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E-raamat: Plane and Geodetic Surveying

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(University of Cambridge, UK)
  • Formaat: 276 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Jun-2014
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040071717
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Plane and Geodetic SurveyingSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 276 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Jun-2014
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040071717
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Plane and Geodetic Surveying blends together theory and practice, conventional techniques and satellite-based methods, to provide the ideal book for students of surveying. It gives detailed guidance on how and when the principal surveying instruments (total stations, levels and navigational satellite receivers) should be used.

It fully and clearly explains the concepts and formulae needed to convert instrument readings into useful and reliable results. It offers rigorous explanations of the theoretical background to surveying, while at the same time providing a wealth of useful advice about conducting a survey in practice. The book also contains an accompanying least square adjustment program that is available for free download.

Whats New in the Second Edition:





Revises and updates the text to reflect recent developments in satellite navigation, laser scanners and total stations Provides a more rigorous treatment of how to calculate and use mean earth curvature in geodetic geometry Includes substantial additional information on precise levelling, spherical and ellipsoidal geometry, trigonometric heighting and setting out Offers a fuller description of mapping systems, including the State Plane Coordinate System

This book is essential for all students of surveying and for practitioners who need a stand-alone text for further reading.
Preface to Second Edition xiii
Preface to First Edition xv
Acknowledgements xvii
About the Author xix
1 Introduction
1(6)
1.1 Aim and Scope
1(1)
1.2 Classification of Surveys
2(3)
1.2.1 Classification by Purpose
2(1)
1.2.2 Classification by Scale
3(1)
1.2.3 Classification by the Type of Measurements Taken
3(1)
1.2.4 Classification by the Equipment Used
4(1)
1.3 The Structure of This Book
5(2)
2 General Principles of Surveying
7(8)
2.1 Errors
7(3)
2.1.1 Types of Errors
8(1)
2.1.2 Precision and Accuracy
9(1)
2.2 Redundancy
10(1)
2.3 Stiffness
10(2)
2.4 Adjustment
12(1)
2.5 Planning and Record Keeping
12(3)
3 Principal Surveying Activities
15(18)
3.1 Establishing Control Networks
15(5)
3.1.1 Satellite Methods
17(1)
3.1.2 Triangulation
18(1)
3.1.3 Traversing
19(1)
3.2 Mapping
20(2)
3.3 Setting Out
22(6)
3.3.1 Setting Out in the Horizontal Plane
23(4)
3.3.2 Setting Out Heights
27(1)
3.4 Resectioning
28(2)
3.5 Deformation Monitoring
30(3)
4 Angle Measurement
33(20)
4.1 The Surveyor's Compass
33(1)
4.2 The Clinometer
33(1)
4.3 The Total Station
34(9)
4.3.1 The Instrument
34(3)
4.3.2 Handling
37(1)
4.3.3 Setting Up, Centring and Levelling
38(2)
4.3.4 Focusing the Telescope
40(1)
4.3.5 Observing the Target
41(1)
4.3.6 Reading the Angle
41(1)
4.3.7 Errors Due to Maladjustment of the Instrument
42(1)
4.4 Making Observations
43(7)
4.4.1 Principles
43(1)
4.4.2 Practical Points
44(1)
4.4.3 Recording Observations
45(1)
4.4.4 Horizontal Angles
46(1)
4.4.5 Vertical Angles
47(2)
4.4.6 Setting Out Angles
49(1)
4.5 Checks on Permanent Adjustments
50(3)
4.5.1 Bubble Errors
50(1)
4.5.2 Plummet Errors
51(1)
4.5.3 Reticle Errors
51(1)
4.5.4 Collimation Errors
52(1)
4.5.5 Trunnion Axis Misalignment
52(1)
5 Distance Measurement
53(8)
5.2 General
53(1)
5.2 Tape Measurements
53(1)
5.3 Optical Methods (Tachymetry)
54(1)
5.4 Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (EDM)
55(3)
5.4.1 Principles
55(2)
5.4.2 Use of EDM
57(1)
5.5 Ultrasonic Methods
58(1)
5.6 GNSS
58(3)
6 Levelling
61(18)
6.1 Theory
61(3)
6.2 The Instrument
64(2)
6.3 Technique
66(2)
6.4 Booking
68(2)
6.5 Permanent Adjustments
70(1)
6.6 Precise Levelling
71(4)
6.7 Contours
75(1)
6.8 Levelling over Longer Distances
76(3)
7 Satellite Surveying
79(22)
7.1 Introduction
79(1)
7.2 How GPS Works
80(2)
7.3 Differential GNSS (DGNSS)
82(4)
7.3.1 Base Stations for Differential GNSS
84(1)
7.3.1.1 Passive Stations
84(1)
7.3.1.2 Active Stations
84(1)
7.3.1.3 Broadcasting Stations
85(1)
7.3.2 Network Real-Time Kinematic Services
85(1)
7.4 Using DGNSS in the Field
86(2)
7.4.1 Static
86(1)
7.4.2 Rapid Static
86(1)
7.4.3 Stop and Go
86(1)
7.4.4 Kinematic
87(1)
7.4.5 Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)
87(1)
7.4.6 Building a Network of Stations
88(1)
7.5 Redundancy
88(2)
7.6 Processing GNSS Results
90(4)
7.7 The International Terrestrial Reference System
94(1)
7.8 Further Details of GPS and Galileo
95(3)
7.8.1 The GPS Signal
95(2)
7.8.2 Ionospheric Effects in GPS
97(1)
7.8.3 GPS Time
97(1)
7.8.4 Galileo
98(1)
7.9 Enhancement of GNSS
98(3)
7.9.1 Overlay Systems
98(1)
7.9.2 Precise Ephemerides
99(2)
8 Geoids, Ellipsoids and Co-ordinate Transforms
101(28)
8.1 Definition of the Geoid
101(1)
8.2 The Need for an Ellipsoid
102(4)
8.3 Orthometric Heights and Bench Marks
106(2)
8.4 Geometry of the Ellipse
108(4)
8.4.1 Defining the Shape of an Ellipse
108(2)
8.4.2 Curvature on an Ellipse
110(2)
8.5 Transformations between Ellipsoids
112(6)
8.5.1 Using a Transform Matrix
112(5)
8.5.2 Making a Transform Matrix
117(1)
8.6 ETRS89 and the International Terrestrial Reference System
118(1)
8.7 Further Properties of Ellipsoids
119(10)
8.7.1 Curvature on an Ellipsoid
119(1)
8.7.1.1 Principal Curvatures
119(3)
8.7.1.2 Curvature in Other Directions
122(2)
8.7.1.3 Average Curvature at a Point
124(1)
8.7.1.4 Mean Curvature of an Ellipsoid
125(1)
8.7.2 Geodesies
125(4)
9 Map Projections
129(26)
9.1 The Need for Projections
129(2)
9.2 Useful Properties of Projections
131(1)
9.3 Common Classes of Projections
132(6)
9.3.1 Azimuthal Projections
132(3)
9.3.2 Cylindrical Projections
135(2)
9.3.3 Conical Projections
137(1)
9.4 Individual Projections
138(3)
9.4.1 The Lambert Conformal Projection
138(1)
9.4.2 The Mercator Projection
139(1)
9.4.3 The Transverse Mercator Projection
139(1)
9.4.4 The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection
140(1)
9.5 Distortions in Conformal Projections
141(3)
9.5.1 Scale Factor Distortions
141(1)
9.5.2 Distortions of Shortest Paths between Points
142(2)
9.6 Grids
144(3)
9.6.1 UTM Grids
146(1)
9.6.2 The British National Grid
146(1)
9.6.3 The State Plane Co-ordinate System
147(1)
9.7 Bearings on Grids
147(2)
9.8 The Realisation of the British National Grid
149(2)
9.9 Co-ordinate Systems for Engineering Works in Britain
151(4)
10 Reduction of Distance Measurements
155(16)
10.1 Correction for the Curvature of the Ellipsoid
155(3)
10.2 Correction for Light Curvature
158(5)
10.3 Corrections to Slope Distance Measurements
163(2)
10.4 Final Calculation of Reduced Distance
165(2)
10.5 Slope Distances
167(2)
10.6 Summary
169(2)
11 Adjustment of Observations
171(22)
11.1 Introduction
171(1)
11.2 The Bowditch Adjustment
172(3)
11.3 Least-Squares Adjustment
175(7)
11.4 Error Ellipses
182(6)
11.5 Least-Squares Adjustment by Computer
188(1)
11.6 Interpreting Least-Squares Results
189(1)
11.7 Summary
190(3)
12 Trigonometric Heighting
193(12)
12.1 Introduction
193(1)
12.2 Methods for Trigonometric Heighting
194(1)
12.3 Procedure for Reciprocal Vertical Measurements
194(4)
12.4 Scheme of Observations
198(1)
12.5 Calculations
198(5)
12.6 Accuracy of Reciprocal Vertical Angles
203(2)
Appendix A Constants, Formulae, Ellipsoid and Projection Data 205(2)
Appendix B Control Stations 207(4)
Appendix C Worked Example in Transforming between Ellipsoids 211(2)
Appendix D Calculation of Local Scale Factors in Transverse Mercator Projections 213(4)
Appendix E Worked Examples in Adjustment 217(8)
Appendix F Worked Example in Setting Out 225(6)
Appendix G Booking Sheets 231(6)
Appendix H Calculation Sheets 237(4)
References and Bibliography 241(2)
Glossary 243(6)
Index 249
Aylmer Johnson is a senior lecturer in the Cambridge University Engineering Department and a Fellow of Clare College.
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