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E-raamat: Photonic Network-on-Chip Design

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This comprehensive book provides a synthesis of the theory and practice of photonic devices for networks-on-chip. It outlines the issues in designing photonic network-on-chip architectures for future many-core high performance chip multiprocessors.



This book provides a comprehensive synthesis of the theory and practice of photonic devices for networks-on-chip. It outlines the issues in designing photonic network-on-chip architectures for future many-core high performance chip multiprocessors. The discussion is built from the bottom up: starting with the design and implementation of key photonic devices and building blocks, reviewing networking and network-on-chip theory and existing research, and finishing with describing various architectures, their characteristics, and the impact they will have on a computing system. After acquainting the reader with all the issues in the design space, the discussion concludes with design automation techniques, supplemented by provided software.
1 Introduction
1(10)
1.1 Transistors to Photonics
1(3)
1.2 Photonics for Memory
4(4)
1.3 Remainder of this Book
8(3)
References
9(2)
2 Photonic Interconnects
11(16)
2.1 Photonic Technology
11(5)
2.1.1 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
12(1)
2.1.2 Waveguides
13(1)
2.1.3 Ring Resonators
14(2)
2.2 Photonic Metrics
16(1)
2.3 Generation
17(3)
2.3.1 Encoding
18(1)
2.3.2 Serialization
19(1)
2.3.3 Driver Circuit
20(1)
2.3.4 Modulator
20(1)
2.4 Routing
20(2)
2.4.1 Optical Link
21(1)
2.4.2 Wavelength Routing
21(1)
2.4.3 Spatial Routing
21(1)
2.4.4 TDM Routing
22(1)
2.4.5 Wavelength-Selective Spatial Routing
22(1)
2.5 Reception
22(5)
2.5.1 Wavelength-Division Demultiplexing
23(1)
2.5.2 Detector
23(1)
2.5.3 Amplifier
24(1)
2.5.4 Deserialization
24(1)
2.5.5 Decoder
24(1)
References
24(3)
3 Silicon Photonics
27(52)
3.1 Materials
27(4)
3.1.1 Crystalline Silicon
27(1)
3.1.2 Polycrystalline Silicon
28(1)
3.1.3 Silicon Nitride
29(1)
3.1.4 Amorphous Silicon
29(1)
3.1.5 Germanium
29(1)
3.1.6 Silicon Dioxide
30(1)
3.1.7 Material Stacks
30(1)
3.2 Waveguides
31(3)
3.2.1 Crystalline Silicon Waveguides
32(1)
3.2.2 Silicon Nitride Waveguides and Waveguide Crossings
33(1)
3.2.3 Inter-Channel Crosstalk in Crystalline Silicon and Silicon Nitride Waveguides
34(1)
3.3 Microring Resonators
34(1)
3.4 Modulators
35(12)
3.4.1 Crystalline Silicon Modulators
35(6)
3.4.2 Crystalline Silicon Microring Resonator Electro-Optic Modulator Arrays
41(6)
3.5 Switches
47(17)
3.5.1 Universal Microring Resonator Switches
47(1)
3.5.2 Microring Resonator Broadband Switches
48(11)
3.5.3 Microring Resonator 4×4 Broadband Switches
59(5)
3.6 Photodetectors
64(1)
3.6.1 Germanium Photodetectors
64(1)
3.6.2 Silicon Photodetectors
64(1)
3.6.3 Photodetector Arrays
65(1)
3.7 Lasers
65(1)
3.7.1 On-Chip Silicon Lasers
65(1)
3.7.2 Off-Chip Compound Semiconductor Lasers
66(1)
3.8 Couplers
66(2)
3.8.1 Lateral Couplers
67(1)
3.8.2 Vertical Couplers
68(1)
3.9 Links
68(1)
3.10 Fabrication
69(1)
3.11 Integration
70(9)
References
72(7)
4 Photonic Simulation and Design Space
79(22)
4.1 Performance Simulation
79(17)
4.1.1 Motivation for Photonic Simulation
80(1)
4.1.2 Methodology and Design Flow Overview
80(2)
4.1.3 Photonic Device Library
82(9)
4.1.4 Physical-Layer Performance Analysis Tools
91(5)
4.1.5 Integration with Other Simulators
96(1)
4.2 Related Work
96(5)
References
98(3)
5 Photonic Network Architectures I: Circuit Switching
101(64)
5.1 Photonic Network Architecture Overview
101(4)
5.1.1 Pocket-Switching Networks
103(2)
5.2 Circuit-Switching Basics
105(12)
5.2.1 Path-Setup Protocol
107(2)
5.2.2 Photonic Spatial Switch Design
109(3)
5.2.3 Modulator and Detector Banks
112(5)
5.2.4 Mesh Topology
117(1)
5.3 Physical Layer Analysis of Photonic Circuit Switching
117(22)
5.3.1 Insertion Loss Analysis of 4x4 Switch Designs
118(4)
5.3.2 Scalability Study Using Physical-Layer Analysis
122(15)
5.3.3 Effect of Modulation Rate
137(2)
5.4 System Design Considerations
139(4)
5.4.1 Gateway Concentration
140(2)
5.4.2 Selective Transmission
142(1)
5.5 Evaluating Photonic Circuit Switching with Scientific Applications
143(7)
5.5.1 Application Description
144(1)
5.5.2 Studied Network Architectures
145(1)
5.5.3 Evaluation
146(4)
5.6 Off-chip Memory Access
150(4)
5.7 Evaluating Photonic Memory Access Using Embedded Applications
154(5)
5.7.1 Embedded Applications
154(2)
5.7.2 Network Architectures
156(2)
5.7.3 Simulation Results
158(1)
5.8 Architectures Using Deposited Multi-layer Devices
159(6)
5.8.1 Multi-Layer Mesh
160(1)
5.8.2 Matrix-Crossbar
160(2)
References
162(3)
6 Photonic Network Architectures II: Wavelength Arbitration and Routing
165(8)
6.1 Wavelength Bus Structures
165(8)
6.1.1 Source-Routed Bus
166(1)
6.1.2 Destination-Routed Bus
167(1)
6.1.3 Multi-Write Single-Read
168(1)
6.1.4 Single-Write Multi-Read
169(1)
6.1.5 Wavelength Crossbar
170(1)
6.1.6 Token Arbitration Ring
171(1)
Reference
172(1)
7 Photonic Network Architectures III: Advanced Photonic Architectures
173(30)
7.1 Time Division Multiplexed Arbitration
173(15)
7.1.1 Fully-Connected TDM Arbitration
174(4)
7.1.2 Enhanced TDM Arbitration
178(10)
7.2 Wavelength-Selective Spatial Routing
188(15)
7.2.1 Concept
188(7)
7.2.2 Analysis
195(3)
7.2.3 Simulation Results and Analysis
198(3)
References
201(2)
8 Conclusions
203(4)
8.1 Major Technology Challenges Ahead
203(2)
8.2 Integration and Scalability: The Role of Design Automation
205(2)
Index 207
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