| Preface |
|
xix | |
| Part One: The Evolution of Pavement Management |
|
|
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
2 Birth and Teen Years of Pavement Management (1967-1987) |
|
|
5 | (10) |
|
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
2.2 The Impact of Lack of Understanding of Software Requirements |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
2.3 Lessons Learned from the Early Development Years |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
2.4 Basic Requirements for an Effective and Comprehensive PMS |
|
|
11 | (4) |
|
3 Pavement Management Development from 2010 |
|
|
15 | (6) |
|
3.1 Data Aggregation and Sectioning |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
3.3 Parallel International Developments |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
3.4 Administrative and Public Awareness of PMS |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
3.6 Improvements in Computers and Software Development |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
3.7 Other Compatible Management Systems |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
3.8 Expansion of PMS Concerns |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
|
|
23 | (4) |
| Part Two: Data Requirements |
|
|
5 Overview of Pavement Management Data Needs |
|
|
27 | (4) |
|
5.1 Classes of Data Required |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
5.2 The Importance of Construction and Maintenance History Data |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
5.3 The Importance of Performance Related Pavement Evaluation |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
5.4 Objectivity and Consistency in Pavement Data Acquisition and Use |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
5.5 Combining Pavement Evaluation Measures |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
|
31 | (4) |
|
6.1 Purpose of Inventory Data |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
6.2 Types of Inventory Data |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
6.3 Selection and Referencing of Pavement Management Sections |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
6.4 Collecting and Processing Section and Network Data |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
6.5 Traffic and Truck Load Data |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
7 Characterizing Pavement Performance |
|
|
35 | (14) |
|
7.1 The Serviceability-Performance Concept |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
7.3 Equipment for Evaluating Roughness |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
7.4 Toward a Universal Roughness Standard |
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
7.5 Calibration Needs and Procedures |
|
|
39 | (6) |
|
7.6 Relating Roughness to Serviceability |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
7.7 Applications of Roughness Data |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
8 Evaluation of Pavement Structural Capacity |
|
|
49 | (18) |
|
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
8.2 Nondestructive Measurement and Analysis |
|
|
49 | (9) |
|
8.2.1 Deflection Measurements |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
8.2.2 Moving Measurement of Deflections |
|
|
51 | (4) |
|
8.2.3 Ground Penetrating Radar |
|
|
55 | (3) |
|
8.3 Destructive Structural Evaluation |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
8.4 Structural Capacity Index Concepts |
|
|
58 | (6) |
|
8.5 Network versus Project Level Applications of Structural Capacity Evaluation |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
8.5.1 Staged Measurements |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
9 Evaluation of Pavement Surface Distress Condition Surveys |
|
|
67 | (22) |
|
9.1 Purposes of Surface Distress Surveys |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
9.2 Manual Methods for Distress Surveys |
|
|
67 | (2) |
|
9.3 Automated Survey Methods |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
9.5 Examples of Distress Survey Procedures |
|
|
70 | (4) |
|
9.5.1 PAVERTM Distress Surveys |
|
|
70 | (2) |
|
9.5.2 FHWA Network Distress Collection Protocols |
|
|
72 | (2) |
|
9.5.3 Cracking Measurements |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
9.6 Equipment for Distress Evaluation |
|
|
74 | (6) |
|
9.6.1 Comparison of Vendor Performance |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
9.6.2 Synthesis of Pavement Distress Collection Techniques, 2004 |
|
|
76 | (4) |
|
9.7 Summary of Pavement Distress Scores Used by State DOTS |
|
|
80 | (3) |
|
9.7.1 Rating Scales and Levels of Acceptability |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
9.8 Example Equipment: Fugro, Roadware-ARAN |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
9.9 Example Equipment: Service Provider-Pathway Services Inc. |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
9.10 Application of Distress Data |
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
10 Evaluation of Pavement Safety |
|
|
89 | (14) |
|
10.1 Major Safety Components |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
10.2 Skid Resistance Evaluation |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
10.3 Basic Concepts of Skid Resistance and the Importance of Pavement Texture |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
10.4 Methods of Measuring and Reporting Skid Resistance |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
10.4.1 Skid Measuring Equipment and Testing Protocols |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
10.5 Change of Skid Resistance with Time, Traffic, and Climate (Weather/Season) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
10.6 Including Friction Management in a Pavement Management System |
|
|
95 | (8) |
|
11 Combined Measures of Pavement Quality |
|
|
103 | (6) |
|
11.1 Concept of Combined Measures |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
11.2 Examples of Combined Indexes |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
11.3 Developing Combined Indexes |
|
|
105 | (4) |
|
11.3.1 Example Combined Index from Minnesota |
|
|
105 | (4) |
|
|
|
109 | (12) |
|
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
12.2 Factors that Characterize the Present State of Data Base Management |
|
|
109 | (2) |
|
12.3 Some Evolutionary Features of Data Base Management |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
12.4 Data Base Management Systems and Key Components |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
12.5 Advantages of Integrated Data Base Management Systems |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
12.6 Examples of Integrated Data Base Management |
|
|
115 | (3) |
|
12.7 Success Factors for Effective Data Base Management |
|
|
118 | (3) |
|
13 Communicating the Present Status of Pavement Networks |
|
|
121 | (16) |
|
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
13.2 Performance Measures |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
13.3 Performance Measurement and Strategic Level Pavement Management |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
13.4 Performance Measure Categories |
|
|
124 | (7) |
|
13.5 Example Report on the State of a Road Network in Terms of International Roughness Index |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
13.6 Example Report on the State of a Road Network in Terms of Asset Value |
|
|
133 | (3) |
|
13.7 Example Report on a State Timeline of "Good" Pavement |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
|
137 | (10) |
| Part Three: Determining Present and Future Needs and Priority Programing of Rehabilitation and Maintenance |
|
|
|
|
147 | (4) |
|
14.1 Reasons for Establishing Criteria |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
14.2 Measures to which Criteria can be Applied |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
14.3 Factors Affecting Limits, and Some Examples |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
14.4 Effects of Changing Criteria |
|
|
148 | (3) |
|
15 Prediction Models for Pavement Deterioration |
|
|
151 | (8) |
|
15.1 Clarification of Performance and Deterioration Prediction |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
15.2 Parameters or Measures to be Predicted |
|
|
152 | (5) |
|
15.2.1 Deterioration Prediction Model Approaches and Variables |
|
|
152 | (5) |
|
15.3 Basic Types of Prediction Models and Examples |
|
|
157 | (4) |
|
15.3.1 Performance Prediction Approach in the Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
|
|
159 | (2) |
|
17 Rehabilitation and Maintenance Alternatives |
|
|
161 | (10) |
|
17.1 Identification of Alternatives |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
17.1.1 Pavement Preservation |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
17.1.2 Examples of Combined Rehabilitation and Preventive/Preservation Treatment Alternatives at the Network Level |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
17.2 Decision Processes and Expert Systems Approaches to Identifying Feasible Alternative |
|
|
163 | (6) |
|
17.3 Deterioration Modeling of Rehabilitation and Maintenance Alternatives |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
17.4 Costs, Benefits, and Cost-Effectiveness Calculations |
|
|
169 | (2) |
|
18 Priority Programing of Rehabilitation and Maintenance |
|
|
171 | (6) |
|
18.1 Basic Approaches to Establishing Alternatives and Policies |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
18.2 Selecting a Length of Program Period |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
18.3 Basic Functions of Priority Programming |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
18.4 Priority Programing Methods |
|
|
173 | (2) |
|
18.4.1 Mathematical Programming for Optimization Method |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
18.4.2 Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary Algorithms as an Optimization Tool |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
18.4.3 Neural Networks as an Optimization Tool |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
18.5 Examples and Comparisons |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
18.6 Budget Level Evaluation and Specific Standards |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
18.7 Final Program Selection |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
19 Developing Combined Programs of Maintenance and Rehabilitation |
|
|
177 | (6) |
|
19.1 Example Results of a Combined Program |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
19.1.1 Example Results of a Combined Program Using the World Bank's HDM-4 Model |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
|
179 | (4) |
|
References for Part Three |
|
|
183 | (4) |
| Part Four: Structural Design and Economic Analysis: Project Level |
|
|
20 A Framework for Pavement Design |
|
|
187 | (14) |
|
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
20.3 Basic Structural Response Models |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
20.4 Characterization of Design Inputs |
|
|
190 | (5) |
|
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
20.4.2 Traffic Load Inputs |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
20.4.3 Environmental Inputs |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
20.5 Variability, Reliability and Risk in Pavement Management |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
20.5.1 Variance in Pavement Design |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
20.5.2 Formulation of Pavement Reliability |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
20.5.3 Reliability Concept in the MEPDG |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
20.6 Generating Alternative Design Strategies |
|
|
197 | (4) |
|
20.6.1 Generating Structural Design and Overlay Alternatives Example |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
20.6.2 Materials Alternatives |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
20.6.3 Construction and Maintenance Policy Alternatives |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
20.6.4 Pavement Evaluation |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
20.6.5 Alternative Designs in the MEPDG |
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
21 The MEPDG Process for Pavement Design |
|
|
201 | (10) |
|
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
21.4 Levels of Use in the MEPDG |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
21.5 Good Design is Not Enough - Life Cycle Pavement Management is Also Needed |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
21.6 Summary of the MEPDG for Flexible Pavements |
|
|
206 | (5) |
|
21.6.1 Basic Mechanistic Principles |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
21.6.2 Design Inputs in MEPDG |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
21.6.3 Traffic Inputs for MEPDG |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
21.6.5 Pavement Performance |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
21.6.6 Problems Observed in Implementing MEPDG in State DOTs |
|
|
209 | (2) |
|
22 The MEPDG for Design of New and Reconstructed Rigid Pavements |
|
|
211 | (6) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
22.2 Overview of the Design Process |
|
|
212 | (2) |
|
22.3 Processing of Inputs for the Design Analysis |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
22.4 Structural Response Models |
|
|
214 | (3) |
|
23 Rehabilitation of Existing Pavements |
|
|
217 | (12) |
|
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
23.2 MEPDG Suggested Evaluation Data for Pavement Rehabilitation |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
23.3 MEPDG Rehabilitation Design with HMA |
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
23.4 MEPDG Rehabilitation Design with PCC |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
23.5 Concrete Pavement Restoration (CPR) of JPCP |
|
|
222 | (3) |
|
23.6 Models, Algorithms, and Transfer Functions of the MEPDG |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
23.7 Quality of Calibration Data and Factor Adjustments |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
23.8 AASHTO Manual of Practices |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
|
|
229 | (8) |
|
24.1 Use of the Guide in Pavement Management |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
24.2 MEPDG Offers a Roadmap to Improvement |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
24.3 MEPDG Research Team's Perspective on Guide Improvements |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
24.4 Practical Experience with MEPDG Flexible Pavement Models |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
24.5 Use of MEPDG for Rehabilitation and Overlay Design |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
24.6 Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Software |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
234 | (3) |
|
25 Economic Evaluation of Alternative Pavement Design Strategies and Selection of an Optimal Strategy |
|
|
237 | (5) |
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
25.2 Consideration of Environmental Costs in Selecting Alternative Strategies |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
25.3 Weighing Costs versus Environmental Benefits |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
25.4 Unique and/or Unpredictable Cost Factors |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
25.6 Selection of an Optimal Strategy |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
|
242 | (7) |
| Part Five: Implementation of Pavement Management Systems |
|
|
26 Steps and Key Components of Implementation |
|
|
249 | (6) |
|
26.1 Recognize Need for Change |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
26.2 User Interface Design/User Experience Design |
|
|
250 | (2) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
26.6 Training in Software Use |
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
|
|
255 | (4) |
|
27.1 Construction Linked to Planning and Programming |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
27.2 Construction Linked to Project Level Design and Expected Life Cycle Performance |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
27.3 Construction Linked with Maintenance and Evaluation |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
27.4 Information Flows from and to Construction |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
27.5 Role of Construction in Public-Private Partnerships (PPP's) |
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
|
|
259 | (8) |
|
28.1 Maintenance Linked to Other Phases of Pavement Management |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
28.2 Pavement Preservation in Maintenance |
|
|
260 | (5) |
|
28.2.1 The National Center for Pavement Preservation (NCPP) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
28.3 Maintenance Management Systems Related to PMS |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
|
|
267 | (4) |
|
29.1 Some Key Elements of Research Management |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
|
|
271 | (4) |
| Part Six: Examples of Working Systems |
|
|
30 Basic Features of Working Systems |
|
|
275 | (4) |
|
31 Network Level Examples of Pavement Management |
|
|
279 | (16) |
|
31.1 Review of COTS PMS Vendors |
|
|
281 | (3) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
31.3 Guidelines to Available PMS Software |
|
|
285 | (4) |
|
31.4 Evaluation of Available Information on Leading PMS Providers |
|
|
289 | (5) |
|
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
31.4.3 Information from AgileAssets' Clients |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
31.4.4 Deighton Associates Limited Software, dTIMS-base CT |
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
31.4.5 Information from Deighton Clients |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
32 Project Level Examples of PMS Software |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
33 HDM-4 the Upgraded World Bank Model |
|
|
297 | (8) |
|
|
|
299 | (3) |
|
33.1.1 Functions of HDM-4 within the Management Cycle |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
33.1.2 HDM Systems Structure |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (3) |
|
34 City and County Pavement Management Systems |
|
|
305 | (8) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
34.2 City of San Antonio, Texas |
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
34.3 Metro Nashville PMS Selection Process |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
34.4 Pavement Management in Johannesburg, South Africa |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
34.5 City of Henderson, Nevada |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
34.6 GIS Based Pavement Management System—Fountain Hills Arizona |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
35 Airport Pavement Management |
|
|
313 | (8) |
|
35.1 PAVER and MicroPAVER |
|
|
313 | (3) |
|
35.1.1 Airport Pavement Inventory |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
35.1.2 Airport Pavement Inspection |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
35.1.3 Performance Modeling and Condition Analysis |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
35.1.4 Airport Pavement Work Planning |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
35.2 USDOT Federal Aviation Administration Support and Use of PMS |
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
35.2.1 Detailed Pavement Management Applications |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
35.2.2 Implementation of GAPEMS at Denver International Airport |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
35.2.3 Appraisal of other Airport Pavement Management Systems |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
35.2.4 Application of GIS/GPS in Shanghai Airport Pavement Management System |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
35.3 Arizona Airports Pavement Management System |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
35.4 Washington State Airport Pavement Management System |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (6) |
| Part Seven: Looking Ahead |
|
|
36 Analyzing Special Problems |
|
|
327 | (6) |
|
36.1 Calibration of Pavement Design Methods |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
36.2 Superpave Evaluation |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
36.5 Improved Pavement Performance Models |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
36.6 Geographic Areas of Heavy Damage |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
36.7 Analysis of Heavy Load Corridors |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
37 Applications of Expert Systems Technology |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
38 New and Emerging Technologies |
|
|
335 | (6) |
|
38.1 Predicted Advances in PMS |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
38.2 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
38.3 New Software, Hardware, Data Bases, and Personal Computers |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
38.3.2 Personal Computers |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
38.4 New Measurement Technologies |
|
|
336 | (3) |
|
38.4.1 Integrated Survey Vehicle |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
38.4.2 High Speed Structural Evaluation |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
38.4.3 Direct Imaging and Analysis Techniques |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
38.4.4 Automated Testing Procedures |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
38.4.5 Interface with Other Systems |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
39 Institutional Issues and Barriers Related to Pavement Management Implementation |
|
|
341 | (4) |
|
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
40 Cost and Benefits of Pavement Management |
|
|
345 | (8) |
|
|
|
345 | (3) |
|
40.2 Quantifiable Benefits |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
40.3 Benefit/Cost of Developing and Using PMS |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
40.4 Example Benefits of PMS for Arizona DOT |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
40.5 Example Benefits of Management Systems for Pinellas County Public Works, Florida |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
41 Future Direction and Need for Innovation in Pavement Management |
|
|
353 | (18) |
|
41.1 Pavement Management Roadmap |
|
|
353 | (8) |
|
41.2 Consider User Costs and Vehicle Operating Cost in PMS |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
41.3 Needs for Improved Software |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
41.4 Forward Looking Opportunities |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
41.5 Motivating Factors and Roadblocks in Advancing Pavement Management |
|
|
363 | (8) |
|
42 Developments in Asset Management |
|
|
371 | (11) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
42.3 Business Plan for AMS |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
42.4 General Principles of Asset Management Evolving from PMS |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
42.5 Early Positive Steps by DOTs |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
42.7 Roadblocks to AMS Implementation |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
42.9 Corporate Data Base and Executive Information System |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
42.10 Network Level and Project Level |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
42.12 Websites Containing Transportation Asset Management Information as of 2014 |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
|
|
382 | (5) |
| Index |
|
387 | |