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E-raamat: Photonics: A Short Course

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This extended and revised edition will serve as a concise, self-contained, up-to-date introduction to Photonics for undergraduate students. It can also be used as a primer by researchers and professionals who start working in the field. Blending theory with technical descriptions, the book covers a wide range of topics, including the general mechanism of laser action, continuous and pulsed laser operation, optical propagation in isotropic and anisotropic media, operating principles and structure of passive optical components, electro-optic and acousto-optic modulation, solid-state lasers, semiconductor lasers and LEDs, nonlinear optical phenomena, and optical fiber components and devices. The book concludes with an overview of applications, including optical communications, telemetry and sensing, industrial and biomedical applications, solid-state lighting, displays, and photovoltaics. This second edition includes a set of problems at the end of all but the last chapter. These problems deal with numerical computations designed to illustrate the magnitudes of important quantities and are also intended to test the student’s ability to apply theoretical formulas.
1 Electromagnetic Optics
1(24)
1.1 Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves
1(2)
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves in Vacuum
3(2)
1.3 Polarization of Light
5(1)
1.4 Paraxial Approximation
6(7)
1.4.1 Spherical Waves
8(1)
1.4.2 Gaussian Spherical Waves
9(4)
1.5 Diffraction Fresnel Approximation
13(4)
1.6 Fraunhofer Diffraction
17(8)
1.6.1 Rectangular and Circular Apertures
19(2)
1.6.2 Periodical Transmission Function
21(4)
2 Optical Components and Methods
25(56)
2.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Matter
25(3)
2.2 Reflection and Refraction
28(24)
2.2.1 Dielectric Interface
28(5)
2.2.2 Reflection from a Metallic Surface
33(2)
2.2.3 Anti-reflection Coating
35(3)
2.2.4 Multilayer Dielectric Mirror
38(2)
2.2.5 Beam Splitter
40(1)
2.2.6 Total-Internal-Reflection Prism
41(1)
2.2.7 Evanescent Wave
42(3)
2.2.8 Thin Lens and Spherical Mirror
45(2)
2.2.9 Focusing Spherical Waves
47(1)
2.2.10 Focusing Gaussian Spherical Waves
48(2)
2.2.11 Matrix Optics
50(2)
2.3 Fourier Optics
52(2)
2.4 Spectral Analysis
54(9)
2.4.1 Dispersive Prism
54(1)
2.4.2 Transmission Grating
55(2)
2.4.3 Reflection Grating
57(2)
2.4.4 Fabry-Perot Interferometer
59(4)
2.5 Waves in Anisotropic Media
63(13)
2.5.1 Polarizers and Birefringent Plates
66(2)
2.5.2 Jones Matrices
68(3)
2.5.3 Rotatory Power
71(2)
2.5.4 Faraday Effect
73(1)
2.5.5 Optical Isolator
74(2)
2.6 Waveguides
76(5)
3 The Laser
81(40)
3.1 Conventional Light Sources
81(2)
3.2 Origins of the Laser
83(1)
3.3 Properties of Oscillators
84(3)
3.4 Emission and Absorption of Light
87(6)
3.4.1 Einstein Treatment
91(2)
3.5 Optical Amplification
93(3)
3.6 Scheme and Characteristics of the Laser
96(3)
3.7 Rate Equations
99(2)
3.8 The Laser Cavity
101(3)
3.9 Solid-State and Gas Lasers
104(4)
3.10 Pulsed Lasers
108(7)
3.10.1 Q-S witching
109(2)
3.10.2 Mode-Locking
111(4)
3.11 Properties of Laser Light
115(6)
3.11.1 Directionality
115(1)
3.11.2 Monochromaticity
116(1)
3.11.3 Spectrum of Laser Pulses
117(4)
4 Modulators
121(24)
4.1 Linear Electro-Optic Effect
121(12)
4.1.1 Phase Modulation
123(3)
4.1.2 Amplitude Modulation
126(7)
4.2 Quadratic Electro-Optic Effect
133(4)
4.2.1 Liquid Crystal Modulators
135(2)
4.3 Acousto-Optic Effect
137(8)
4.3.1 Acousto-Optic Modulation
139(3)
4.3.2 Acousto-Optic Deflection
142(3)
5 Semiconductor Devices
145(26)
5.1 Optical Properties of Semiconductors
145(3)
5.2 Semiconductor Lasers
148(11)
5.2.1 Homojunction Laser
148(3)
5.2.2 Double-Heterojunction Structures
151(4)
5.2.3 Emission Properties
155(4)
5.3 Semiconductor Amplifiers
159(1)
5.4 Electroluminescent Diodes
159(3)
5.4.1 LEDs
159(2)
5.4.2 OLEDs
161(1)
5.5 Photodetectors
162(5)
5.5.1 Photoelectric Detectors
162(3)
5.5.2 Semiconductor Photodetectors
165(2)
5.5.3 CCD Image Sensors
167(1)
5.6 Electro-Absorption Modulators
167(4)
6 Optical Fibers
171(22)
6.1 Properties of Optical Fibers
171(5)
6.1.1 Numerical Aperture
173(1)
6.1.2 Modal Properties
173(3)
6.2 Attenuation
176(2)
6.3 Dispersion
178(4)
6.3.1 Dispersive Propagation of Ultrashort Pulses
178(4)
6.4 Fiber Types
182(3)
6.5 Fiber-Optic Components
185(2)
6.6 Fiber Amplifiers
187(3)
6.7 Fiber Lasers
190(3)
7 Nonlinear Optics
193(28)
7.1 Introduction
193(1)
7.2 Second-Harmonic Generation
194(11)
7.2.1 Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials
198(3)
7.2.2 Phase Matching
201(2)
7.2.3 SHG with Ultrashort Pulses
203(2)
7.3 Parametric Effects
205(3)
7.4 Third-Order Effects
208(6)
7.5 Stimulated Raman Scattering
214(4)
7.6 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
218(3)
8 Applications
221(22)
8.1 Information and Communication Technology
221(6)
8.1.1 Optical Communications
222(2)
8.1.2 Optical Memories
224(2)
8.1.3 Integrated Photonics
226(1)
8.2 Optical Metrology and Sensing
227(8)
8.2.1 Measurements of Distance
227(3)
8.2.2 Velocimetry
230(3)
8.2.3 Optical Fiber Sensors
233(2)
8.3 Laser Materials Processing
235(1)
8.4 Biomedical Applications
236(3)
8.4.1 Ophtalmology
237(1)
8.4.2 Bioimaging
238(1)
8.5 Liquid Crystal Displays
239(1)
8.6 LED Applications
240(1)
8.7 Photovoltaic Cells
241(2)
Appendix A System of Units and Relevant Physical Constants 243(2)
Appendix B List of Acronyms 245(2)
Reading List 247(2)
Index 249
Vittorio Degiorgio was Full Professor in Physics of Matter at the University of Pavia, Italy, from 1980 to 2011, since which time he has been Professor Emeritus at the university. He was Head of the Department of Electronics at the University from 1991 to 1997 and Director of the Laser Center from 2007 to 2011. Prior to joining the University of Pavia, he had been a researcher at the National Council of Research (CNR) since 1964, operating at CISE Labs, Milan, Italy. Dr. Degiorgio is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America and of the Italian Physical Society. He has been a Member of the Physics Panel of the European Union and of the Scientific Council and Directive Council of the European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Florence, Italy. He is also a past Vice-president of the National Institute for the Physics of Matter (INFM). Dr. Degiorgio is the author of more than 200 articles in Photonics and Statistical Physics as well as co-author or co-editor of five books.<

Ilaria Cristiani has been Assistant Professor in Applied Physics at the University of Pavia since 1999. Her teaching activity is mainly devoted to Physics and Photonics for the Engineering courses. Up to 2010 she was also coordinator of a Masters Course in Materials Science at the Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), Pavia. Dr. Cristianis scientific activity is mainly aimed at the experimental study of linear and nonlinear optical phenomena in guided-wave structures, for applications to optical communications and biophotonics. She has co-authored about 70 papers published in peer-reviewed international journals and four books. Dr. Cristiani has coordinated several research projects in the field of Photonics funded by the Italian University Ministry, by private foundations, and by the European Community.
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