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E-raamat: Physical Layer Security in Wireless Communications

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"Physical layer security has recently become an emerging technique to complement and significantly improve the communication security of wireless networks. Comparing to the cryptographic approaches, physical layer security is a fundamentally different paradigm, where secrecy is achieved by exploiting the physical layer properties of the communication system, such as thermal noise, interference, and the time-varying nature of fading channels. Written by pioneering researchers, this book provides a systematic overview of the foundations and recent developments of this promising security technology"--

Electrical and electronic engineers offer a technical guide to basic concepts, recent developments, and open issues in providing wireless communications security at the physical layer to complement conventional cryptography. After reviewing the background and fundamentals of physical layer security, they cover approaches based on information theory, signal processing, game theory, and graph theory. Among the topics are coding for wiretap channels, MIMO signal processing algorithms, applying cooperative transmissions to secrecy communications, relay and jammer cooperation as a coalitional game, and stochastic geometry approaches to secrecy in large wireless networks. Annotation ©2014 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

Physical layer security has recently become an emerging technique to complement and significantly improve the communication security of wireless networks. Compared to cryptographic approaches, physical layer security is a fundamentally different paradigm where secrecy is achieved by exploiting the physical layer properties of the communication system, such as thermal noise, interference, and the time-varying nature of fading channels.

Written by pioneering researchers, Physical Layer Security in Wireless Communications supplies a systematic overview of the basic concepts, recent advancements, and open issues in providing communication security at the physical layer. It introduces the key concepts, design issues, and solutions to physical layer security in single-user and multi-user communication systems, as well as large-scale wireless networks.

The book starts with a brief introduction to physical layer security. The rest of the book is organized into four parts based on the different approaches used for the design and analysis of physical layer security techniques:

  1. Information Theoretic Approaches: introduces capacity-achieving methods and coding schemes for secure communication, as well as secret key generation and agreement over wireless channels
  2. Signal Processing Approaches: covers recent progress in applying signal processing techniques to design physical layer security enhancements
  3. Game Theoretic Approaches: discusses the applications of game theory to analyze and design wireless networks with physical layer security considerations
  4. Graph Theoretic Approaches: presents the use of tools from graph theory and stochastic geometry to analyze and design large-scale wireless networks with physical layer security constraints

Presenting high-level discussions along with specific examples, illustrations, and references to conference and journal articles, this is an ideal reference for postgraduate students, researchers, and engineers that need to obtain a macro-level understanding of physical layer security and its role in future wireless communication systems.

Preface xi
Authors xiii
Contributors xv
1 Fundamentals of Physical Layer Security
1(16)
1.1 Information-theoretic Secrecy
2(2)
1.1.1 Shannon's Cipher System and Perfect Secrecy
2(1)
1.1.2 Information-theoretic Secrecy Metrics
3(1)
1.2 Secret Communication over Noisy Channels
4(6)
1.2.1 Wiretap Channel Model
4(2)
1.2.2 Coding Mechanisms for Secret Communication
6(4)
1.3 Secret-key Generation from Noisy Channels
10(3)
1.3.1 Channel Model for Secret-key Generation
10(2)
1.3.2 Coding Mechanisms for Secret-key Generation
12(1)
1.4 Conclusion
13(4)
References
14(3)
2 Coding for Wiretap Channels
17(16)
2.1 Coding for the Wiretap Channel II
17(6)
2.1.1 Basics of Error-Correcting Codes
18(2)
2.1.2 Wiretap II Codes
20(3)
2.2 Wiretap Coding with Polar Codes
23(4)
2.2.1 Polar Codes
23(3)
2.2.2 Polar Wiretap Codes
26(1)
2.3 Coding for Gaussian Wiretap Channels
27(4)
2.3.1 Error Probability and Secrecy Gain
27(1)
2.3.2 Unimodular Lattice Codes
28(3)
2.4 Conclusion
31(2)
Acknowledgment
31(1)
References
31(2)
3 LDPC Codes for the Gaussian Wiretap Channel
33(14)
3.1 Channel Model and Basic Notions
33(5)
3.2 Coding for Security
38(4)
3.2.1 Asymptotic Analysis
38(2)
3.2.2 Optimized Puncturing Distributions
40(1)
3.2.3 Reducing SNR Loss
40(2)
3.2.4 Finite Block Lengths
42(1)
3.3 System Aspects
42(2)
3.4 Concluding Remarks
44(3)
References
45(2)
4 Key Generation from Wireless Channels
47(22)
4.1 Introduction
47(2)
4.2 Information-theoretic Models for Key Generation
49(3)
4.2.1 Key Generation via Unlimited Public Discussion
49(2)
4.2.2 Key Generation with Rate Constraint in Public Discussion
51(1)
4.2.3 Key Generation with Side-information at Eve
51(1)
4.3 Basic Approaches for Key Generation via Wireless Networks
52(2)
4.4 A Joint Source-Channel Key Agreement Protocol
54(5)
4.4.1 Key Agreement with a Public Channel
54(2)
4.4.2 Key Agreement without a Public Channel
56(3)
4.5 Relay-assisted Key Generation with a Public Channel
59(4)
4.5.1 Relay-assisted Key Generation with One Relay
59(2)
4.5.2 Relay-assisted Key Generation with Multiple Relays
61(1)
4.5.3 Relay-oblivious Key Generation
62(1)
4.6 Key Agreement with the Presence of an Active Attacker
63(3)
4.6.1 Training Phase
63(2)
4.6.2 Key Generation Phase
65(1)
4.7 Conclusion
66(1)
4.8 Acknowledgment
67(2)
References
67(2)
5 Secrecy with Feedback
69(24)
5.1 Introduction
69(1)
5.2 The Gaussian Two-way Wiretap Channel
70(1)
5.3 Achieving Secrecy Using Public Discussion
71(2)
5.4 Achieving Secrecy Using Cooperative Jamming
73(2)
5.4.1 Pull-duplex Node
74(1)
5.4.2 Half-duplex Node
74(1)
5.5 Achieving Secrecy through Discussion and Jamming
75(7)
5.5.1 Jamming with Codewords
75(3)
5.5.2 Secrecy through Key Generation
78(2)
5.5.3 Block Markov Coding Scheme
80(2)
5.6 When the Eavesdropper Channel States Are Not Known
82(2)
5.7 Converse
84(3)
5.7.1 Outer Bounds
84(2)
5.7.2 Discussion
86(1)
5.8 Conclusion
87(1)
5.9 Proof of Theorem 5.7.5
88(1)
5.10 Proof of Theorem 5.7.6
89(4)
References
90(3)
6 MIMO Signal Processing Algorithms for Enhanced Physical Layer Security
93(22)
6.1 Introduction
94(1)
6.2 Physical Layer Security
94(2)
6.2.1 Signal Processing Aspects
94(1)
6.2.2 Secrecy Performance Metrics
95(1)
6.2.3 The Role of CSI
95(1)
6.3 MIMO Wiretap Channels
96(3)
6.3.1 Complete CSI
97(1)
6.3.2 Partial CSI
98(1)
6.4 MIMO Wiretap Channel with an External Helper
99(2)
6.5 MIMO Broadcast Channel
101(2)
6.6 MIMO Interference Channel
103(4)
6.7 MIMO Relay Wiretap Networks
107(3)
6.7.1 Relay-aided Cooperation
107(2)
6.7.2 Untrusted Relaying
109(1)
6.8 Conclusions
110(5)
References
110(5)
7 Discriminatory Channel Estimation for Secure Wireless Communication
115(22)
7.1 Introduction
115(2)
7.2 Discriminatory Channel Estimation---Basic Concept
117(1)
7.3 DCE via Feedback and Retraining
118(8)
7.3.1 Two-Stage Feedback-and-Retraining
118(5)
7.3.2 Multiple-stage Feedback and Retraining
123(1)
7.3.3 Simulation Results and Discussions
124(2)
7.4 Discriminatory Channel Estimation via Two-way Training
126(8)
7.4.1 Two-way DCE Design for Reciprocal Channels
126(3)
7.4.2 Two-way DCE Design for Nonreciprocal Channels
129(2)
7.4.3 Simulation Results and Discussions
131(3)
7.5 Conclusions and Discussions
134(3)
Acknowledgment
135(1)
References
135(2)
8 Physical Layer Security in OFDMA Networks
137(16)
8.1 Introduction
137(1)
8.2 Related Works on Secure OFDM/OFDM Networks
138(3)
8.2.1 Secure OFDM Channel
138(2)
8.2.2 Secure OFDMA Cellular Networks
140(1)
8.2.3 Secure OFDMA Relay Networks
140(1)
8.2.4 Secure OFDM with Implementation Issues
140(1)
8.3 Basics of Resource Allocation for Secret Communications
141(1)
8.3.1 Power Allocation Law for Secrecy
141(1)
8.3.2 Multiple Eavesdroppers
141(1)
8.4 Resource Allocation for Physical Layer Security in OFDMA Networks
142(7)
8.4.1 Problem Formulation
143(1)
8.4.2 Optimal Policy
144(2)
8.4.3 Suboptimal Algorithm
146(1)
8.4.4 Complexity
147(1)
8.4.5 Numerical Examples
147(2)
8.4.6 Discussion on False CSI Feedback
149(1)
8.5 Conclusions and Open Issues
149(4)
References
150(3)
9 The Application of Cooperative Transmissions to Secrecy Communications
153(26)
9.1 Introduction
153(1)
9.2 When All Nodes Are Equipped with a Single Antenna
154(9)
9.2.1 Cooperative Jamming
155(2)
9.2.2 Relay Chatting
157(6)
9.3 MIMO Relay Secrecy Communication Scenarios
163(12)
9.3.1 When CSI of Eavesdroppers Is Known
163(5)
9.3.2 When CSI of Eavesdroppers Is Unknown
168(7)
9.4 Conclusion
175(4)
Acknowledgment
175(1)
References
175(4)
10 Game Theory for Physical Layer Security on Interference Channels
179(30)
10.1 Introduction
179(2)
10.2 System Models and Scenarios
181(7)
10.2.1 Standard MISO Interference Channel
182(1)
10.2.2 MISO Interference Channel with Private Messages
183(2)
10.2.3 MISO Interference Channel with Public Feedback and Private Messages
185(2)
10.2.4 Discussion and Comparison of Scenarios
187(1)
10.3 Noncooperative Solutions
188(4)
10.3.1 Noncooperative Games in Strategic Form
189(2)
10.3.2 Solution for the MISO Interference Channel Scenarios
191(1)
10.4 Cooperative Solutions
192(7)
10.4.1 Bargaining Solutions
193(2)
10.4.2 Nash Bargaining Solution
195(1)
10.4.3 Bargaining Algorithm in the Edgeworth Box
196(1)
10.4.4 Walras Equilibrium Solution
196(3)
10.5 Illustrations and Discussions
199(3)
10.5.1 Comparison of Utility Regions
199(1)
10.5.2 Noncooperative and Cooperative Operating Points
200(1)
10.5.3 Bargaining Algorithm Behavior
201(1)
10.6 Conclusions
202(1)
Acknowledgment
203(1)
10.7 Appendix: Proofs
203(6)
10.7.1 Proof of Theorem 10.3.1
203(1)
10.7.2 Proof of Theorem 10.4.1
204(1)
10.7.3 Proof of Theorem 10.4.2
205(1)
10.7.4 Proof of Theorem 10.4.3
205(1)
References
206(3)
11 Ascending Clock Auction for Physical Layer Security
209(28)
11.1 Introduction
210(2)
11.1.1 Cooperative Jamming for Physical Layer Security
210(1)
11.1.2 Game Theory-based Jamming Power Allocation
211(1)
11.1.3 Ascending Auctions
211(1)
11.1.4
Chapter Outline
212(1)
11.2 System Model and Problem Formulation
212(3)
11.2.1 System Model
212(2)
11.2.2 Source's Utility Function
214(1)
11.2.3 Jammer's Utility Function
215(1)
11.3 Auction-based Jamming Power Allocation Schemes
215(4)
11.3.1 Power Allocation Scheme based on Single Object Pay-as-Bid Ascending Clock Auction (P-ACA-S)
215(1)
11.3.2 Power Allocation Scheme based on Traditional Ascending Clock Auction (P-ACA-T)
216(2)
11.3.3 Power Allocation Scheme based on Alternative Ascending Clock Auction (P-ACA-A)
218(1)
11.4 Properties of the Proposed Auction-based Power Allocation Schemes
219(13)
11.4.1 Optimal Jamming Power for Each Source
220(1)
11.4.2 Convergence
221(2)
11.4.3 Cheat-proof
223(3)
11.4.4 Social Welfare Maximization
226(3)
11.4.5 Complexity and Overhead
229(3)
11.5 Conclusions and Open Issues
232(5)
References
234(3)
12 Relay and Jammer Cooperation as a Coalitional Game
237(16)
12.1 Introduction
237(3)
12.1.1 Cooperative Relaying and Cooperative Jamming
237(1)
12.1.2 Relay and Jammer Selection
238(1)
12.1.3 Coalitional Game Theory
239(1)
12.1.4
Chapter Outline
240(1)
12.2 System Model and Problem Formulation
240(2)
12.3 Relay and Jammer Cooperation as a Coalitional Game
242(3)
12.3.1 Coalitional Game Definition
242(2)
12.3.2 Properties of the Proposed Coalitional Game
244(1)
12.4 Coalition Formation Algorithm
245(3)
12.4.1 Coalition Formation Concepts
245(1)
12.4.2 Merge-and-Split Coalition Formation Algorithm
246(2)
12.5 Conclusions and Open Issues
248(5)
References
249(4)
13 Stochastic Geometry Approaches to Secrecy in Large Wireless Networks
253(18)
13.1 Introduction
253(2)
13.1.1 Motivation
253(1)
13.1.2 Stochastic Geometry Approaches
254(1)
13.2 Secrecy Graph
255(7)
13.2.1 Network and Graph Model
255(1)
13.2.2 Local Connectivity Properties
256(2)
13.2.3 Global Connectivity Properties
258(2)
13.2.4 Connectivity Enhancements
260(2)
13.3 Secrecy Transmission Capacity
262(6)
13.3.1 Network Model
262(1)
13.3.2 Capacity Formulation
262(2)
13.3.3 Illustrative Example
264(4)
13.4 Current Limitations and Future Directions
268(3)
References
269(2)
14 Physical Layer Secrecy in Large Multihop Wireless Networks
271(18)
14.1 Introduction
271(2)
14.2 Background: Physical Layer Security in One-hop Networks
273(1)
14.3 Secure Connectivity: The Secrecy Graph
274(1)
14.4 Secure Capacity
275(9)
14.4.1 Background: Throughput Scaling in Large Wireless Networks
275(2)
14.4.2 Secrecy Scaling with Known Eavesdropper Locations
277(1)
14.4.3 Secrecy Scaling with Unknown Eavesdropper Locations
277(7)
14.5 Conclusion and Future Work
284(5)
Acknowledgment
285(1)
References
285(4)
Index 289
Xiangyun Zhou is a Lecturer at the Australian National University. He received the B.E. (hons.) degree in electronics and telecommunications engineering and the Ph.D. degree in telecommunications engineering from the ANU in 2007 and 2010, respectively. From June 2010 to June 2011, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow at UNIK - University Graduate Center, University of Oslo, Norway. His research interests are in the fields of communication theory and wireless networks, including MIMO systems, relay and cooperative communications, heterogeneous and small cell networks, ad hoc and sensor wireless networks, physical layer security, and wireless power transfer. Dr. Zhou serves on the editorial boards of Security and Communication Networks (Wiley) and Ad Hoc & Sensor Wireless Networks. He was the organizer and chair of the special session on "Stochastic Geometry and Random Networks" in 2013 Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers. He has also served as the TPC member of major IEEE conferences. He is a recipient of the Best Paper Award at the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

Lingyang Song is a Professor at Peking University, China. He received his PhD from the University of York, UK, in 2007, where he received the K. M. Stott Prize for excellent research. He worked as a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Oslo, Norway, and Harvard University, until rejoining Philips Research UK in March 2008. In May 2009, he joined the School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, China, as a full professor. His main research interests include MIMO, OFDM, cooperative communications, cognitive radio, physical layer security, game theory, and wireless ad hoc/sensor networks. He is co-inventor of a number of patents (standard contributions), and author or co-author of over 100 journal and conference papers. He is the co-editor of two books, "Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)-Fundamentals and Applications" and "Evolved Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS and LTE", published by Auerbach Publications, CRC Press, USA. Dr. Song received several Best Paper Awards, including one in IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM 2007), one in the First IEEE International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC 2012), one in the 7th International Conference on Communications and Networking in China (ChinaCom2012), and one in IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference (WCNC2012). Dr. Song is currently on the Editorial Board of IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, and IET Communications. He is the recipient of 2012 IEEE Asia Pacific (AP) Young Researcher Award.

Yan Zhang received a Ph.D. degree from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Since August 2006 he has been working with Simula Research Laboratory, Norway. He is currently a senior research scientist at Simula Research Laboratory. He is an associate professor (part-time) at the University of Oslo, Norway. He is a regional editor, associate editor, on the editorial board, or guest editor of a number of international journals. He is currently serving as Book Series Editor for the book series on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (Auerbach Publications, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group). He has served or is serving as organizing committee chair for many international conferences, including AINA 2011, WICON 2010, IWCMC 2010/2009, BODYNETS 2010, BROADNETS 2009, ACM MobiHoc 2008, IEEE ISM 2007, and CHINACOM 2009/2008. His research interests include resource, mobility, spectrum, energy, and data management in wireless communications and networking.
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