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E-raamat: Photophysics and Nanophysics in Therapeutics

Edited by (Assistant Professor, Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India), Edited by (Professor and Head of Department of Pharmaceutics, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, India), Edited by (Professor, Department of Pharmace), Edited by
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-Apr-2022
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323885683
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-Apr-2022
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323885683
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Photophysics and Nanophysics in Therapeutics explores the latest advances and applications of phototherapy and nanotherapy, covering the application of light, radiation, and nanotechnology in therapeutics, along with the fundamental principles of physics in these areas. Consisting of two parts, the book first features a range of chapters covering phototherapeutics, from the fundamentals of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to applications such as cancer treatment and advances in radiotherapy, applied physics in cancer radiotherapy treatment, and the role of carbon ion beam therapy. Other sections cover nanotherapeutics, potential applications and challenges, and nanotherapy for drug delivery to the brain.

Final chapters delve into nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers, the role of nanocarriers for HIV treatment, nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis treatment, peptide functionalized nanomaterials as microbial sensors, and theranostic nanoagents.

• Evaluates the latest developments in the fields of phototherapy and nanotherapy • Investigates the fundamental physics behind these technologies • Explores therapeutic applications across a range of diseases, such as skin disorders, cancer, and neurological conditions • Includes case studies that illustrate research in practice • Considers challenges and future perspectives  

Arvustused

"This well-referenced book provides the fundamentals and applications of phototherapy and nanotherapy, emphasizing the research and studies performed by experts in those fields. Most of the chapters end with the author's perspectives on the future of the respective therapies. [ It is] practical for interested individuals to understand the fundamentals and latest developments in phototherapy and nanotherapy. Students, academicians, and scientists interested in working in those two fields" will find this book particularly beneficial as it delivers a comprehensive exploration of cutting-edge therapies and their potential impact." --©Doodys Review Service, 2022, Rahmat M. Talukder, PhD, RPh (The University of Texas at Tyler)

Contributors xv
Part I Phototherapeutics
1 Phototherapy: A critical review
Nilesh Rarokar
Shailendra Gurav
Dadasaheb M. Kokare
Vijay Kale
Nishikant A. Raut
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Background
4(3)
1.2.1 Historical perspective of phototherapy
4(1)
1.2.2 Overview on various types of phototherapies
5(2)
1.3 Various light sources and methods of phototherapy
7(1)
1.3.1 Fluorescent tubes
7(1)
1.3.2 Halogen spotlights
7(1)
1.3.3 Fiberoptic blankets
7(1)
1.3.4 Light-emitting diodes
7(1)
1.3.5 Filtered sunlight
7(1)
1.4 Applications and limitations of phototherapy
8(1)
1.4.1 Application in neonatal jaundice
8(1)
1.4.2 Application for morphea, scleroderma, and other sclerosing skin conditions
8(1)
1.4.3 Application for cancer
8(1)
1.4.4 Limitations of home phototherapy and sunlight
9(1)
1.5 Recent developments and future scopes
9(6)
1.5.1 The immunoregulatory effects of phototherapy: Possible pathways
9(1)
1.5.2 Handheld phototherapy: Targeting difficult-to-treat psoriasis in the office and at home
10(1)
1.5.3 The excimer laser: A potential new indication and a novel dosimetry protocol
10(1)
1.5.4 Phototherapy and biologic agents: Combination therapy for recalcitrant psoriasis
11(1)
1.5.5 Future scope
11(1)
References
11(4)
2 Phototherapy for skin diseases
Renuka K. Mahajan
Dadasaheb M. Kokare
Nishikant A. Raut
Prakash R. Itankar
2.1 Introduction
15(2)
2.1.1 The epidermis
15(2)
2.1.2 The hypodermis
17(1)
2.2 Major functions of the skin
17(1)
2.3 Skin diseases and their etiology
18(1)
2.4 Bacterial skin diseases
19(1)
2.5 Fungal skin diseases
20(1)
2.6 Viral skin diseases
20(1)
2.7 Tropical ulcers
20(1)
2.8 HIV related skin diseases
20(1)
2.9 Pigmentation disorders
21(1)
2.10 Parasitic infections
21(1)
2.11 Tumors and cancers
21(1)
2.12 Trauma
21(1)
2.13 Skin tests
21(1)
2.14 Heliotherapy
21(1)
2.15 Naturopathy modalities on inflammation and immunity
22(1)
2.16 Phototherapy for skin diseases
22(1)
2.17 Methods
23(3)
2.17.1 UVB radiations
23(1)
2.17.2 UVA radiation
23(1)
2.17.3 PUVA
23(1)
2.17.4 Diseases and their treatment using phototherapy
24(1)
2.17.5 Limitations of phototherapy for skin diseases
25(1)
2.17.6 Side effects of phototherapy
26(1)
2.17.7 Recent development and future scope
26(1)
2.18 Concluding remark
26(5)
References
27(4)
3 Phototherapy: The novel emerging treatment for cancer
Sagar Trivedi
Nishant Awandekar
Milind Umekar
Veena Belgamwar
Nishikant A. Raut
3.1 Introduction
31(1)
3.2 Photophysics and photochemistry
32(1)
3.2.1 Type I mechanism of photodynamic reaction
32(1)
3.2.2 Type II mechanism of photodynamic reaction
33(1)
3.3 Photodynamic targets at the molecular level
33(2)
3.3.1 Proteins
33(1)
3.3.2 Photodynamic therapy-induced lipid peroxidation
34(1)
3.3.3 Photosensitized modification of nucleic acids
34(1)
3.4 Light source
35(2)
3.4.1 Near infrared (NIR) light
35(1)
3.4.2 X-ray
36(1)
3.4.3 Interstitial light
37(1)
3.4.4 Internal light
37(1)
3.5 Changes in cell signaling after photodynamic therapy
37(3)
3.5.1 Calcium
37(1)
3.5.2 Lipid metabolism
38(1)
3.5.3 Tyrosine kinases
38(1)
3.5.4 Transcription factors
39(1)
3.5.5 Cellular adhesion
39(1)
3.5.6 Cytokines
39(1)
3.5.7 Stress response
39(1)
3.5.8 Hypoxia and angiogenesis
39(1)
3.6 Method of excitation for photosensitizing agents
40(2)
3.6.1 Intermolecular chemically induced electronic excitation
40(1)
3.6.2 Resonance energy transfer excitation
40(1)
3.6.3 Two-stage photosensitizer excitation/excitation by radiation energy transfer intermediary
41(1)
3.6.4 Cherenkov radiation energy transfer
41(1)
3.7 Photodynamic therapy modifications
42(1)
3.7.1 Nanotechnology on photodynamic therapy
42(1)
3.7.2 Application of liposomes and lipoproteins
42(1)
3.7.3 Photodynamic therapy supported by electroporation
43(1)
3.8 Conclusion
43(8)
Acknowledgment
43(1)
Statement of informed consent
43(1)
Conflict of interest
43(1)
References
43(8)
4 Fundamentals of photodynamic therapy
Mrunal M. Yawalkar
Samvit Menon
Hendrik C. Swart
Sanjay J. Dhoble
4.1 Introduction
51(1)
4.2 Basic concept of photodynamic therapy
52(10)
4.2.1 Photosensitizers
52(10)
4.3 Working mechanism
62(3)
4.3.1 Mechanism of cell death following photodynamic therapy
64(1)
4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of photodynamic therapy
65(7)
4.4.1 Apoptosis in photodynamic therapy
65(2)
4.4.2 Immunological effects of photodynamic therapy
67(2)
4.4.3 Biological effects of photodynamic therapy
69(2)
4.4.4 Summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of photodynamic therapy
71(1)
4.5 Essential wavelength region in photodynamic therapy
72(2)
4.6 Recent developments in photodynamic therapy
74(3)
4.6.1 Metal-organic frameworks
74(1)
4.6.2 Photoactive materials for wavelength response
75(1)
4.6.3 Photodynamic therapy and hypoxia-controlled nanomedicine
76(1)
4.7 Future scopes and perspectives
77(12)
References
79(10)
5 Photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment
Sagar Trivedi
Anita Paunikar
Nishikant Raut
Veena Belgamwar
5.1 Introduction
89(1)
5.2 Background of photodynamic therapy
90(3)
5.2.1 Origin of photodynamic therapy
90(1)
5.2.2 Mechanism of photodynamic therapy
90(1)
5.2.3 Working principle of photodynamic therapy
90(2)
5.2.4 Mechanism of photodynamic therapy in treatment of cancer
92(1)
5.3 Novel strategies in photodynamic therapy
93(1)
5.3.1 Metronomic photodynamic therapy
93(1)
5.3.2 Photodynamic therapy molecular beacons
93(1)
5.3.3 Nanotechnology in photodynamic therapy
93(1)
5.4 Role of photosensitizing agents in photodynamic therapy
94(8)
5.5 Application of photodynamic therapy in treatment of various cancers
102(3)
5.5.1 Skin tumors
103(1)
5.5.2 Head and neck tumors
103(1)
5.5.3 Digestive system tumors
103(1)
5.5.4 Urinary system tumors
103(1)
5.5.5 Brain tumors
104(1)
5.5.6 Nonsmall cell lung cancer and mesothelioma
105(1)
5.6 Recent developments, future scope, and challenges
105(1)
5.7 Conclusion
106(9)
Acknowledgment
106(1)
References
106(9)
6 Photodiagnostic techniques
Anurag Luharia
Gaurav Mishra
Nilesh Haran
Sanjay J. Dhoble
6.1 Introduction
115(1)
6.1.1 Ionizing radiations
115(1)
6.2 Fundamentals of light used in diagnostic techniques
116(4)
6.2.1 X-ray production
118(1)
6.2.2 X-ray beam intensity
119(1)
6.2.3 Target material
120(1)
6.2.4 Voltage applied
120(1)
6.2.5 X-ray tube current
120(1)
6.3 Various photo diagnostic techniques
120(5)
6.3.1 Plain radiography and digital radiography
120(1)
6.3.2 Computed tomography
121(2)
6.3.3 Fluoroscopy
123(1)
6.3.4 Digital subtraction angiography
123(1)
6.3.5 Digital radiography and picture archival and communication system
124(1)
6.3.6 Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
124(1)
6.3.7 Dual energy computed tomography
124(1)
6.3.8 Orthopantomography
124(1)
6.4 Physics of photodiagnostic techniques
125(9)
6.4.1 Interaction of radiation with matter
125(2)
6.4.2 Importance of interaction in tissue
127(3)
6.4.3 Picture archiving and communication system
130(4)
6.5 Opportunities, challenges, and limitations of photodiagnostic techniques
134(5)
References
135(4)
7 The role of physics in modern radiotherapy: Current advances and developments
Anurag Luharia
Gaurav Mishra
D. Sardf
V. Sonwani
Sanjay J. Dhoble
7.1 Introduction
139(1)
7.2 Role of radiotherapy in cancer treatment
140(5)
7.2.1 What is radiotherapy and how it works?
140(1)
7.2.2 Types of radiotherapy
141(1)
7.2.3 Types of external beam radiation therapy
141(2)
7.2.4 General indications for the radiotherapy
143(1)
7.2.5 Intent of radiotherapy treatment
143(1)
7.2.6 Types of cancer treated using radiotherapy
144(1)
7.2.7 The role of radiotherapy in cancer control
144(1)
7.3 Development of radiation physics
145(4)
7.3.1 History
145(1)
7.3.2 External radiotherapy
146(1)
7.3.3 Clinical radiation generators
147(1)
7.3.4 Dose planning
148(1)
7.4 Recent advancement in radiotherapy
149(4)
7.4.1 Instigation
149(1)
7.4.2 Radiotherapy principle and mechanism
149(1)
7.4.3 Technology development
150(1)
7.4.4 Image-guided radiotherapy treatment
151(1)
7.4.5 Adaptive radiotherapy
152(1)
7.4.6 Stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy
152(1)
7.4.7 Particle Therapy
152(1)
7.4.8 Summary
153(1)
7.5 Radiosurgery for noncancerous tumor and diseases
153(4)
7.5.1 Introduction
153(1)
7.5.2 History
153(1)
7.5.3 Treatment
154(1)
7.5.4 Systems overview
154(3)
7.6 Summary and conclusion
157(6)
References
157(6)
8 Physics in treatment of cancer radiotherapy
Ravindra B. Shende
Sanjay J. Dhoble
8.1 Introduction
163(12)
8.1.1 Physics of radiotherapy
163(1)
8.1.2 Structure of matter
163(1)
8.1.3 Atom
163(1)
8.1.4 Nucleus
164(1)
8.1.5 Types of radiation
164(1)
8.1.6 X-rays
165(1)
8.1.7 Gamma rays
166(1)
8.1.8 Particulate Radiation
166(1)
8.1.9 Interaction of radiation with matter
166(1)
8.1.10 Interaction of photon beam (X-rays or y rays)
166(3)
8.1.11 Coherent scattering
169(1)
8.1.12 Photoelectric effect
169(1)
8.1.13 Compton effects
170(1)
8.1.14 Pair production
170(1)
8.1.15 Photodisintegration
171(1)
8.1.16 Interaction of charged particle
171(1)
8.1.17 Electron and electron interaction
172(1)
8.1.18 Electron and nucleus interaction
172(1)
8.1.19 Interaction of heavy charged particle
172(1)
8.1.20 Biological effect of radiation
173(1)
8.1.21 Linear energy transfer
174(1)
8.1.22 Relative biological effectiveness
174(1)
8.2 Principle of radiotherapy
175(1)
8.2.1 Radiotherapy facility
175(1)
8.3 Traditional facility in treatment of radiotherapy
175(12)
8.3.1 Superficial therapy
175(1)
8.3.2 Orthovoltage therapy or deep therapy
175(1)
8.3.3 Supervoltage therapy machines
176(1)
8.3.4 Cobalt-60 teletherapy unit
176(1)
8.3.5 Betatron and microtron
176(1)
8.3.6 Advance facility in treatment of radiotherapy
177(1)
8.3.7 Linear accelerator (Linac)
177(1)
8.3.8 Tomotherapy
178(1)
8.3.9 CyberKnife
178(1)
8.3.10 Proton and light ion therapy
178(1)
8.3.11 Cyclotron
178(1)
8.3.12 Synchrotron and synchrocyclotron
179(1)
8.3.13 Add-on facility in treatment of radiotherapy
179(1)
8.3.14 Conventional simulator
179(1)
8.3.15 CT simulator
180(1)
8.3.16 Commissioning of radiotherapy facility and quality assurance
180(1)
8.3.17 Technique of radiotherapy
180(1)
8.3.18 External beam radiation therapy
181(1)
8.3.19 Conventional treatment techniques in EBRT
181(1)
8.3.20 Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy
181(1)
8.3.21 Intensity modulated radiation therapy
182(2)
8.3.22 Rotational therapy or volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)
184(1)
8.3.23 Stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy
184(1)
8.3.24 Image-guided radiotherapy
184(1)
8.3.25 Internal beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy
185(1)
8.3.26 Process and treatment of radiotherapy
186(1)
8.4 Patient preparation and simulation
187(1)
8.5 Target delineation and treatment planning
187(6)
8.5.1 Treatment verification and treatment delivery
187(1)
8.5.2 Dosimetry in radiation therapy
188(1)
8.5.3 Activity
188(1)
8.5.4 Particle Fluence
188(1)
8.5.5 Energy fluence
188(1)
8.5.6 Exposure
188(1)
8.5.7 Kerma
188(1)
8.5.8 Absorbed dose
189(1)
8.5.9 Methods of radiation dosimetry and dosimeters in radiation therapy
189(1)
8.5.10 Ionization chamber dosimetry
189(1)
8.5.11 Film dosimetry
189(1)
8.5.12 Luminescence dosimetry
190(1)
8.5.13 Thermoluminescence
190(1)
8.5.14 Optically stimulated luminescence
191(1)
8.5.15 Semiconductor dosimetry
191(1)
8.5.16 Physical and clinical dosimetry in radiotherapy
191(1)
8.5.17 Physical dosimetry
191(1)
8.5.18 Clinical dosimetry
192(1)
References
192(1)
9 Role of carbon ion beam radiotherapy for cancer treatment
Vibha Chopra
Nirupama S. Dhoble
Balkrishna Vengadaesvaran
Sanjay J. Dhoble
9.1 Introduction
193(1)
9.2 Radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer
193(2)
9.2.1 Gamma ray therapy
194(1)
9.2.2 Proton therapy
194(1)
9.2.3 Ion beam therapy
194(1)
9.3 Role of carbon ion beam therapy
195(1)
9.4 Development of TLD materials for carbon ion beam therapy
195(7)
9.4.1 Lithium-based phosphors
195(3)
9.4.2 Calcium-based phosphors
198(2)
9.4.3 Some other phosphors
200(2)
9.5 Conclusion
202(5)
References
202(5)
Part II Manotherapeutics
10 Nanomaterials physics: A critical review
Khushwant S. Yadav
Sheeba Jacob
Anil M. Pethe
10.1 Introduction
207(1)
10.2 Fundamental concepts of nanomaterial physics
208(2)
10.2.1 Structure sensitive and structure insensitive properties
209(1)
10.2.2 Phases and their distribution
209(1)
10.2.3 Defects in body nanomaterials
209(1)
10.3 Properties of materials
210(1)
10.3.1 Factors affecting properties of a material
210(1)
10.4 Rationale of nanoparticle physics with diverse functions involving nanomaterials
211(1)
10.5 Self-assembly of nanostructures
212(1)
10.6 Clinical applications of nanomaterials physics
212(1)
10.6.1 Applications of nanomaterials physics in cancer
212(1)
10.7 Conclusion: Nanotechnology, physics, and clinical outcome
213(4)
Acknowledgments
214(1)
References
214(3)
11 Nanotherapeutic systems for drug delivery to brain tumors
Keshav S. Moharir
Vinita Kale
Mallesh Kurakula
11.1 Introduction
217(1)
11.2 An overview of brain tumors
218(1)
11.2.1 Malignant brain tumors
218(1)
11.2.2 Benign brain tumors
218(1)
11.3 Barriers and challenges in the treatment of brain cancer
219(2)
11.3.1 BBB as a main hurdle
219(1)
11.3.2 Chemoresistance and efflux
220(1)
11.3.3 Tumor microenvironment (TME) dynamics and lack of brain tumor classification based on genetics
220(1)
11.3.4 Resistance due to cancer stem cells (CSCs) of gliomas and GBM
220(1)
11.3.5 Lack of proper brain cancer mimicking models
221(1)
11.4 Conventional vs nanomedicines in drug delivery for brain cancers
221(1)
11.5 Approaches and mechanisms of nanocarriers for chemotherapeutic drug delivery to brain tumors
222(3)
11.5.1 Passive targeting
222(1)
11.5.2 Active targeting
222(2)
11.5.3 Stimuli responsive nanocarriers systems
224(1)
11.6 Types of nanotherapeutic platforms for drug delivery to treat brain fancer
225(4)
11.6.1 Inorganic (metallic) nanoparticles
225(3)
11.6.2 Lipid-based and polymeric nanoparticles
228(1)
11.7 Novel therapies to treat brain cancers
229(3)
11.7.1 Artificial intelligence (Al)-enabled nanocarriers for oncotherapy
229(2)
11.7.2 Gene-based nanotherapy
231(1)
11.7.3 CRISPR/Cas 9-associated brain tumor therapy
232(1)
11.7.4 Nose to brain drug delivery
232(1)
11.8 Clinical translation of nanotherapeutic systems for brain cancers: From bench to bedside
232(1)
11.9 Conclusion and future prospects
232(7)
References
233(6)
12 Progress in nanotechnology-based targeted cancer treatment
Shagufta Khan
Vaishali Kilor
Dilesh Singhavi
Kundan Patil
12.1 Introduction
239(1)
12.2 Tumor microenvironment: Comparison with normal cells
239(1)
12.2.1 Angiogenesis and endothelial permeability in cancer
240(1)
12.2.2 Microenvironment pH
240(1)
12.2.3 Microenvironment temperature
240(1)
12.3 Nanotechnology-based diagnosis of cancer
240(1)
12.4 Nanotechnology-based drug targeting strategies in cancer
241(4)
12.4.1 Passive targeting
241(1)
12.4.2 Active targeting
242(3)
12.4.3 Physical targeting
245(1)
12.5 Progress in nanotherapeutics for treating breast and lung cancer
245(2)
12.5.1 Breast cancer
245(1)
12.5.2 Lung cancer
246(1)
12.6 Future of nanotechnology in cancer treatment
247(1)
12.7 Conclusion
248(3)
References
248(3)
13 Nanotherapeutics for colon cancer
Nilesh M. Mahajan
Alap Chaudhari
Sachin More
Purushottam Cangane
13.1 Introduction
251(3)
13.1.1 Anatomy
251(1)
13.1.2 Pathogenesis and molecular pathways for CRC
252(1)
13.1.3 Risk factors
253(1)
13.1.4 Stages of CRC
254(1)
13.1.5 Signs and symptoms
254(1)
13.2 Diagnosis
254(2)
13.2.1 Endoscopy
255(1)
13.2.2 Imaging
255(1)
13.2.3 Laboratory
255(1)
13.2.4 Pathology
255(1)
13.3 Current therapies
256(5)
13.3.1 Conventional treatment strategies
256(3)
13.3.2 Targeted therapy
259(1)
13.3.3 Targeted therapies using nanocarriers
260(1)
13.4 Nanodrug delivery in cancer therapy
261(1)
13.4.1 Polymers used in formulations of NPs
261(1)
13.5 Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs)
262(2)
13.5.1 Lipid-based nanoparticles
263(1)
13.5.2 Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs)
263(1)
13.5.3 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
263(1)
13.5.4 Enteric-coated nanoparticles
264(1)
13.6 Conclusion
264(5)
References
265(4)
14 Nanoparticles for the targeted drug delivery in lung cancer
Veena Belgamwar
Vidyadevi Bhoyar
Sagar Trivedi
Miral Patel
14.1 Introduction
269(6)
14.1.1 Stages of LC
269(1)
14.1.2 Current treatment strategies on LC
270(2)
14.1.3 Novel strategies for LC treatment by pulmonary route of administration
272(1)
14.1.4 Pulmonary physiology and drug absorption
273(1)
14.1.5 Role of nanoparticulate technology in the diagnosis and treatment of LC
273(1)
14.1.6 Nanocarriers used for the diagnosis of lung diseases
274(1)
14.2 Nanocarriers in LC treatment
275(7)
14.2.1 Solid-lipid nanocarriers
275(1)
14.2.2 Polymeric nanocarriers
276(1)
14.2.3 Nanoemulsions as potential carrier in LC
276(1)
14.2.4 Metal-based NPs
277(1)
14.2.5 Dendrimers-based drug delivery
277(2)
14.2.6 Target-mediated targeted therapy
279(1)
14.2.7 Quantum dots (QDs) as a drug delivery system
279(1)
14.2.8 Bio-NPsfor LC
280(1)
14.2.9 Hydrogel-based drug delivery for pulmonary cancer
281(1)
14.2.10 Inhalation-based nanomedicine for pulmonary cancer
281(1)
14.3 Marketed formulation
282(1)
14.4 Toxicity issues of inhaled NPS
283(1)
14.5 Conclusion
284(7)
References
285(6)
15 Role of nanocarriers for the effective delivery of anti-HIV drugs
Rohini Kfiarwade
Nilesh M. Mahajan
15.1 Introduction
291(2)
15.1.1 HIV life cycle and pathogenesis
291(2)
15.1.2 Pathophysiology
293(1)
15.2 Conventional antiretroviral therapy
293(2)
15.3 Types of nanocarriers for antiretroviral drugs delivery
295(9)
15.3.1 Pure drug nanoparticles
296(1)
15.3.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
297(2)
15.3.3 Dendrimers
299(2)
15.3.4 Polymeric micelles
301(1)
15.3.5 Liposomes
302(1)
15.3.6 Solid lipid nanoparticles
303(1)
15.4 Nanaotechnological approaches for antiretroviral therapy
304(2)
15.4.1 Immunotherapy for antiretroviral
304(1)
15.4.2 Gene therapy
305(1)
15.4.3 Vaccines
305(1)
15.5 Nanotechnology for improving latency reservoir
306(1)
15.6 Conclusion
307(4)
References
307(4)
16 Drug delivery systems for rheumatoid arthritis treatment
Mangesh Bhalekar
Sachin Dubey
16.1 Introduction
311(3)
16.1.1 Stages of rheumatoid arthritis
311(1)
16.1.2 Causes of RA
311(1)
16.1.3 Symptoms of RA
312(1)
16.1.4 Pathology of rheumatoid arthritis
312(2)
16.2 Management of rheumatoid arthritis
314(1)
16.3 Targeted delivery strategies to inflamed synovium
314(1)
16.4 Passive targeting
315(1)
16.4.1 Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect
315(1)
16.4.2 Hypoxia and acidosis
315(1)
16.4.3 Stimuli responsive drug delivery
316(1)
16.4.4 Angiogenesis
316(1)
16.5 Active targeting
316(1)
16.6 Factors for the selection of delivery system
316(2)
16.6.1 Carrier type
316(1)
16.6.2 Particle Size
316(1)
16.6.3 Shape
317(1)
16.6.4 Surface modifications
317(1)
16.6.5 Prolonged circulation time
317(1)
16.6.6 Strategies for active targeting
317(1)
16.7 Drug delivery vehicles for rheumatoid arthritis
318(5)
16.7.1 Liposomes
318(1)
16.7.2 Dendrimers
319(1)
16.7.3 Nanoparticles
319(1)
16.7.4 Polymeric micro- and nanoparticles
320(1)
16.7.5 Macromolecules and the enhanced permeability and retention effect
320(1)
16.7.6 Arthritis-specific antigens
321(1)
16.7.7 The complement system
321(1)
16.7.8 Specific surface receptors
321(1)
16.7.9 Monoclonal antibodies
322(1)
16.7.10 Mabs targeted against B cells
322(1)
16.7.11 Mabs directed against IL-6function
322(1)
16.7.12 Mab directed against NFKB ligand
323(1)
16.8 Conclusion
323(4)
References
323(4)
17 Peptide functionalized nanomaterials as microbial sensors
Shubhi Joshi
Sheetal Sharma
Gaurav Verma
Avneef Saini
17.1 Introduction
327(1)
17.2 Conventional techniques for microorganism detection
328(2)
17.2.1 Pure culture-based protocols
328(1)
17.2.2 Immunological techniques
328(1)
17.2.3 Nucleic acid-based assays
329(1)
17.3 Principle behind using biosensors for microorganism detection
330(1)
17.4 Commonly used biosensing recognition elements
331(4)
17.4.1 Antibodies as biosensing recognition elements
331(1)
17.4.2 Aptamers as biosensing recognition elements
332(1)
17.4.3 Bacteriophages as biosensing recognition elements
332(1)
17.4.4 Carbohydrates as biosensing recognition elements
332(1)
17.4.5 Peptides as biosensing 0 recognition elements
333(2)
17.5 Advantages and challenges of using peptide-based detection of microorganisms
335(1)
17.6 Properties of nanomaterials making them suitable for construction of microbial sensors
335(2)
17.6.1 Carbon-based nanoparticles
335(1)
17.6.2 Metallic nanoparticles
336(1)
17.6.3 Magnetic nanoparticles
336(1)
17.6.4 Quantum dots
337(1)
17.7 Techniques enabling microorganism detection
337(2)
17.7.1 Colorimetric detection
337(1)
17.7.2 Fluorescence-based detection
338(1)
17.7.3 Microscopic techniques
338(1)
17.7.4 Spectroscopic detection
338(1)
17.8 Recent advances in on-site detection of microorganisms using peptide functionalized nanosensors
339(2)
17.8.1 Bacteria detection
339(1)
17.8.2 Detection of fungal spores
339(1)
17.8.3 Virus detection
340(1)
17.9 Conclusion and future perspectives
341(8)
References
341(8)
18 Theranostic nanoagents: Future of personalized nanomedicine
Vidya Sabale
Shraddha Dubey
Prafulla Sabale
18.1 Introduction
349(1)
18.1.1 Theranostics
349(1)
18.1.2 Nanoagents
349(1)
18.1.3 Nanotheranostics
349(1)
18.2 Recent approaches versus theranostic nanoagents
350(1)
18.2.1 Contemporary treatment methods and their drawbacks
350(1)
18.3 Nanotheranostics and neurological disorders
350(10)
18.3.1 Blood-brain barrier
350(1)
18.3.2 Theranostic nanoparticles employed in neurology
351(4)
18.3.3 Theranostic applications of nanosystems in neurological disorders
355(5)
18.4 Nanotheranostics and rheumatoid arthritis
360(3)
18.4.1 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
360(1)
18.4.2 Current treatments and their drawbacks
360(1)
18.4.3 Nanotheranostic approach for rheumatoid arthritis
361(2)
18.5 Nanoparticle-based theranostic agents
363(6)
18.5.1 Iron oxide nanoparticle-based theranostic agents
363(2)
18.5.2 Quantum dot-based theranostic agents
365(1)
18.5.3 Gold nanoparticle-based theranostic agents
366(1)
18.5.4 Carbon nanotube-based theranostic agents
367(1)
18.5.5 Silica nanoparticle-based theranostic agents
368(1)
18.6 Theranostic nanoagents: future of nanomedicine
369(1)
18.7 Conclusion
369(10)
References
370(9)
19 Improving the functionality of a nanomaterial by biological probes
Panchali Barman
Shweta Sharma
Avneet Saini
19.1 Introduction to nanomaterials
379(1)
19.2 Classifications of nanoparticles
380(9)
19.2.1 Metallic nanoparticles
380(3)
19.2.2 Semiconductor quantum dots
383(1)
19.2.3 Metal oxide nanoparticles
384(1)
19.2.4 Organic nanoparticles
385(2)
19.2.5 Upconversion nanoparticles
387(2)
19.3 Common conjugation approaches for biomolecule functionalized nanomaterials
389(8)
19.3.1 Conjugation approaches
389(2)
19.3.2 Functionalization of nanoparticles
391(6)
19.4 Basic chemistries behind conjugation approaches
397(3)
19.4.1 Functional groups and conjugation reactions
397(1)
19.4.2 Polyhistidine--nitrilotriacetic acid chelation
398(1)
19.4.3 Biotin-avidin chemistry
399(1)
19.5 Applications
400(4)
19.5.1 Detection of DNA, protein, and metal ions
400(1)
19.5.2 Detection of human pathogens
401(1)
19.5.3 Enhancement of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity
402(1)
19.5.4 Theranostics
403(1)
19.6 Conclusion and future perspective
404(15)
References
405(14)
20 Nanostructures for the efficient oral delivery of chemotherapeutic agents
Ravindra Satpute
Nilesh Rarokar
Sunil Menghani
Anjali Ganjare
Vivek S. Dave
Nishikant A. Raut
Pramod B. Khedekar
20.1 Introduction
419(3)
20.1.1 Limitations of conventional chemotherapy
420(1)
20.1.2 Edges of nanoparticles over the other delivery system
420(1)
20.1.3 Components of nanoparticles as a targeting system
420(1)
20.1.4 Characteristics features of ideal targeting moieties
421(1)
20.1.5 The potential of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems
421(1)
20.1.6 Nanoparticle properties
421(1)
20.1.7 Cancer therapy: Selective targeting of tissues by nanotechnology
421(1)
20.2 Nanodrug carriers
422(9)
20.2.1 Classification of nanoparticles as drug carriers
422(1)
20.2.2 Micelles
423(1)
20.2.3 Solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)
423(1)
20.2.4 Cubosomes
423(1)
20.2.5 Drug-polymer conjugates
424(1)
20.2.6 Antibody-drug conjugates
424(1)
20.2.7 Inorganic nanoparticles
425(1)
20.2.8 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
425(1)
20.2.9 Gold nanoparticles (GNPs)
426(1)
20.2.10 Porous silicon particles (PSiPs)
426(1)
20.2.11 Quantum dots (QDs)
426(1)
20.2.12 Iron oxide nanoparticles (lONPs)
427(1)
20.2.13 IONPs
427(1)
References
428(3)
21 Photo-triggered theranostics nanomaterials: Development and challenges in cancer treatment
Neha S. Raut
Divya Zambre
Milind J. Umekar
Sanjay J. Dhoble
21.1 Introduction of nanomaterials in phototherapeutics
431(1)
21.2 Types of nanomaterials
432(2)
21.2.1 Magnetic nanoparticles
432(1)
21.2.2 Properties and materials for preparation of photo-based nanomaterials
433(1)
21.2.3 Gold-based nanoparticles
433(1)
21.2.4 Carbon nanotubes
433(1)
21.3 Polymeric nanocarriers for photosensitizer/dye encapsulation
434(1)
21.4 Nanoconstructs for photodynamic therapy
434(1)
21.5 Photo-triggered theranostic nanocarriers
435(1)
21.6 Approaches to measure drug release through theranostic nanomedicine
436(1)
21.6.1 Silicon photonic crystals with pores
436(1)
21.6.2 Fluorescent nanoparticles
437(1)
21.6.3 Upconversion nanoparticles
437(1)
21.6.4 Radioluminescent nanoparticles
437(1)
21.7 Magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring release of drug
437(1)
21.8 Photo-triggered theranostics nanomaterials: Principle and applications
438(1)
21.8.1 Applications of photo-triggered theranostics nanomaterials in cancer treatments
438(1)
21.8.2 Therapeutic applications of photo-based theranostic nanoparticles
438(1)
21.9 Opportunities and limitations of nanomaterials
439(1)
21.10 Preclinical challenges
439(1)
21.11 Future aspects of nanomaterials in the therapeutics
439(4)
References
440(3)
22 Nanocrystals in the drug delivery system
Raju Ramesh Thenge
Amar Patel
Gautam Mehetre
22.1 Introduction to nanocrystals and nanosuspension
443(2)
22.1.1 Properties of nanocrystals
443(1)
22.1.2 Nanocrystals and bioavailability
444(1)
22.1.3 Various methods of characterization of nanocrystals formulations
444(1)
22.2 Production methods and technology of nanocrystals
445(3)
22.2.1 Top down technology
445(1)
22.2.2 Bottom up technology
446(1)
22.2.3 Top down and bottom up technology
446(1)
22.2.4 Spray drying
447(1)
22.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of nanocrystals
448(1)
22.3.1 Potential advantages and disadvantages of nanocrystals
448(1)
22.3.2 Disadvantages of nanocrystals
448(1)
22.4 Pharmaceutical Nanocrystals of API
448(4)
22.4.1 Case studies of drug loaded in the nanocrystals
448(1)
22.4.2 Application of nanocrystals-loaded carrier
449(3)
22.5 Conclusion
452(3)
References
452(3)
Index 455
Dr. Nilesh M. Mahajan is a Professor and Head, Department of Pharmaceutics at Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, India having 20 years of experience. He has four patents published, one copyright for designing biomedical device, and several publications. He has several research grants from different federal agencies. He is a consultant to Pharma industries and received several awards. His areas of research expertise are nanotherapeutics, crystal engineering, and polyherbal formulations. Dr. Avneet Saini is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India holding M.Sc. Honours degree and PhD in Biophysics from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. During her research career, she worked on the computational study and characterization of peptides and peptoids as antimicrobial and collagen mimetics using different in silico techniques. She holds expertise in computational biology and biophysical chemistry techniques. Dr. Saini has received numerous research grants from national and international federal agencies. Dr. Nishikant A. Raut is a Professor in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India having 19 years of experience. He completed his masters degree in Pharmaceutical Chemistry in 2002, and received Ph.D. degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences from RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur in 2010. He pursued Post-Doctoral Research from College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA under Raman Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by UGC, Govt. of India. He has received research grants from several federal funding agencies. During COVID-19 Pandemic, Dr. Raut, in the capacity of Co-PI, established and served as Nodal Officer of COVID-19 Diagnosis Centre at RTM Nagpur University. Sanjay J. Dhoble is a Professor in the Department of Physics at Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, India. During his research career he has worked on the synthesis and characterization of solid-state lighting materials and phosphors for solar cell efficiency enhancement, as well as the development of radiation dosimetry phosphors, and the biosynthesis of nanoparticles and their applications.
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