| Acknowledgements |
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xx | |
| Abbreviations |
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xxi | |
| Introduction |
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1 | (4) |
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5 | (130) |
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5 | (39) |
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7 | (2) |
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1.1.1.2 Interrogative sentences |
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9 | (18) |
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1.1.1.3 Imperative sentences |
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27 | (1) |
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1.1.1.4 Other distinct sentence types |
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28 | (1) |
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1.1.1.5 Indirect speech acts |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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1.1.2.1 General markers of subordination |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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1.1.2.3 Adjective clauses (relative clauses) |
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32 | (5) |
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1.1.2.4 Adverbial clauses |
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37 | (6) |
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1.1.2.5 Sequence of tenses |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (28) |
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1.2.1 Internal structure of the sentence |
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44 | (4) |
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1.2.1.1 Copular sentences |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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1.2.2.1 Operational definition for adjective phrases |
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53 | (1) |
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1.2.2.2 Adjectivals with arguments |
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54 | (1) |
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1.2.2.3 Adverbial modification of adjectives |
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55 | (1) |
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1.2.2.4 Order of adjectives, arguments and adverbials |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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1.2.3.1 Operational definition for adverbial phrases |
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58 | (1) |
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1.2.3.2 Adverbial modification of adverbials |
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58 | (1) |
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1.2.3.3 Relative order of modifying and modified adverbials |
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59 | (1) |
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1.2.3.4 Restrictions on modifying adverbials |
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59 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Prepositional phrases |
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59 | (1) |
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1.2.4.1 Operational definition for prepositional phrases |
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60 | (1) |
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1.2.4.2 Prepositional phrases and their arguments |
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61 | (1) |
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1.2.4.3 Modifiers of prepositions |
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62 | (1) |
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1.2.4.4-5 Prepositions governing more than one case |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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1.2.5.1 Operational definition of noun phrases |
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62 | (1) |
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1.2.5.2 Modifiers in a noun phrase |
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63 | (7) |
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1.2.5.3 Cooccurrence of the same type of modifier |
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70 | (2) |
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1.2.5.4 Nonadmissable combinations of types of modifiers |
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72 | (1) |
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1.2.5.5 Order of the head and various modifiers |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (15) |
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1.3.1.1 Sentence coordination |
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72 | (5) |
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1.3.1.2 Number of coordinators and elements coordinated |
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77 | (1) |
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1.3.1.3 Coordinating the major categories of the sentence |
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78 | (3) |
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1.3.1.4 Coordination and accompaniment |
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81 | (1) |
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1.3.1.5 Structural parallelism and coordination |
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81 | (2) |
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1.3.2.1-2 Omission of sentence under identity in coordination |
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83 | (2) |
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1.3.3.3 Omission of elements in major constituents |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (4) |
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87 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Constituent negation |
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88 | (1) |
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1.4.3 Double/multiple negation |
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89 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Negation and coordination |
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90 | (1) |
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1.4.5 Negation and subordination |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (5) |
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1.5.1 Means of expressing anaphora |
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91 | (1) |
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1.5.1.1-3 Pronouns and deletion of pronouns |
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91 | (1) |
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1.5.1.4 Reflexive pronouns |
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92 | (1) |
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1.5.1.5 Special anaphoric pronouns |
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93 | (1) |
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1.5.1.6 Other means of expressing anaphora |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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1.5.2.1 Within the clause |
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93 | (1) |
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1.5.2.2 Anaphora between coordinate clauses |
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94 | (1) |
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1.5.2.3 Anaphora between superordinate and subordinate clauses |
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94 | (1) |
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1.5.2.4 Anaphora between different subordinate clauses |
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95 | (1) |
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1.5.2.5 Anaphora between different sentences |
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95 | (1) |
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1.5.3 Subordinating conjunctions and anaphoric processes |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (7) |
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1.6.1 Means of expressing reflexivity |
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96 | (1) |
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1.6.1.1-4 Invariable and variable reflexive pronouns |
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96 | (1) |
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1.6.2 Scope of reflexivity |
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96 | (1) |
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1.6.3 Reflexive element as verbal affix |
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96 | (1) |
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1.6.4 Position of the reflexive element |
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97 | (1) |
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1.6.5 Relationship between antecedent and reflexive |
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97 | (1) |
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1.6.5.1 Antecedent subject/reflexive direct object |
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97 | (1) |
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1.6.5.2 Antecedent subject/reflexive modifier of direct object |
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97 | (1) |
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1.6.5.3-4 Antecedent subject/reflexive indirect object (zero or case marking |
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97 | (1) |
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1.6.5.5 Antecedent subject/reflexive indirect object (adposition marking) |
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97 | (1) |
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1.6.5.6 Antecedent subject/reflexive modifier of indirect object |
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97 | (1) |
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1.6.5.7 Antecedent subject/reflexive copular complement |
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97 | (1) |
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1.6.5.8 Antecedent subject/reflexive modifier of copular complement |
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98 | (1) |
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1.6.5.9-10 Antecedent subject/reflexive subject complement and modifier of subject complement |
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98 | (1) |
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1.6.5.11-12 Antecedent subject/reflexive subject complement and modifier of subject complement |
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98 | (1) |
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1.6.5.13 Antecedent subject/reflexive object of adjective |
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98 | (1) |
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1.6.5.14 Antecedent subject/reflexive modifier of object of adjective |
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98 | (1) |
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1.6.5.15 Antecedent subject/reflexive agent in passive constructions |
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98 | (1) |
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1.6.5.16 Antecedent subject/reflexive modifier of passive agent |
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98 | (1) |
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1.6.5.17 Antecedent subject/reflexive in other prepositional phrase |
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99 | (1) |
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1.6.5.18 Antecedent subject/reflexive modifier of other prepositional phrase |
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99 | (1) |
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1.6.5.19-36 Modifier of subject as antecedent/reflexive direct object |
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99 | (1) |
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1.6.5.37 Direct object antecedent/reflexive subject |
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99 | (1) |
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1.6.5.38 Direct object antecedent/reflexive modifier of subject |
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99 | (1) |
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1.6.5.39-40 Direct object antecedent/reflexive case-marked indirect object or modifier of such indirect object |
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100 | (1) |
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1.6.5.41 Direct object antecedent/reflexive indirect object (preposition marking) |
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100 | (1) |
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1.6.5.42 Direct object antecedent/reflexive modifier of indirect object (preposition marking) |
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100 | (1) |
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1.6.5.43-46 Direct object antecedent/reflexive copular or subject complement or modifier of copular or subject complement |
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100 | (1) |
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1.6.5.47-48 Direct object antecedent/reflexive object complement or modifier of object complement |
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100 | (1) |
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1.6.5.49-50 Direct object antecedent/reflexive object of adjective or its modifier |
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100 | (1) |
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1.6.5.51-52 Direct object antecedent/reflexive agent in passive or modifier of such agent |
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101 | (1) |
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1.6.5.53 Direct object antecedent/reflexive element in other prepositional phrase |
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101 | (1) |
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1.6.5.54 Direct object antecedent/reflexive modifier of element in other prepositional phrase |
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101 | (1) |
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1.6.5.55-72 Modifier of direct object antecedent |
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101 | (1) |
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1.6.5.73-104 Case-/zero-marked indirect object antecedent |
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101 | (1) |
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1.6.5.105-136 Indirect object antecedent |
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102 | (1) |
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1.6.5.137-212 Other antecedents |
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102 | (1) |
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1.6.6 Reflexive relations within nominalized clauses |
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102 | (1) |
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1.6.7 Reflexive relations within noun phrases |
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102 | (1) |
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1.6.8 Reflexives without overt antecedents |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (5) |
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1.7.1 Means of expressing reciprocity |
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103 | (1) |
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1.7.2 Scope of reciprocity |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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1.7.4 Positional possibilities of reciprocals within the clause |
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104 | (1) |
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1.7.5.1-18 Relation between subject antecedent and reciprocal |
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104 | (2) |
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1.7.5.19-36 Relation between modifier of subject antecedent and reciprocals |
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106 | (1) |
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1.7.5.37-54 Relation between direct object antecedent and reciprocal element |
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106 | (1) |
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1.7.5.55-72 Relationship between modifier of direct object antecedent and reciprocal element |
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107 | (1) |
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1.7.5.73-104 Relationship between case-marked indirect object antecedent and reciprocal element |
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107 | (1) |
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1.7.5.105-120 Relationship between prepositional indirect object antecedent and reciprocal element |
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107 | (1) |
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1.7.5.121-212 Relationship between antecedents in other categories and reciprocal elements |
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108 | (1) |
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1.7.6 Reciprocal relations within nominalized clauses |
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108 | (1) |
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1.7.7 Reciprocal relations within noun phrase |
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108 | (1) |
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1.7.8 Reciprocal structures without antecedents |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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1.8.1 Expressing comparison |
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108 | (1) |
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1.8.1.1-4 Means of expressing comparison |
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108 | (1) |
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1.8.2-4 Deletion of identical elements in comparative structures |
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109 | (1) |
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1.8.5 Two types of comparative structures |
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110 | (1) |
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1.8.6 Correlative comparison |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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1.9.1 Expressing equality |
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110 | (1) |
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1.9.1.1-4 Means of expressing equality |
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110 | (1) |
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1.9.2-4 Deletion of identical elements in equative structures |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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1.10.1 Sentences expressing possession |
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112 | (1) |
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1.10.2-4 Types of possession or possessor |
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112 | (1) |
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1.10.5 Present and past possession |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (8) |
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113 | (2) |
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1.11.2 Constituent emphasis |
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115 | (1) |
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1.11.2.1 Contrastive and noncontrastive constituent emphasis |
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115 | (4) |
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1.11.2.2 Elements that may be emphasized |
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119 | (2) |
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1.11.3 Focus of yes-no questions |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (6) |
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1.12.1 Means of indicating topic of a sentence |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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1.12.1.2 Movement without dislocation |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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1.12.1.5-6 Combinations of the above |
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125 | (1) |
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1.12.2 Elements that may be topicalized |
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125 | (2) |
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1.12.3 Optionality of topicalization |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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1.13.2.1 Adjective phrases |
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128 | (1) |
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1.13.2.2 Direct and indirect object noun phrases |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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1.14 Other Movement Rules |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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1.15 Minor Sentence Types |
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130 | (1) |
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1.15.1 Exclamatory/interjectional |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (4) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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1.16.6 Number and quantifier |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (151) |
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2.1 Inflectional Morphology |
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135 | (136) |
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135 | (1) |
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2.1.1.1 Expressing syntactic/semantic functions of noun phrases |
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135 | (1) |
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2.1.1.2 Expressions of syntactic functions |
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135 | (9) |
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2.1.1.3 Syntactic functions in relation to nonfinite and nominalized verb forms |
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144 | (3) |
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2.1.1.4 Means of expressing nonlocal semantic functions |
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147 | (18) |
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2.1.1.5 Local semantic functions |
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165 | (16) |
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181 | (9) |
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2.1.1.7 Double case-marking |
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190 | (1) |
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2.1.1.8 Number-marking system |
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190 | (5) |
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2.1.1.9 Gender and noun classes |
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195 | (1) |
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2.1.1.10 Definiteness in noun phrases |
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196 | (7) |
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2.1.1.11 Indefiniteness in noun phrases |
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203 | (2) |
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2.1.1.12 Referential and nonreferential indefiniteness |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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2.1.1.14 Degree of importance of actor |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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2.1.2.1 Personal pronouns |
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205 | (8) |
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2.1.2.2 Reflexive pronouns |
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213 | (2) |
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2.1.2.3 Reciprocal pronouns |
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215 | (1) |
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2.1.2.4 Possessive pronouns |
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216 | (1) |
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2.1.2.5 Demonstrative pronouns |
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217 | (2) |
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2.1.2.6 Interrogative pronouns and other question words |
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219 | (2) |
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2.1.2.7 Relative pronouns and other relative words |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (4) |
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226 | (13) |
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239 | (5) |
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244 | (8) |
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2.1.3.5 Finite and nonfinite forms |
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252 | (1) |
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2.1.3.6 Agreement (numbers, persons, etc.) |
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253 | (5) |
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2.1.3.7 Change or loss of features in a string of verbs |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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2.1.4.1 Predicative/attributive forms |
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259 | (1) |
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2.1.4.2 Absolute/contingent distinction |
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259 | (1) |
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2.1.4.3 Adjective agreement |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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2.1.4.5 Degrees of quality |
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261 | (1) |
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2.1.4.6 Predicate adjectives and verbal morphology |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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2.1.5.1 List of prepositions |
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262 | (2) |
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2.1.5.2 Prepositions and agreement |
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264 | (1) |
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2.1.5.3 Combinations of prepositions and pronouns |
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265 | (1) |
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2.1.5.4 Combinations of prepositions and articles |
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265 | (1) |
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2.1.6 Numerals/quantifiers |
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266 | (1) |
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2.1.6.1 Forms of numerals |
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266 | (1) |
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2.1.6.2 Cardinal numerals as attributes |
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267 | (1) |
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2.1.6.3 Counting different kinds of objects |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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2.1.6.5 Other derivatives of numerals |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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2.1.7.2 Degrees of quality |
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270 | (1) |
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2.1.8 Clitics and particles |
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271 | (1) |
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2.2 Derivational Morphology |
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271 | (15) |
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2.2.1 Derivation of nouns |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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2.2.1.3 Nouns from adjectives |
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273 | (1) |
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2.2.1.4 Nouns from adverbs |
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274 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Derivation of verbs |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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2.2.2.3-5 Verbs from adjectives, adverbs and other categories |
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276 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Derivation of adjectives |
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276 | (1) |
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2.2.3.1 Adjectives from nouns |
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276 | (1) |
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2.2.3.2 Adjectives from verbs |
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277 | (1) |
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2.2.3.3 Adjectives from adjectives |
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277 | (1) |
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2.2.3.4 Adjectives from adverbs |
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278 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Derivation of adverbs |
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278 | (1) |
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2.2.4.1 Adverbs from nouns |
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278 | (1) |
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2.2.4.2 Adverbs from verbs |
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279 | (1) |
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2.2.4.3 Adverbs from adjectives |
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279 | (1) |
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2.2.4.4 Adverbs from adverbs |
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280 | (1) |
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2.2.5 Derivation of prepositions |
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280 | (1) |
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2.2.5.1 Forming complex prepositions |
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280 | (1) |
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2.2.6 Compound morphology |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (1) |
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2.2.6.3 Compound adjectives |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (57) |
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286 | (11) |
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3.1.1 Distinctive segments |
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286 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Phonetic characteristics |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (7) |
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294 | (2) |
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3.1.2.3 Restriction of vowels to loanwords |
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296 | (1) |
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3.1.2.4 Restriction of vowels to word classes |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (11) |
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3.2.1 Distribution of nonsyllabic segments |
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297 | (1) |
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3.2.1.1 Word-final consonants |
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297 | (1) |
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3.2.1.2 Word-initial consonants |
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297 | (1) |
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3.2.2.1 Consonant clusters |
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297 | (3) |
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3.2.2.2 Description of consonant clusters |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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3.2.3.1 Word-final vowels |
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300 | (1) |
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3.2.3.2 Word-initial vowels |
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300 | (1) |
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3.2.3.3 Sequences of vowels |
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301 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Structure of lexical morphemes |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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3.2.5.1 Consonant clusters and syllables |
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304 | (2) |
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3.2.6 Co-occurrence restrictions |
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306 | (1) |
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3.2.6.1 Word/syllable initial elements |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
3.2.6.2 Word/syllable-final elements |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
3.2.6.3 Initial-final restrictions |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
3.2.6.5 Consonant harmony |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
3.2.6.6 Restrictions between adjacent or nonadjacent segments |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
3.2.6.7 Phonotactic patterns with different word classes |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
308 | (15) |
|
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
3.3.1.2 Length in other syllabics |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
3.3.1.3 Length in glides/semivowels |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
3.3.1.4-7 Length in liquids, nasals, fricatives and plosives |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
3.3.2.2 Phonetic correlates of stress |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
3.3.2.4 Position of stress |
|
|
311 | (4) |
|
3.3.2.5-6 Predictability of stress |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
3.3.4.1 Major intonation patterns |
|
|
316 | (4) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
3.3.4.3-4 Emphatic intonation and contrastive stress |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
3.3.4.5 Subtypes of intonation patterns |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
3.3.4.6 Interaction of intonations patterns with tone height |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
3.4 Morphophonology (Segmental) |
|
|
323 | (18) |
|
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
3.4.1.1 Assimilatory processes |
|
|
323 | (3) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
3.4.1.3 Other alternations between segments |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
3.4.3 Coalescense and split |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
3.4.4 Deletion and insertion |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
3.4.4.1 Deletion processes |
|
|
328 | (10) |
|
3.4.4.2 Insertion processes |
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
3.4.6.1 Geminate simplification |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
3.5 Suprasegmental Morphophonology |
|
|
|
3.5.1-2 Stress and morphological processes and compounding |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
3.5.3-4 Stress and phonological structure |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
3.5.2 Tonal structure and changes |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (3) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
|
|
346 | (21) |
|
5.1 Structural Semantic Field |
|
|
346 | (15) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
5.1.1.1 The immediate family |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
5.1.1.2 The extended family |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
5.1.1.4 Kinship by adoption/affiliation |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (3) |
|
5.1.4 Cooking terminology |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
5.1.4.1 Ingredients and utensils |
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
5.1.4.2 Methods of cooking |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
5.1.5.1 Crops grown in the area |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
5.1.5.2 Agricultural implements |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
5.1.5.3 Agricultural activities |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (6) |
| Bibliography |
|
367 | (6) |
| Index |
|
373 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta