Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
Notation and Units |
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xv | |
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1 Phased Arrays for High-sensitivity Receiver Applications |
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1 | (38) |
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1.1 Contemporary Design Methods for Phased Arrays |
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2 | (2) |
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1.2 Phased Arrays in Radio Astronomy |
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4 | (14) |
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1.3 Phased Arrays for Passive Remote Sensing |
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18 | (4) |
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1.4 Phased Arrays for Satellite Communications |
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22 | (2) |
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1.5 System Requirements, Figures of Merit, and Antenna Terms |
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24 | (8) |
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32 | (7) |
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2 Active Antenna Receivers |
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39 | (41) |
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2.1 Voltage, Current, and Field Phasors |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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2.3 Transmitting Antennas |
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42 | (9) |
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51 | (2) |
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2.5 Equivalent Circuit Models |
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53 | (4) |
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2.6 Spectral Output Noise Power |
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57 | (13) |
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2.7 Single Active Antenna SNR Model |
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70 | (6) |
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76 | (4) |
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80 | (26) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (3) |
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3.5 Comparison of Dipole and Loop Antennas |
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89 | (3) |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (7) |
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103 | (3) |
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4 Transmitting Arrays, Network Analysis, and Pattern Overlap Integrals |
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106 | (48) |
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4.1 The Array Factor and Classical Array Analysis |
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107 | (13) |
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4.2 Network Analysis Methods for Phased Arrays |
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120 | (2) |
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4.3 Transmitting Array Model |
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122 | (1) |
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4.4 Network Theory Model and the Impedance Matrix Representation |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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4.6 Embedded Element Patterns |
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125 | (5) |
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4.7 Beamformer Weight Vector |
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130 | (2) |
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4.8 Pattern Overlap Integrals |
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132 | (5) |
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4.9 Directivity Optimization |
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137 | (4) |
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4.10 The Overlap Matrix and Mutual Resistance |
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141 | (2) |
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4.11 Antenna Losses and Radiation Efficiency |
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143 | (1) |
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4.12 Gain for Transmitting Arrays |
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144 | (1) |
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4.13 Modeling Antenna Arrays in the Network Theory Framework |
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145 | (1) |
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4.14 The Lossless, Resonant, Minimum Scattering Approximation |
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146 | (3) |
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149 | (5) |
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5 Array Receiver Theory and Modeling |
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154 | (25) |
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5.1 Receiving Array Network Model |
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154 | (7) |
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5.2 Receiving Pattern Directivity and Reciprocity for Active Arrays |
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161 | (2) |
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5.3 Signal and Noise Correlation Matrices |
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163 | (3) |
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5.4 Signal and Noise Model for Receiving Arrays |
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166 | (9) |
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5.5 Fundamental Noise Theorem for Phased Arrays |
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175 | (1) |
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5.6 Active Receiving Array SNR Model |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (3) |
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6 Figures of Merit for Active Receiving Arrays |
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179 | (42) |
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6.1 Array Gain (SNR Gain) |
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181 | (4) |
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6.2 Antenna Terms for Active Receiving Arrays |
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185 | (1) |
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6.3 Isotropic Noise Response |
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186 | (3) |
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6.4 Active Antenna Available Gain |
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189 | (1) |
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6.5 Active Antenna Available Power |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (3) |
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6.7 Active Antenna Effective Area |
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194 | (2) |
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6.8 Antenna Efficiency and Aperture Efficiency for Active Receiving Arrays |
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196 | (1) |
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6.9 Reciprocity for Receiving Arrays and the Equivalent Transmitting Array |
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196 | (1) |
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6.10 Active Antenna Noise Temperature |
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197 | (2) |
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6.11 Receiver Noise Temperature and Noise Figure |
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199 | (3) |
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6.12 Noise Matching Efficiency |
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202 | (2) |
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6.13 Minimization of Receiver Noise |
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204 | (3) |
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6.14 Sensitivity Model for an Active Receiving Array |
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207 | (1) |
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6.15 Array Y-factor Measurement Technique |
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208 | (3) |
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6.16 LRMSA Example: Half-Wave Dipole Array |
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211 | (6) |
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217 | (4) |
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7 Design and Optimization of Phased Array Antennas |
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221 | (32) |
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7.1 General Considerations for Aperture Arrays |
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222 | (4) |
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7.2 System and Design Considerations for Aperture Arrays |
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226 | (9) |
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7.3 Phased Array Feed Design Aspects |
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235 | (9) |
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7.4 Design Optimization Methods |
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244 | (9) |
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8 Numerical Modeling of Phased Array Antennas |
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253 | (47) |
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8.1 Numerical Methods and Full Array System Modeling |
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254 | (1) |
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8.2 The Standard Method of Moments (MoM) Approach |
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255 | (4) |
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8.3 Surface Impedance Formulation of Imperfect Conductors |
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259 | (3) |
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8.4 Fast Direct MoM Methods - Macro Basis Function Approaches |
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262 | (11) |
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8.5 Fast Iterative MoM Methods |
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273 | (5) |
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8.6 Physical Optics Approximation |
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278 | (2) |
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8.7 Feed-reflector Interaction Analysis |
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280 | (5) |
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8.8 Differential Equation Based Methods -- FDTD and FEM |
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285 | (1) |
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8.9 System SNR Modeling in the Noise Wave Representation |
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286 | (4) |
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8.10 Comments and Caveats on Numerical Modeling |
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290 | (10) |
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9 Analog Front End, Array Elements, and Receiver Electronics |
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300 | (25) |
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9.1 Frequency and Bandwidth |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (5) |
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9.4 Electrically Small Antennas and Bandwidth Limitations |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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9.6 Planar Arrays and Microstrip Patch Antennas |
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310 | (3) |
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313 | (1) |
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9.8 Low Noise Amplifiers for Astronomical Arrays |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (4) |
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9.10 Front End to Back End Signal Transport |
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318 | (1) |
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9.11 Downconversion and Sampling |
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319 | (6) |
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10 Array Signal Processing, Calibration, and Beamforming |
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325 | (71) |
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325 | (8) |
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333 | (3) |
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10.3 Beamformer Weight Calculation Algorithms |
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336 | (19) |
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10.4 Relationships Among Beamforming Algorithms |
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355 | (1) |
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10.5 Array Sensitivity Map |
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356 | (3) |
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10.6 Polarimetric Calibration and Beamforming |
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359 | (10) |
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10.7 RFI Mitigation with Array Receivers |
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369 | (20) |
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10.8 Analog and Digital Beamforming Implementations |
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389 | (7) |
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11 Interferometric Arrays and Synthesis Imaging |
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396 | (24) |
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396 | (1) |
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11.2 The Classical Theory of Interferometry: Overview and Literature Survey |
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397 | (15) |
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11.3 Radio Interferometry Measurement Equation (RIME) |
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412 | (3) |
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11.4 Recent Developments and Open Challenges |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (4) |
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12 Real Time Digital Signal Processing |
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420 | (24) |
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420 | (1) |
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12.2 Interferometry and Spectroscopy -- Frequency Domain |
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421 | (4) |
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425 | (2) |
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427 | (4) |
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12.5 Hardware Implementations |
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431 | (10) |
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441 | (3) |
Index |
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444 | |