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E-raamat: Physical Database Design Using Oracle

(Burleson Consulting, Kittrell, North Carolina, USA)
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In this guide for practicing Oracle professionals who are familiar with basic Oracle database administration, Burleson, an Oracle database expert, offers insight needed to convert logical data models into Oracle data structures that permit easy access to data. He covers all Oracle physical constructs for data files, tablespaces, tables, and indexes, including object-oriented, pure relational, and specialized data structures. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

The evolution of Oracle has led to a revolution in design practices. For Oracle 10g, database physical structures have become more complex than ever before and database designers face multiple ways to implement their logical models. IS students studying database design and administration need to be able to implement management systems in a way that enables fast performance while preserving logical data structures.Physical Database Design Using Oracle correlates logical data models with the physical implementation structures that Oracle provides. It allows students to learn how to take logical data models and convert them into a series of data structures that permit fast and easy logical access to data. Oracle 10g offers object-oriented data structures, pure relational data structures, and specialized data structures such as index-organized tables. Given so many choices, future DBAs and Oracle designers must understand the approprate use of each physical technology and how it maps to their data models.This textbook is targeted at undergraduate and graduate IS students working to become the Oracle professionals of the near future. It is expected that they already have exposure to basic Oracle database administration. The expert guidance provided by this textbook offers the insight needed to choose appropriate physical models for mission-critical applications.

The evolution of Oracle has led to a revolution in design practices. For Oracle 10g, database physical structures have become more complex than ever before and database designers face multiple ways to implement their logical models. IS students studying database design and administration need to be able to implement management systems in a way that enables fast performance while preserving logical data structures.

Physical Database Design Using Oracle correlates logical data models with the physical implementation structures that Oracle provides. It allows students to learn how to take logical data models and convert them into a series of data structures that permit fast and easy logical access to data. Oracle 10g offers object-oriented data structures, pure relational data structures, and specialized data structures such as index-organized tables. Given so many choices, future DBAs and Oracle designers must understand the approprate use of each physical technology and how it maps to their data models.

This textbook is targeted at undergraduate and graduate IS students working to become the Oracle professionals of the near future. It is expected that they already have exposure to basic Oracle database administration. The expert guidance provided by this textbook offers the insight needed to choose appropriate physical models for mission-critical applications.

1 Introduction to Oracle Physical Design 1(24)
Preface
1(1)
Relational Databases and Physical Design
1(1)
Systems Development and Physical Design
2(2)
Systems Analysis and Physical Database Design
4(2)
The Structured Specification
4(2)
The Role of Functional Decomposition in Physical Database Design
6(1)
Introduction to Logical Database Design
7(3)
Unnormalized Form
9(1)
Nested Tables
10(3)
First Normal Form
11(1)
Second Normal Form
12(1)
Third Normal Form
13(1)
E/R Modeling
13(2)
Bridging between Logical and Physical Models
15(3)
Activities of Oracle Physical Design
17(1)
Physical Design Requirements Validation
18(5)
How to Identify a Poor Requirements Evaluation
19(1)
Functional Validation
19(1)
How to Spot a Poor Functional Analysis
20(1)
Evaluating the Worth of an Existing System
20(3)
Locating Oracle Physical Design Flaws
23(2)
2 Physical Entity Design for Oracle 25(30)
Introduction
25(1)
Data Relationships and Physical Design
25(12)
Redundancy and Physical Design
26(2)
The Dangers of Overnormalization
28(1)
Denormalizing One-to-Many Data Relationships
29(3)
Denormalizing Many-to-Many Data Relationships
32(2)
Recursive Data Relationships
34(3)
Massive Denormalization: Star Schema Design
37(1)
Object-Oriented Database Design
38(3)
Abstract Data Types
39(2)
Designing Class Hierarchies
41(4)
Representing Class Hierarchies
45(1)
Materialized Views and Denormalization
45(4)
Automatic SQL Query Rewrite
48(1)
When Is SQL Query Rewrite Used?
49(1)
Referential Integrity
49(4)
Conclusion
53(2)
3 Oracle Hardware Design 55(18)
Introduction
55(2)
Planning the Server Environment
57(5)
Design for Oracle Server CPU
57(2)
Designing Task Load Balancing Mechanisms
58(1)
Design for Oracle Server RAM
59(1)
Making Oracle Memory Nonswappable
60(1)
Design for the Oracle Server Swap Disk
60(2)
Designing the Network Infrastructure for Oracle
62(1)
Oracle Network Design
63(7)
The tcp. node lay parameter
63(1)
The automatic_ipc parameter
64(1)
The break_poll_skip parameter
64(1)
The disable_oob parameter
65(1)
The SDU and TDU parameters
65(2)
The queuesize Parameter in listener.ora
67(1)
Connection Pooling and Network Performance
67(1)
ODBC and Network Performance
68(1)
Oracle Replication Design
69(1)
Oracle Disk Design
70(1)
Conclusion
70(3)
4 Oracle Instance Design 73(38)
Introduction
73(6)
Reserving RAM for Database Connections
74(2)
RAM Used by Oracle Connections
75(1)
Determining the Optimal PGA Size
76(1)
A Script for Computing Total PGA RAM
77(2)
SGA Parameter Components
79(1)
Designing the Shared Pool
80(2)
Library Cache Usage Measurement
81(1)
Oracle Event Waits
82(1)
The Shared Pool Advisory Utility
82(5)
Designing the Data Buffers
87(5)
Using v$db_cache_advice
91(1)
Design with the DBHR
92(5)
Using Statspack for the DBHR
94(3)
Data Buffer Monitoring with Statspack
94(3)
Pinning Packages in the SGA
97(4)
Automatic Repinning of Packages
99(2)
Designing Logon Triggers to Track User Activity
101(8)
Designing a User Audit Table
101(1)
User Table Normalization
102(1)
Designing a Logon Trigger
102(2)
Designing the Logoff Trigger
104(2)
User Activity Reports
106(1)
User Logon Detail Reports
107(2)
Designing Oracle Failover Options
109(1)
Conclusion
110(1)
5 Oracle Tablespace Design 111(24)
Introduction
111(1)
Sizing Oracle Data Blocks
112(1)
The Evolution of Oracle File Structures
113(1)
Design for Oracle Segment Storage
114(10)
Setting PCTFREE and PCTUSED
116(1)
Free List Management for Oracle Objects
117(1)
Design to Control Oracle Row Chaining and Row Migration
118(2)
The Issue of PCTFREE
120(2)
The Issue of PCTUSED
122(1)
The Sparse Table Problem
123(1)
Automatic Segment Space Management
124(8)
Internal Freelist Management with ASSM
127(3)
Potential Performance Issues with ASSM
130(2)
Replication Design
132(1)
Conclusion
132(3)
6 Oracle Table Design 135(62)
Introduction
135(1)
Table Replication Design
135(3)
Is the Transfer of Data Time Sensitive?
136(1)
Is the Number of Tables Manageable?
136(1)
Do All Your Replicated Tables Need to Be Updatable?
136(1)
Does Your Database Change Constantly?
136(1)
Is the Number of Transactions Manageable?
137(1)
Are You Replicating between Different Versions of Oracle
or Different OSs?
137(1)
Do Both Sites Require the Ability to Update the Same Tables?
137(1)
Does the Replicated Site Require the Ability to Replicate to Another Site?
137(1)
Oracle External Tables
138(9)
Defining an External Table
138(5)
Internals of External Tables
143(2)
Security for External Table Files
145(1)
Limitations of Comma-Delimited Spreadsheet Files
145(2)
Design with Materialized Views
147(6)
Materialized Views and Snapshots
148(1)
Prerequisites for Using Materialized Views
148(3)
Invoking SQL Query Rewrite
149 (1)
Refreshing Materialized Views
149(1)
Manual Complete Refresh
150(1)
Manual Fast (Incremental) Refresh
150(1)
Automatic Fast Refresh of Materialized Views
150(1)
Creating a Materialized View
151(3)
Tips for Using Materialized Views
151(2)
Design for Partitioned Structures
153(1)
Oracle Object Structures
154(12)
Data Model Extension Capabilities
155(1)
Object Orientation and Oracle
156(1)
Oracle Nested Tables
157(1)
Performance of Oracle Object Extensions
158(1)
Design with ADTs
159(3)
Nesting ADTs
162(1)
Design with Oracle OIDs
163(3)
Navigating with Pointers (OIDs)
166(1)
Design with VARRAY Tables
166(13)
Advantages of Repeating Groups
168(1)
Disadvantages of Repeating Groups
169(1)
Determining When to Use Repeating Groups
170(1)
Repeating Groups and ADTs
170(1)
Repeating Groups of OIDs
171(1)
Repeating Groups of Data Values
172(7)
Pointing to Tables
174(5)
Using Nested Tables
179(17)
Understanding Multidimensional Pointers and Oracle
182(2)
Reviewing the Implications of OIDs for Oracle Design
184(1)
Designing Aggregate Objects
185(2)
Designing with Oracle Methods
187(11)
Automatic Method Generation
192(2)
Stored Procedures and Oracle Tat-1es
194(2)
Conclusion
196(1)
7 Oracle Index Design 197(40)
Introduction
197(1)
Index Design Basics
198(4)
The Oracle B-Tree Index
198(1)
Bitmapped Indexes
199(1)
Function-Based Indexes
200(1)
Index-Organized Tables
201(1)
Evaluating Oracle Index Access Methods
202(6)
Index Range Scan
202(1)
Fast Full-Index Scan
203(5)
Designing High-Speed Index Access
208(5)
Speed Factors
208(1)
Parallel Option
208(1)
Nologging Option
209(1)
Space and Structure Factors
209(2)
Compress Option
209(1)
Tablespace Block Size Option
210(1)
Designing Indexes to Reduce Disk I/0
211(2)
Oracle Optimizer and Index Design
213(2)
Physical Row-Ordering and Index Design
215(3)
Constraints and Index Design
216(2)
Using Multicolumn Indexes
218(1)
How Oracle Chooses Indexes
219(2)
Index Design for Star Schemas
221(2)
Indexing Alternatives to B-Tree Indexes
223(3)
Bitmap Indexes
223(1)
Function-Based Indexes
223(1)
Reverse-Key Indexes and SQL Performance
224(1)
Index Usage for Queries with IN Conditions
224(2)
Design for Oracle Full-Index Scans
226(2)
Oracle and Multiblock Reads
227(1)
Basics of FBIs
228(1)
Indexing on a Column with NULL Values
229(1)
Invoking the Full-Index Scan with a FBI
230(1)
An Important Oracle Enhancement
231(1)
How to Use Oracle9i Bitmap Join Indexes
231(1)
How Bitmap Join Indexes Work
231(4)
Bitmap Join Indexes in Action
233(1)
Exclusions for Bitmap Join Indexes
234(1)
Design for Automatic Histogram Creation
235(1)
The method_opt= 'SKEWONLY' dbms_stats Option
235(1)
Conclusion
236(1)
Index 237


Donald K. Burleson
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