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E-raamat: Patterns and Meanings in Discourse: Theory and practice in corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS)

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(University of Siena), (University of Portsmouth), (University of Bologna)
  • Formaat: 385 pages
  • Sari: Studies in Corpus Linguistics 55
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Apr-2013
  • Kirjastus: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789027272126
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Patterns and Meanings in Discourse: Theory and practice in corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS)Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: 385 pages
  • Sari: Studies in Corpus Linguistics 55
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Apr-2013
  • Kirjastus: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789027272126
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This work is designed, firstly, to both provoke theoretical discussion and serve as a practical guide for researchers and students in the field of corpus linguistics and, secondly, to offer a wide-ranging introduction to corpus techniques for practitioners of discourse studies. It delves into a wide variety of language topics and areas including metaphor, irony, evaluation, (im)politeness, stylistics, language change and sociopolitical issues. Each chapter begins with an outline of an area, followed by case studies which attempt both to shed light on particular themes in this area and to demonstrate the methodologies which might be fruitfully employed to investigate them. The chapters conclude with suggestions on activities which the readers may wish to undertake themselves. An Appendix contains a list of currently available resources for corpus research which were used or mentioned in the book.
Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction 1(24)
0.1 Discourse and discourse analysis
2(3)
0.2 Corpus linguistics
5(5)
0.2.1 What it is and what it does
5(3)
0.2.2 Quantity, frequency, comparison and recurrence (or patterning)
8(1)
0.2.3 Serendipity
9(1)
0.3 Corpus-assisted discourse studies or CADS
10(4)
0.3.1 Definition and aims
10(1)
0.3.2 A comparison between traditional corpus linguistics and CADS
11(3)
0.4 The corpora and tools for analysing corpora
14(6)
0.4.1 The corpora
14(2)
0.4.2 Corpus annotation
16(1)
0.4.3 Tools for analysing corpora
17(3)
0.5 Guide to the contents of this book
20(5)
Chapter 1 The two principles of discourse organisation: Chunk recall and inductive reasoning
25(18)
1.1 Introduction
25(1)
1.2 Grammatical organisation
26(4)
1.2.1 Open choice
26(1)
1.2.2 The idiom principle and coselection
26(3)
1.2.3 Issues with idioms
29(1)
1.3 Script theory
30(4)
1.3.1 Learning and memory
30(2)
1.3.2 Understanding discourse
32(2)
1.4 Inductive knowledge-driven reasoning
34(1)
1.4.1 Needs, goals and plans
34(1)
1.5 Parallels
35(5)
1.5.1 Open choice and logical induction: Rule-driven behaviour
35(1)
1.5.2 The idiom and the script principles: Lexical priming
36(4)
1.6 Conclusion
40(3)
Chapter 2 Evaluation in discourse communication
43(24)
2.1 For good and for bad, for better and for worse
43(3)
2.2 Point of view
46(1)
2.3 Evaluation working in discourse
47(5)
2.4 Categories of evaluative lexis
52(2)
2.5 Note: The evaluator and evaluative voices
54(1)
2.6 Evaluation and cohesion; evaluative consistency or harmony
55(3)
2.7 Evaluative prosody
58(3)
2.8 Embedding and nesting
61(2)
2.9 Conclusion
63(4)
Further Research
64(3)
Chapter 3 Evaluation and control
67(30)
3.1 Control: The linguistic unit
67(4)
3.2 Control and power relations
71(2)
3.3 The control feature and evaluative prosody: Examples
73(21)
3.3.1 Set in
73(2)
3.3.2 Sit through
75(2)
3.3.3 Undergo
77(1)
3.3.4 Budge
78(2)
3.3.5 Persistence/Persistent
80(1)
3.3.6 Break Out
81(1)
3.3.7 Outbreak
82(2)
3.3.8 End up
84(1)
3.3.9 Cause
84(2)
3.3.10 Fuel
86(2)
3.3.11 Fickle and flexible
88(1)
3.3.12 Orchestrate
89(1)
3.3.13 True feelings
90(4)
3.4 Conclusions
94(3)
Chapter 4 Investigating rhetoric in discourse 1: Irony
97(34)
4.1 Irony explicit and implicit
97(1)
4.2 Suitability of data
98(1)
4.3 Case study 1: Explicit irony
99(6)
4.3.1 What is irony? Ask the people
99(3)
4.3.2 The evaluator
102(1)
4.3.3 Reversal of evaluation
103(2)
4.4 Case study 2: Implicit irony
105(5)
4.4.1 Using corpus techniques to find episodes of implicit irony
105(1)
4.4.2 Reversal of evaluation in implicit irony
106(1)
4.4.3 Verisimilar ironies: Litotes
107(2)
4.4.4 Irony in questions
109(1)
4.5 Conclusions on explicit and implicit irony
110(2)
4.6 Case study 3: The form, function and exploitation of phrasal irony
112(19)
4.6.1 Evaluative clash with the phrase
112(1)
4.6.2 Evaluative oxymoron
113(2)
4.6.3 Substitution by evaluative opposite in well-known phrases
115(1)
4.6.4 The "popularisation" of the ironic usage of a phrase
116(1)
4.6.5 Replacing an expected negative element of the template with something positive
116(3)
4.6.6 Replacing an expected positive element of the template with something negative
119(3)
4.6.7 How such ironic uses become popular
122(1)
4.6.8 A final twist: When is evaluative reversal ironic clash and when simply a counter-instance?
123(3)
4.6.9 Ratio, inherent hyperbole, critical intent
126(1)
4.6.10 Conclusions on phrasal irony
127(1)
Suggestions for further research
128(3)
Chapter 5 Investigating rhetoric in discourse 2: Metaphor
131(34)
5.1 Corpus linguistics and metaphor: Methodologies
131(1)
5.2 Corpus linguistics and metaphor: Challenges and potential pitfalls
132(1)
5.3 Case study 1: Metaphors of anti-Americanism
133(13)
5.3.1 Why analyse metaphor in this context?
133(1)
5.3.2 Corpora and methodology
134(1)
5.3.3 Results
135(10)
5.3.4 Conclusions to case-study 1
145(1)
5.4 Case study 2: Metaphor and humour in review articles
146(16)
5.4.1 Metaphors and meaning potential
146(6)
5.4.2 Humour and metaphor resources
152(2)
5.4.3 Figurative language as part of the humorous style
154(1)
5.4.4 Incongruous comparison
155(4)
5.4.5 Intensification and hyperbole
159(3)
5.5 Conclusions
162(3)
Suggestions for further reading
163(1)
Suggestions for further research
163(2)
Chapter 6 Corpus-assisted stylistics: Investigating author style
165(22)
6.1 The comic prose of P.G. Wodehouse
168(1)
6.2 The corpora
169(1)
6.3 Formality -- informality
170(5)
6.4 Hyperbole and litotes
175(1)
6.5 Playing with degrees of precision
176(1)
6.6 Colourful imagery
177(3)
6.7 Playing with co-occurrence
180(2)
6.8 Conclusion
182(5)
Appendix: The contents of the three literary corpora
185(2)
Chapter 7 Cross-linguistic discourse analysis: Investigating the representation of migrants in the UK and Italian press
187(22)
7.1 Cross-cultural/cross-linguistic CADS
187(4)
7.1.1 Previous research
187(2)
7.1.2 What methodological challenges might the researcher face?
189(2)
7.2 Representation of migrants in the Italian and UK press
191(1)
7.3 Corpora
192(2)
7.4 Racism and xenophobia
194(6)
7.4.1 Racism
194(4)
7.4.2 Xenophobia
198(2)
7.5 RASIM and ICES geographical identities: Frequencies
200(6)
7.5.1 UK data
201(1)
7.5.2 Italian data
202(4)
7.6 Conclusions
206(3)
Suggestions for further research
206(3)
Chapter 8 Interactive spoken discourse 1: Managing the message
209(30)
8.1 Introduction and review
209(4)
8.2 The grammar of spoken discourse: Is it distinct from most forms of writing?
213(3)
8.3 Studying institutional adversarial talk
216(1)
8.4 White House press briefings
216(1)
8.5 The Hutton Inquiry
217(1)
8.6 Similarities and differences between the two discourse types
218(2)
8.7 Asserting the administrations message, imposing primings in briefings
220(7)
8.8 Repeated messages and forced primings in Hutton respondents' discourse
227(12)
8.8.1 Impersonal constructions
228(1)
8.8.2 Key nouns: Vagueness in reference
229(3)
Suggestions for further research
232(7)
Chapter 9 Interactive spoken discourse 2: CADS & (im)politeness
239(26)
9.1 Overview of corpus linguistics and (im)politeness
239(2)
9.2 A case study: When "politeness" is not being polite
241(20)
9.2.1 Introduction
242(1)
9.2.2 Negative politeness
243(2)
9.2.3 The discourse context
245(1)
9.2.4 The corpora and corpus interrogation tools
246(2)
9.2.5 Identifying impoliteness
248(1)
9.2.6 Looking for meta-pragmatic comment
249(3)
9.2.7 Looking for shifts from transactional to interactional mode
252(2)
9.2.8 Two illustrative markers of negative politeness
254(1)
9.2.8.1 with (*) respect
254(3)
9.2.8.2 Vocatives
257(2)
9.2.9 Mock politeness
259(2)
9.3 Conclusions
261(4)
Suggestions for further research
262(3)
Chapter 10 Modern diachronic corpus-assisted discourse studies (MD-CADS) 1: Comparisons over time in lexical grammar and discourse practices
265(18)
10.1 Comparing the 1993, 2005 and 2010 corpora: Corpus wordlists and keywords
267(2)
10.2 The methodology of set identification: Evaluative lexical keywords
269(1)
10.3 Language in the press: Patterns in the keywords list
270(1)
10.4 Informalisation
271(1)
10.5 Language in the press: Hyperbolic evaluation
272(1)
10.6 The keyword sets
273(6)
10.6.1 Hyperbole and extremes in evaluation in the keywords
273(1)
10.6.1.1 Size and ranking and relative importance
274(1)
10.6.1.2 Positive and amplified evaluation
274(1)
10.6.1.3 Intensification and emphasis
275(1)
10.6.2 Vagueness
276(1)
10.6.3 Vague and informal evaluative lexis
277(2)
10.7 Evaluative meanings in the keywords and diachronic conclusions
279(4)
Chapter 11 Modern diachronic corpus-assisted discourse studies (MD-CADS) 2: Comparisons over time of social, political and cultural issues
283(40)
11.1 Antisemitism: The longest hatred
283(18)
11.1.1 The statistical consistency of discourses around antisemitism
283(1)
11.1.2 A working definition of antisemitism
284(1)
11.1.3 Averral and attribution
285(1)
11.1.4 Methodology
285(1)
11.1.5 Blending stretches containing duplicated text
286(2)
11.1.6 When not to remove duplicated text
288(1)
11.1.7 The procedure we adopted
288(1)
11.1.8 Looking for similarities across the datasets
289(1)
11.1.9 Discourses on antisemitism in AS93
290(1)
11.1.10 Discourses on antisemitism in 2005, 2009 and 2010
291(2)
11.1.11 The perpetrators
293(4)
11.1.12 "The global Jewish conspiracy"
297(1)
11.1.13 Differences in focus of the three newspapers
298(2)
11.1.14 Discussion and conclusions on antisemitism
300(1)
11.2 Case study 2: Girls and boys in the UK press
301(22)
11.2.1 Why search for similarity?
301(2)
11.2.2 Classic ways of searching for difference in corpus linguistics
303(1)
11.2.3 Ways of searching for similarity
304(1)
11.2.3.1 Word comparison
305(1)
11.3.2.2 Consistency analysis
306(1)
11.3.2.3 Key keywords
307(1)
11.2.3.4 Consistent (or wide-distribution) collocates
308(1)
11.2.3.5 Lockwords
309(1)
11.2.3.6 Alternative keyword calculations
309(1)
11.2.4 Previous research into the use of gender terms
310(1)
11.2.5 Data analysis
310(2)
11.2.5.1 C-collocates
312(3)
11.2.5.2 Word Sketches
315(1)
11.2.5.3 Thesaurus
316(2)
11.2.5.4 C-clusters/c-ngrams
318(1)
11.2.6 Discussion and conclusions on girl/s and boy/s
319(1)
Conclusion
320(1)
Suggestions for further research
321(2)
Chapter 12 Conclusion
323(20)
12.1 CADS and discourse theories
323(5)
12.1.1 Discourse organisation and the idiom/open choice principles
323(2)
12.1.2 Lexical priming
325(1)
12.1.3 Evaluation
326(2)
12.2 The eclecticism of CADS research
328(3)
12.3 Corpus-assisted discourse studies: More than the sum of discourse analysis + computing
331(8)
12.3.1 Adding value to discourse analysis: Keeping us honest and the "culture of the counterexample"
331(4)
12.3.2 Actively looking for counterexamples
335(4)
12.4 CADS: From research to the teaching of discourse analysis
339(4)
Appendix: Resources
343(4)
1 Corpus compilation
343(1)
1.1 BootCaT
343(1)
2 Annotation and interrogation
343(1)
2.1 UAM Corpus Tool
343(1)
3 Mark up
343(1)
4 Corpus interrogation
344(1)
4.1 AntConc
344(1)
4.2 Concgram
344(1)
4.3 Sketch Engine
344(1)
4.4 Wordsmith Tools
344(1)
4.5 Wmatrix facilities
344(1)
5 Publicly available corpora which are referred to in the book (alphabetical order)
345(1)
5.1 BASE
345(1)
5.2 BNC
345(1)
5.3 Brown Family Corpora
345(1)
5.4 Corpus of Contemporary American English (CoCA)
345(1)
5.5 CORD historical Corpus of English Dialogues
346(1)
5.6 Hong Kong Corpus of Conversational English (HKCCE)
346(1)
5.7 London-Lund
346(1)
5.8 MICASE
346(1)
5.9 SiBol/Port
346(1)
6 Selected resources for downloading data used in corpora employed in this book
346(1)
7 Other resources
347(1)
Appendix references 347(2)
References 349(16)
Author index 365(4)
Subject index 369
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