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E-raamat: Phased Arrays for Radio Astronomy, Remote Sensing, and Satellite Communications

(Curtin University, Perth), (Brigham Young University, Utah), (Brigham Young University, Utah), (Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenberg), (Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenberg)
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Discover a modern approach to the analysis and design of high sensitivity phased arrays for radio astronomy, remote sensing and satellite communications applications with this unique text. It covers the latest numerical methods and computational modeling tools, including beamforming, digital signal processing, and interferometric imaging.

Discover a modern approach to the analysis, modeling and design of high sensitivity phased arrays. Network theory, numerical methods and computational electromagnetic simulation techniques are uniquely combined to enable full system analysis and design optimization. Beamforming and array signal processing theory are integrated into the treatment from the start. Digital signal processing methods such as polyphase filtering and RFI mitigation are described, along with technologies for real-time hardware implementation. Key concepts from interferometric imaging used in radio telescopes are also considered. A basic development of theory and modeling techniques is accompanied by problem sets that guide readers in developing modeling codes that retain the simplicity of the classical array factor method while incorporating mutual coupling effects and interactions between elements. Combining current research trends with pedagogical material suitable for a first-year graduate course, this is an invaluable resource for students, teachers, researchers, and practicing RF/microwave and antenna design engineers.

Arvustused

'Anyone interested in phased arrays should read this book - it provides an excellent insight into this technology and while aimed at principally at the imaging community has widespread application. The treatment of noise in a mutual coupled array is particularly useful.' Tony Brown, University of Manchester 'Many headline discoveries in radio astronomy are products of phased arrays. This book deals with new-generation arrays born of the revolution in information processing systems and enabled by contemporary electromagnetic design tools. Covering real exemplar instruments, the book is broad in scope and detailed in its presentation of array design theory, allied signal processing and practical implementations. The authors' cross-disciplinary approach extends to remote sensing and satellite applications, and they provide much-needed links to mainstream antenna engineering. Aimed at research engineers, the book is also invaluable to graduate students and professionals seeking an overview of leading-edge practice.' Peter J. Hall, Emeritus Professor of Radio Astronomy Engineering, Curtin University, Perth 'If you are looking for a deep-dive into phased array theory, the math behind it, and how to use computational elecromagnetics to model response, this book gives a thorough treatment to all of that. It is a well-organized textbook providing hundreds of references, as opposed to some books that are merely a collection of published papers a great textbook for antenna systems designers' Microwaves101 (www.microwaves101.com) 'In particular, the extension to noisy microwave networks is discussed in detail with respect to the interface with optimization algorithms, a topic that should attract a wide readership. The book is very clearly written by experts with world-class authority in the field and contains numerous references on the recent developments of the technology.' Sendy Phang, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine

Muu info

Discover a modern approach to the analysis, modeling and design of high sensitivity phased array systems.
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Notation and Units xv
1 Phased Arrays for High-sensitivity Receiver Applications
1(38)
1.1 Contemporary Design Methods for Phased Arrays
2(2)
1.2 Phased Arrays in Radio Astronomy
4(14)
1.3 Phased Arrays for Passive Remote Sensing
18(4)
1.4 Phased Arrays for Satellite Communications
22(2)
1.5 System Requirements, Figures of Merit, and Antenna Terms
24(8)
1.6 Summary
32(7)
2 Active Antenna Receivers
39(41)
2.1 Voltage, Current, and Field Phasors
39(1)
2.2 Coordinate Systems
40(2)
2.3 Transmitting Antennas
42(9)
2.4 Receiving Antennas
51(2)
2.5 Equivalent Circuit Models
53(4)
2.6 Spectral Output Noise Power
57(13)
2.7 Single Active Antenna SNR Model
70(6)
2.8 Summary
76(4)
3 Antenna Examples
80(26)
3.1 Isotropic Radiator
80(1)
3.2 Hertzian Dipole
81(2)
3.3 Linear Antenna
83(3)
3.4 Loop Antenna
86(3)
3.5 Comparison of Dipole and Loop Antennas
89(3)
3.6 Patch Antennas
92(4)
3.7 Aperture Antennas
96(7)
3.8 Summary
103(3)
4 Transmitting Arrays, Network Analysis, and Pattern Overlap Integrals
106(48)
4.1 The Array Factor and Classical Array Analysis
107(13)
4.2 Network Analysis Methods for Phased Arrays
120(2)
4.3 Transmitting Array Model
122(1)
4.4 Network Theory Model and the Impedance Matrix Representation
123(1)
4.5 Active Impedances
124(1)
4.6 Embedded Element Patterns
125(5)
4.7 Beamformer Weight Vector
130(2)
4.8 Pattern Overlap Integrals
132(5)
4.9 Directivity Optimization
137(4)
4.10 The Overlap Matrix and Mutual Resistance
141(2)
4.11 Antenna Losses and Radiation Efficiency
143(1)
4.12 Gain for Transmitting Arrays
144(1)
4.13 Modeling Antenna Arrays in the Network Theory Framework
145(1)
4.14 The Lossless, Resonant, Minimum Scattering Approximation
146(3)
4.15 Summary
149(5)
5 Array Receiver Theory and Modeling
154(25)
5.1 Receiving Array Network Model
154(7)
5.2 Receiving Pattern Directivity and Reciprocity for Active Arrays
161(2)
5.3 Signal and Noise Correlation Matrices
163(3)
5.4 Signal and Noise Model for Receiving Arrays
166(9)
5.5 Fundamental Noise Theorem for Phased Arrays
175(1)
5.6 Active Receiving Array SNR Model
175(1)
5.7 Summary
176(3)
6 Figures of Merit for Active Receiving Arrays
179(42)
6.1 Array Gain (SNR Gain)
181(4)
6.2 Antenna Terms for Active Receiving Arrays
185(1)
6.3 Isotropic Noise Response
186(3)
6.4 Active Antenna Available Gain
189(1)
6.5 Active Antenna Available Power
190(1)
6.6 Receiving Efficiency
191(3)
6.7 Active Antenna Effective Area
194(2)
6.8 Antenna Efficiency and Aperture Efficiency for Active Receiving Arrays
196(1)
6.9 Reciprocity for Receiving Arrays and the Equivalent Transmitting Array
196(1)
6.10 Active Antenna Noise Temperature
197(2)
6.11 Receiver Noise Temperature and Noise Figure
199(3)
6.12 Noise Matching Efficiency
202(2)
6.13 Minimization of Receiver Noise
204(3)
6.14 Sensitivity Model for an Active Receiving Array
207(1)
6.15 Array Y-factor Measurement Technique
208(3)
6.16 LRMSA Example: Half-Wave Dipole Array
211(6)
6.17 Summary
217(4)
7 Design and Optimization of Phased Array Antennas
221(32)
7.1 General Considerations for Aperture Arrays
222(4)
7.2 System and Design Considerations for Aperture Arrays
226(9)
7.3 Phased Array Feed Design Aspects
235(9)
7.4 Design Optimization Methods
244(9)
8 Numerical Modeling of Phased Array Antennas
253(47)
8.1 Numerical Methods and Full Array System Modeling
254(1)
8.2 The Standard Method of Moments (MoM) Approach
255(4)
8.3 Surface Impedance Formulation of Imperfect Conductors
259(3)
8.4 Fast Direct MoM Methods - Macro Basis Function Approaches
262(11)
8.5 Fast Iterative MoM Methods
273(5)
8.6 Physical Optics Approximation
278(2)
8.7 Feed-reflector Interaction Analysis
280(5)
8.8 Differential Equation Based Methods -- FDTD and FEM
285(1)
8.9 System SNR Modeling in the Noise Wave Representation
286(4)
8.10 Comments and Caveats on Numerical Modeling
290(10)
9 Analog Front End, Array Elements, and Receiver Electronics
300(25)
9.1 Frequency and Bandwidth
300(1)
9.2 Resonant Antennas
301(1)
9.3 Broadband Antennas
302(5)
9.4 Electrically Small Antennas and Bandwidth Limitations
307(2)
9.5 Baluns and Feeding
309(1)
9.6 Planar Arrays and Microstrip Patch Antennas
310(3)
9.7 Receiver Electronics
313(1)
9.8 Low Noise Amplifiers for Astronomical Arrays
313(1)
9.9 Cryogenic PAFs
314(4)
9.10 Front End to Back End Signal Transport
318(1)
9.11 Downconversion and Sampling
319(6)
10 Array Signal Processing, Calibration, and Beamforming
325(71)
10.1 Beamforming
325(8)
10.2 Array Calibration
333(3)
10.3 Beamformer Weight Calculation Algorithms
336(19)
10.4 Relationships Among Beamforming Algorithms
355(1)
10.5 Array Sensitivity Map
356(3)
10.6 Polarimetric Calibration and Beamforming
359(10)
10.7 RFI Mitigation with Array Receivers
369(20)
10.8 Analog and Digital Beamforming Implementations
389(7)
11 Interferometric Arrays and Synthesis Imaging
396(24)
11.1 Introduction
396(1)
11.2 The Classical Theory of Interferometry: Overview and Literature Survey
397(15)
11.3 Radio Interferometry Measurement Equation (RIME)
412(3)
11.4 Recent Developments and Open Challenges
415(1)
11.5 Summary
416(4)
12 Real Time Digital Signal Processing
420(24)
12.1 Introduction
420(1)
12.2 Interferometry and Spectroscopy -- Frequency Domain
421(4)
12.3 Beamformers
425(2)
12.4 Polyphase Filters
427(4)
12.5 Hardware Implementations
431(10)
12.6 Summary
441(3)
Index 444
Karl F. Warnick is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Brigham Young University, Utah, and a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Rob Maaskant is an Associate Professor at Chalmers University of Technology and the Eindhoven University of Technology. Marianna V. Ivashina is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Chalmers University of Technology. David B. Davidson is the Engineering Director of the Curtin Institute for Radio Astronomy, and also holds the Chair of Radio Astronomy Engineering, at Curtin University, Australia. Prior to this, he was a Distinguished Professor and the SA-SKA Research Chair in Engineering Electromagnetics at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, where he remains Emeritus Professor. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Brian D. Jeffs is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Brigham Young University, Utah.