to middle constructions in Indo-European and other languages, raising interesting questions about ways to understand congruent and divergent syntactic structures across the world’s languages. This book will be of interest to students of Chinese Linguistics as well as Language Typology.
Abbreviations ix
Major chronological divisions of Chinese history xi
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(18)
1.1 Patient-Subject Construction
1(3)
1.1.1 The scope of `patient'
1(2)
1.1.2 The syntactic position of patient
3(1)
1.2 The problem of the PSC
4(3)
1.3 The present approach
7(2)
1.4 Organization of the book
9(10)
Chapter 2 Previous studies of the patient-subject construction
19(14)
2.1 The PSC is an age-old construction in Chinese
11(2)
2.2 General properties of the PSC
13(3)
2.2.1 High text frequency
13(1)
2.2.2 Syntactic properties
14(2)
2.3 Previous studies of the PSC
16(17)
2.3.1 Phonetic marking of the grammatical distinction
16(1)
2.3.2 Lexical approaches
17(1)
2.3.2.1 The "Inward-outward conversion" hypothesis
17(2)
2.3.2.2 "Middle verbs"
19(4)
2.3.3 Syntactic approaches
23(1)
2.3.3.1 Object-preposing
23(3)
2.3.3.2 Passive sentences
26(3)
2.3.3.3 Topicalization structure
29(2)
2.3.3.4 Stative sentences
31(1)
2.3.3.5 Middle constructions
32(1)
Chapter 3 What the PSC is not
33(26)
3.1 PSC is not topicalization
33(7)
3.1.1 Prosodic cues
33(2)
3.1.2 Subjecthood
35(2)
3.1.3 Focus, subordination and nominalization
37(3)
3.2 PSC is not passive
40(14)
3.2.1 Two opposing views
40(2)
3.2.2 Why PSC is not passive
42(1)
3.2.2.1 Setting determining criteria
43(1)
3.2.2.2 Criteria for markedness
44(10)
3.3 PSC is not an ergative construction
54(5)
3.3.1 Ergativity
54(1)
3.3.2 Ergative structures
55(1)
3.3.3 The PSC is not an ergative construction
56(3)
Chapter 4 Syntactic and semantic properties of patient-subject constructions
59(28)
4.1 Sub-classifying the PSC
59(2)
4.2 Different kinds of PSC and their semantic properties
61(20)
4.2.1 NP + V + Complement
61(7)
4.2.2 NP + Adverbial + V
68(7)
4.2.3 NP + V + le /Izhe Iguo
75(3)
4.2.4 NP + V + NP
78(1)
4.2.5 Two special forms
79(1)
4.2.6 Summary
79(2)
4.3 Two challenges for the "inactiveness" account
81(5)
4.3.1 Imperative sentences
81(2)
4.3.2 The problem of zhengzai
83(3)
4.4
Chapter summary
86(1)
Chapter 5 `Inactiveness' and `backgrounding': PSC in discourse
87(22)
5.1 The polysemy of PSC
87(4)
5.1.1 The PSC as envisioned within event structure
88(3)
5.2 Inactiveness as grammatical construal
91(7)
5.2.1 Construction meaning
92(4)
5.2.2 Relations between constructions
96(2)
5.3 Discourse functions of PSC
98(10)
5.3.1 An empirical study
101(7)
5.4
Chapter summary
108(1)
Chapter 6 PSC in typological perspective
109(18)
6.1 PSC-like structures in other languages
109(9)
6.1.1 Reflexive constructions
110(2)
6.1.2 Middle constructions
112(6)
6.2 The Chinese PSC as a middle construction
118(2)
6.2.1 Sentence form and meaning
118(1)
6.2.2 The active-middle opposition and its cognitive basis
119(1)
6.3 Unaccusativity and ergativization
120(5)
6.3.1 Unaccusativity
120(3)
6.3.2 Ergativization
123(2)
6.4
Chapter summary
125(2)
Chapter 7 Summary and conclusion
127(8)
7.1 A new picture of the PSC
127(3)
7.2 Further studies
130(5)
7.2.1 The voice system
130(1)
7.2.2 The ba-construction
130(1)
7.2.3 The PSC and the foei-construction
131(2)
7.2.4 The classification of construction types in Chinese
133(2)
References 135(10)
Appendix II Verbs 145(4)
Appendix III Other sources 149(24)
Appendix III Dictionary 173(30)
Index 203
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