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E-raamat: Petroleum Refining Processes

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Edited by James G. Speight (CD&W Inc., Laramie, Wyoming, USA), Edited by Baki Ozum (APEX ENGINEERING INC., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada)

Formaat: PDF+DRM
Sari: Chemical Industries
Ilmumisaeg: 31-Oct-2001
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781482270969

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Formaat: PDF+DRM
Sari: Chemical Industries
Ilmumisaeg: 31-Oct-2001
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781482270969

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Written by two chemical engineers, this reference for petroleum engineers and scientists summarizes recent technological advances in the refinement of heavy oils, bitumen, and other high-sulfur feedstocks into lower-boiling products. A sampling of topics includes the evaluation of native materials, the availability of natural gas reserves, chemical kinetics, reactor design, thermal cracking, and hydrogen production. Conversion tables and an extensive glossary of terms are provided in the appendix. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Preface

iii

Part I. Feedstock Terminology, Availability, and Evaluation

Definitions, and Terminology

(24)

Introduction

(2)

Native Materials

(8)

Petroleum

(3)

Heavy Oil

(1)

Bitumen

(1)

Bituminous Rock and Bituminous Sand

(1)

Natural Gas

(1)

Wax

(1)

Kerogen

(1)

Derived Materials

(2)

Manufactured Materials

(12)

Residuum (Residua)

(7)

Asphalt

(2)

Coke

(1)

Wax

(1)

Synthetic Crude Oil

(1)

Coal Liquids

(1)

Shale Oil

(1)

References

(1)

Occurrence and Availability

(16)

Introduction

(4)

Reserves

(12)

Conventional Petroleum

(2)

Natural Gas

(3)

Heavy Oil

(1)

Bitumen (Extra Heavy Oil)

(2)

References

(2)

Composition

(32)

Introduction

(1)

Ultimate (Elemental) Composition

(2)

Chemical Composition

(6)

Bulk (Fractional) Composition

(15)

Solvent Treatment

(5)

Adsorption Methods

(5)

Chemical Methods

(2)

Use of the Data

(8)

References

(4)

Testing and Evaluation

(29)

Introduction

(2)

Physical Properties

(7)

Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis

(1)

Density and Specific Gravity

(2)

Viscosity

(4)

Thermal Properties

(16)

Volatility

(8)

Liquefaction and Solidification

(1)

Carbon Residue

(2)

Aniline Point

(1)

Heat of Combustion

(1)

Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships

(1)

Critical Properties

(2)

Use of the Data

(4)

References

100

(2)

Part II. Engineering Aspects of Refining

Reaction Stoichiometry

102

(12)

Introduction

102

(1)

Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions

102

(2)

Stoichiometrically Independent Reactions

104

(1)

Material Balance for a Single Reaction

104

(1)

Measure of Concentration

105

(1)

Concentration Changes with a Single Reaction

106

(2)

Conversion

108

(1)

Concentration Changes with Several Reactions

109

(1)

Reaction Rate

110

(2)

Concentration Changes in Continuous Mixtures

112

(2)

References

113

(1)

Chemical Kinetics

114

(18)

Introduction

114

(1)

Chemical Kinetics

115

(1)

Thermodynamics and Reaction Kinetics

116

(4)

Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium

120

(2)

Steady-State Approximation and Catalysis

122

(3)

Concentration Change Measurements and Reaction Rates

125

(2)

Reaction Severity

127

(1)

Propagation, Branching, and Autocatalysis

128

(1)

Arrhenius Relation and Its Importance

129

(3)

References

131

(1)

Thermochemistry and Chemical Equilibrium

132

(14)

Introduction

132

(1)

Heat of Formation and Heat of Reaction

133

(3)

First Law of Thermodynamics

136

(2)

Second Law of Thermodynamics: Chemical Equilibrium

138

(8)

References

144

(2)

Kinetic Measurements and Data Analysis

146

(16)

Introduction

146

(1)

Kinetic Models and Calculation of Rate Constants

147

(5)

Kinetic Rate Constants in Gas-Solid Reactions

152

(2)

Material Balances for Different Types of Reactors

154

(4)

Batch Reactor

154

(1)

Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor

155

(1)

Plug Flow Tubular Reactor

156

(1)

Axially Dispersed Tubular Reactor

157

(1)

Experimental Errors

158

(1)

Correction Calculations

159

(3)

References

161

(1)

Reactor Design

162

(31)

Introduction

162

(1)

Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors

163

(17)

Mass Balance for Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors

164

(1)

Reactor Volume and Reactor Optimization

165

(4)

Independence of Material Balances

169

(1)

Energy Balance for Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors

169

(2)

Reactor Design and Reactor Stability for Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors

171

(5)

Stability Analysis for Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors

176

(4)

Batch Reactors

180

(4)

Mass Balance for Batch Reactors

180

(1)

Energy Balance for Batch Reactors

181

(3)

Plug Flow Tubular Reactors

184

(4)

Mass Balance for Plug Flow Tubular Reactors

184

(3)

Energy Balance for Plug Flow Tubular Reactors

187

(1)

Axially Dispersed Tubular Reactors

188

(5)

Mass Balance for Axially Dispersed Tubular Reactors

188

(3)

Energy Balance for Axially Dispersed Tubular Reactors

191

(1)

References

192

(1)

Mixing in Flow Systems and Reactors

193

(17)

Introduction

193

(1)

Residence Time Distribution

193

(3)

Ideal Flow Systems

196

(3)

Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors with Perfect Mixing

196

(2)

Piston Flow Tubular Reactors

198

(1)

Mean, Moments, and Distribution Functions

199

(2)

Residence Time Distribution Measurement Techniques

201

(1)

Residence Time Distribution Models

202

(3)

Dispersion Models for Tubular Reactors

205

(2)

Dispersion Models for Axial Distribution Tubular Reactors

207

(3)

References

209

(1)

Transport Phenomena

210

(72)

Introduction

210

(1)

Formulation of Property Balance Equations

211

(2)

Momentum Transfer (Fluid Dynamics)

213

(36)

General Properties of the Navier-Stokes Equation and Its Solutions

214

(4)

Exact Solutions (Laminar Viscous Flow)

218

(4)

Approximate Solutions

222

(12)

Turbulent Flow

234

(15)

Heat Transfer

249

(18)

Energy Balance (Equation of Energy)

249

(2)

Integration of the Thermal Energy Equation

251

(1)

Steady-State Heat Conduction

251

(6)

Unsteady-State Heat Conduction

257

(3)

Convective Heat Transfer in Laminar Flow

260

(7)

Mass Transfer

267

(12)

Equation of Changes in Multicomponent Systems

269

(4)

Similarity in Mass, Momentum, and Energy Transfer

273

(1)

Forced Convective Mass Transfer in Laminar Viscous Flow

274

(3)

Forced Convective Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow

277

(2)

Computational Fluid Dynamics

279

(3)

References

280

(2)

Heterogeneous Gas-Solid Reactions and Heterogeneous Catalysis

282

(28)

Introduction

282

(1)

Reaction Regimes in Heterogeneous Gas-Solid Reactions

283

(5)

Combustion and Gasification

288

(3)

Heterogeneous Catalysts

291

(1)

Interaction of Reactants with Heterogeneous Catalysts

292

(2)

Mechanism of Heterogeneous Catalysis

294

(5)

Active Sites

295

(1)

Selectivity and Catalytic Activity

295

(2)

Thermodynamics of Adsorption

297

(1)

Reaction Pathways in Heterogenous Catalysis

298

(1)

Adsorption

299

(5)

Chemisorption and Reaction Rate in Heterogeneous Catalysts

304

(6)

Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model

304

(4)

Apparent Activation Energies

308

(1)

References

309

(1)

Part III. Refining

Pretreatment and Distillation

310

(34)

Introduction

310

(2)

Pretreatment

312

(7)

Distillation

319

(17)

Atmospheric Distillation

324

(7)

Vacuum Distillation

331

(5)

Other Processes

336

(8)

Stripping

336

(1)

Rerunning

337

(1)

Stabilization and Light End Removal

337

(3)

Superfractionation

340

(1)

Azeotropic Distillation and Extractive Distillation

340

(2)

References

342

(2)

Thermal Cracking

344

(44)

Introduction

344

(6)

Thermal Cracking

350

(1)

Visbreaking

351

(17)

Coking

368

(17)

Delayed Coking

369

(5)

Fluid Coking and Flexicoking

374

(11)

Other Processes

385

(3)

References

386

(2)

Catalytic Cracking

388

(51)

Introduction

388

(6)

Fixed-Bed Processes

394

(2)

Moving-Bed Processes

396

(4)

Fluid-Bed Processes

400

(6)

Process Variables

406

(12)

Feedstock Quality

406

(5)

Feedstock Preheating

411

(1)

Feedstock Pressure

412

(1)

Feedstock Conversion

413

(1)

Reactor Temperature

414

(1)

Recycle Rate

414

(1)

Space Velocity

415

(1)

Catalyst Activity

415

(1)

Catalyst/Oil Ratio

416

(1)

Regenerator Temperature

417

(1)

Regenerator Air Rate

417

(1)

Catalysts

418

(21)

Catalyst Types

418

(2)

Catalyst Manufacture

420

(1)

Catalyst Selectivity

421

(1)

Catalyst Deactivation

422

(1)

Catalyst Stripping

423

(1)

Catalyst Treatment

424

(13)

References

437

(2)

Hydrotreating

439

(46)

Introduction

439

(10)

Hydrodesulfurization

449

(7)

Process Configuration

451

(1)

Downflow Fixed-Bed Reactor

451

(2)

Upflow Expanded-Bed Reactor

453

(1)

Demetallization Reactor (Guard Bed Reactor)

454

(1)

Catalysts

455

(1)

Distillate Hydrodesulfurization

456

(10)

Processes

456

(5)

Process Parameters

461

(5)

Residuum Hydrodesulfurization

466

(19)

Processes

466

(7)

Process Parameters

473

(11)

References

484

(1)

Hydrocracking

485

(53)

Introduction

485

(11)

Processes and Process Design

496

(30)

CANMET Process

499

(2)

Gulf HDS Process

501

(1)

H-G Hydrocracking Process

502

(1)

H-Oil Process

503

(1)

IFP Hydrocracking Process

504

(2)

Isocracking Process

506

(2)

LC-Fining Process

508

(3)

MAK fining HDC Process

511

(1)

Microcat-RC Process

511

(2)

Mild Hydrocracking Process

513

(3)

MRH Process

516

(1)

RCD Unibon (BOC) Process

517

(2)

Residfining Process

519

(1)

Residue Hydroconversion Process

520

(1)

Unicracking Process

520

(3)

Veba Combi-Cracking Process

523

(3)

Catalysts

526

(12)

References

536

(2)

The Next Generation Process

538

(52)

Introduction

538

(4)

Thermal (Carbon Rejection) Processes

542

(11)

Asphalt Coking Technology Process

542

(2)

Cherry-P (Comprehensive Heavy Ends Reforming Refinery) Process

544

(1)

Deep Thermal Conversion Process

544

(1)

ET-II Process

545

(2)

Eureka Process

547

(2)

Fluid Thermal Cracking Process

549

(1)

High Conversion Soaker Cracking Process

550

(2)

Tervahl Process

552

(1)

Catalytic Cracking (Carbon Rejection) Processes

553

(13)

Asphalt Residua Treating Process

554

(2)

Heavy Oil Treating Process

556

(2)

R2R Process

558

(1)

Reduced Crude Oil Conversion Process

558

(1)

Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process

558

(6)

Shell FCC Process

564

(1)

S&W Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process

565

(1)

Hydrogen Addition Processes

566

(6)

Asphaltenic Bottoms Cracking Process

566

(4)

Hydrovisbreaking (HYCAR) Process

570

(1)

Hyvahl F Process

571

(1)

Solvent Processes

572

(18)

Deasphalting Process

572

(7)

Deep Solvent Deasphalting Process

579

(2)

Demex Process

581

(3)

MDS Process

584

(1)

Residuum Oil Supercritical Extraction Process

585

(2)

Solvahl Process

587

(1)

References

587

(3)

Product Improvement

590

(49)

Introduction

590

(3)

Desulfurization and Heteroatom Removal

593

(5)

Hydrotreating

595

(1)

Hydrogen Sulfide Removal

596

(2)

Reforming

598

(25)

Thermal Reforming

598

(4)

Catalytic Reforming

602

(19)

Dehydrogenation

621

(1)

Catalysts

622

(1)

Isomerization

623

(5)

Process Types

624

(1)

Commercial Processes

624

(4)

Catalysts

628

(1)

Alkylation

628

(6)

Process Types

629

(1)

Commercial Processes

629

(4)

Catalysts

633

(1)

Polymerization

634

(5)

Process Types

634

(1)

Commercial Processes

635

(1)

Catalysts

636

(1)

References

637

(2)

Hydrogen Production

639

(24)

Introduction

639

(6)

Process Variables

645

(5)

Feedstocks

645

(2)

Process Chemistry

647

(3)

Commercial Processes

650

(7)

Heavy Residue Gasification and Combined Cycle Power Generation

650

(1)

Hybrid Gasification Process

650

(1)

Hydrocarbon Gasification

651

(1)

Hypro Process

651

(1)

Shell Gasification (Partial Oxidation) Process

651

(1)

Steam-Methane Reforming

652

(1)

Steam-Naphtha Reforming

653

(1)

Synthesis Gas Generation

653

(2)

Texaco Gasification (Partial Oxidation) Process

655

(2)

Catalysts

657

(2)

Reforming Catalysts

657

(1)

Shift Conversion Catalysts

658

(1)

Methanation Catalysts

659

(1)

Hydrogen Purification

659

(4)

Wet Scrubbing

660

(1)

Pressure Swing Adsorption Units

660

(1)

Membrane Systems

661

(1)

Cryogenic Separation

662

(1)

References

662

(1)

Glossary

663

(30)

Conversion Factors and SI Units

693

(2)

Index

695

James G. Speight, Baki Ozum

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Petroleum - Refining

E-raamat: Petroleum Refining Processes

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