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E-raamat: Physics of Thin Film Optical Spectra: An Introduction

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Physics of Thin Film Optical Spectra: An IntroductionSuurem pilt
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The book bridges the gap between fundamental physics courses (such as optics, electrodynamics, quantum mechanics and solid state physics) and highly specialized literature on the spectroscopy, design, and application of optical thin film coatings. Basic knowledge from the above-mentioned courses is therefore presumed. Starting from fundamental physics, the book enables the reader derive the theory of optical coatings and to apply it to practically important spectroscopic problems. Both classical and semiclassical approaches are included. Examples describe the full range of classical optical coatings in various spectral regions as well as highly specialized new topics such as rugate filters and resonant grating waveguide structures. The second edition has been updated and extended with respect to probing matter in different spectral regions, homogenous and inhomogeneous line broadening mechanisms and the Fresnel formula for the effect of planar interfaces.

Introduction.- Part I Classical Description of the Interaction of Light with Matter.- Part II Interface Reflection and Interference Phenomena in Thin Film Systems.- Part III Semiclassical Description of the Interaction of Light with Matter.- Part V Basics of Nonlinear Optics.
1 Introduction
1(10)
1.1 General Remarks
1(1)
1.2 To the Content of the Book
2(2)
1.3 The General Problem
4(2)
1.4 One Remark Concerning Conventions
6(5)
Part I Classical Description of the Interaction of Light with Matter
2 The Linear Dielectric Susceptibility
11(14)
2.1 Maxwell's Equations
11(2)
2.2 The Linear Dielectric Susceptibility
13(2)
2.3 Linear Optical Constants
15(3)
2.4 Some General Remarks
18(1)
2.5 Example: Orientation Polarization and Debye's Equations
19(4)
2.6 Energy Dissipation
23(2)
3 The Classical Treatment of Free and Bound Charge Carriers
25(22)
3.1 Free Charge Carriers
25(6)
3.1.1 Derivation of Drude's Formula I
25(3)
3.1.2 Derivation of Drude's Formula II
28(3)
3.2 The Oscillator Model for Bound Charge Carriers
31(8)
3.2.1 General Idea
31(2)
3.2.2 Microscopic Fields
33(2)
3.2.3 The Clausius-Mossotti and Lorentz-Lorenz-Equations
35(4)
3.3 Probing Matter in Different Spectral Regions
39(1)
3.4 Spatial Dispersion
39(3)
3.5 Attempt of an Illustrative Approach
42(5)
4 Derivations from the Oscillator Model
47(38)
4.1 Natural Linewidth
47(2)
4.2 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Line Broadening Mechanisms
49(3)
4.2.1 General
49(1)
4.2.2 Collision Broadening
50(1)
4.2.3 Doppler Broadening
50(1)
4.2.4 Brendel Model
51(1)
4.3 Oscillators with More Than One Degree of Freedom
52(2)
4.4 Sellmeier's and Cauchy's Formulae
54(3)
4.5 Optical Properties of Mixtures
57(28)
4.5.1 Motivation and Example
57(4)
4.5.2 The Maxwell Garnett, Bruggeman and Lorentz-Lorenz Mixing Models
61(3)
4.5.3 Metal-Dielectric Mixtures and Remarks on Surface Plasmons
64(3)
4.5.4 Dielectric Mixtures and Wiener Bounds
67(5)
4.5.5 The Effect of Pores
72(6)
4.5.6 The Refractive Index of Amorphous Silicon in Terms of the Lorentz-Lorenz Approach: A Model Calculation
78(7)
5 The Kramers-Kronig Relations
85(12)
5.1 Derivation of the Kramers-Kronig Relations
85(4)
5.2 Some Conclusions
89(2)
5.3 Resume from Chaps. 2--4 and this
Chapter
91(6)
5.3.1 Overview on Main Results
91(1)
5.3.2 Problems
92(5)
Part II Interface Reflection and Interference Phenomena in Thin Film Systems
6 Planar Interfaces
97(34)
6.1 Transmission, Reflection, Absorption and Scattering
97(6)
6.1.1 Definitions
97(2)
6.1.2 Experimental Aspects
99(3)
6.1.3 Remarks on the Absorbance Concept
102(1)
6.2 The Effect of Planar Interfaces: Fresnel's Formulae
103(9)
6.3 Total Reflection of Light
112(4)
6.3.1 Conditions of Total Reflection
112(1)
6.3.2 Discussion
113(1)
6.3.3 Attenuated Total Reflection ATR
114(2)
6.4 Metal Surfaces
116(9)
6.4.1 Metallic Reflection
116(3)
6.4.2 Propagating Surface Plasmon Polaritons
119(6)
6.5 Anisotropic Materials
125(6)
6.5.1 Interface Reflection Between an Isotropic and an Anisotropic Material
125(3)
6.5.2 Giant Birefringent Optics
128(3)
7 Thick Slabs and Thin Films
131(32)
7.1 Transmittance and Reflectance of a Thick Slab
131(5)
7.2 Thick Slabs and Thin Films
136(3)
7.3 Spectra of Thin Films
139(3)
7.4 Special Cases
142(21)
7.4.1 Vanishing Damping
142(2)
7.4.2 Halfwave Layers
144(1)
7.4.3 Quarterwave Layers
145(2)
7.4.4 Free-Standing Films
147(2)
7.4.5 A Single Thin Film on a Thick Substrate
149(4)
7.4.6 A Few More Words on Reverse Search Procedures
153(10)
8 Gradient Index Films and Multilayers
163(18)
8.1 Gradient Index Films
163(12)
8.1.1 General Assumptions
163(3)
8.1.2 s-Polarization
166(2)
8.1.3 p-Polarization
168(1)
8.1.4 Calculation of Transmittance and Reflectance
169(6)
8.2 Multilayer Systems
175(6)
8.2.1 The Characteristic Matrix
175(2)
8.2.2 Characteristic Matrix of a Single Homogeneous Film
177(1)
8.2.3 Characteristic Matrix of a Film Stack
177(1)
8.2.4 Calculation of Transmittance and Reflectance
178(3)
9 Special Geometries
181(48)
9.1 Quarterwave Stacks and Derived Systems
181(4)
9.2 Chirped and Dispersive Mirrors
185(15)
9.2.1 Basic Properties of Short Light Pulses: Qualitative Discussion
185(4)
9.2.2 General Idea of Chirped Mirror Design
189(1)
9.2.3 First and Second Order Dispersion Theory
190(5)
9.2.4 Spectral Targets for Dispersive Mirrors and Examples
195(5)
9.3 Structured Surfaces
200(2)
9.4 Remarks on Resonant Grating Waveguide Structures
202(11)
9.4.1 General Idea
202(1)
9.4.2 Propagating Modes and Grating Period
203(2)
9.4.3 Energy Exchange Between the Propagating Modes
205(1)
9.4.4 Analytical Film Thickness Estimation for a GWS
206(2)
9.4.5 Examples on GWS-Based Simple Reflector and Absorber Designs
208(5)
9.5 Resume from Chaps. 6--8 and this
Chapter
213(16)
9.5.1 Overview on Main Results
213(2)
9.5.2 Further Experimental Examples
215(5)
9.5.3 Problems
220(9)
Part III Semiclassical Description of the Interaction of Light with Matter
10 Einstein Coefficients
229(26)
10.1 General Remarks
229(1)
10.2 Phenomenological Description
230(2)
10.3 Mathematical Treatment
232(1)
10.4 Perturbation Theory of Quantum Transitions
233(6)
10.5 Planck's Formula
239(4)
10.5.1 Idea
239(1)
10.5.2 Planck Distribution
240(1)
10.5.3 Density of States
240(3)
10.6 Expressions for Einstein Coefficients in the Dipole Approximation
243(4)
10.7 Lasers
247(8)
10.7.1 Population Inversion and Light Amplification
247(1)
10.7.2 Feedback
248(7)
11 Semiclassical Treatment of the Dielectric Function
255(16)
11.1 First Suggestions
255(2)
11.2 Calculation of the Dielectric Function by Means of the Density Matrix
257(14)
11.2.1 The Interaction Picture
257(1)
11.2.2 Introduction of the Density Matrix
258(13)
12 Solid State Optics
271(32)
12.1 Formal Treatment of the Dielectric Function of Crystals (Direct Transitions)
271(5)
12.2 Joint Density of States
276(5)
12.3 Indirect Transitions
281(3)
12.4 Amorphous Solids
284(8)
12.4.1 General Considerations
284(8)
12.5 Resume from Chaps. 10--11 and this
Chapter
292(11)
12.5.1 Overview on Main Results
292(3)
12.5.2 Problems
295(8)
Part IV Basics of Nonlinear Optics
13 Some Basic Effects of Nonlinear Optics
303(26)
13.1 Nonlinear Susceptibilities: Phenomenological Approach
303(12)
13.1.1 General Idea
303(2)
13.1.2 Formal Treatment and Simple Second Order Nonlinear Optical Effects
305(7)
13.1.3 Some Third Order Effects
312(3)
13.2 Calculation Scheme for Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities
315(10)
13.2.1 Macroscopic Susceptibilities and Microscopic Hyperpolarizabilities
315(1)
13.2.2 Density Matrix Approach for Calculating Optical Hyperpolarizabilities
316(5)
13.2.3 Discussion
321(4)
13.3 Resume for this
Chapter
325(4)
13.3.1 Overview on Main Results
325(2)
13.3.2 Problems
327(2)
14 Concluding Remarks
329(6)
Too Many Equations?---A Very Final Remark on Physicists and Mathematics 335(2)
Bibliography 337(10)
Index 347
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