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E-raamat: Policing in Hong Kong: History and Reform

(Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, and School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York, Albany, USA)
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"The HKP (Hong Kong Police), 'Asia's Finest', is a battle-tested professional organisation with strong leadership, competent staff, and deep culture. It is also a continuously learning and reforming agency in pursuit of organisational excellence. Policing in Hong Kong: history and reform is the first and only book on the development of the Hong Kong Police from an inside out and bottom up perspective."--Back cover.

Hong Kong Police (HKP) veteran and scholar Wong provides a detailed account of the development and history of what is generally regarded as the most competent, professional police organization in Asia, and how it came to be regarded as such. In doing so, Wong shares numerous insights into how colonial policing in Hong Kong and in other locations has functioned and adapted to accommodate local culture. In Part I, he defines and assesses colonial policing and the HKP’s adoption of Chinese policing techniques and philosophies. Part II is devoted to policing reform at HKP in the 1950s and the developments that led up to it. Wong also provides an untraditional take on the policies and motivations of the HKP during the era of British colonial authority over the city, before sovereignty reverted to China in 1997. Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

The HKP (Hong Kong Police), ‘Asia’s Finest’, is a battle-tested professional organization with strong leadership, competent staff, and deep culture. It is also a continuously learning and reforming agency in pursuit of organisational excellence.Policing in Hong Kong: History and Reform is the first and only book on the development of the Hong Kong Police from an inside out and bottom up perspective. Written by a scholar and veteran of the HKP, it is an amalgamation of indigenous theory and supporting data.

Part One begins by describing the development of police studies in Hong Kong as an emerging field since the 1990s. It supplies an analytical and empirical construct of colonial policing as well as a theoretical assessment. It discusses the nature, topologies, conduct, impact, and assessment of police reform. The book demonstrates how colonial policing in Hong Kong and elsewhere takes on the community’s local color and hue in practice. Colonial policing in Hong Kong is "policing with Chinese characteristics."

Part Two tracks the history of the HKP’s formation in the 1840s and examines how colonial policing in Hong Kong has changed over time. It describes the HKP’s four distinctive reform periods: the formation period (1845), the reorganisation period (1872), the modernisation period (1950s), and finally, the decolonisation period (1990s). It argues that HKP reform in the1950s was the pivotal point in transforming the HKP from a colonial force into a civil one by way of localisation, legalisation, modernisation, communalisation, and organisation.

Overall, the book questions previously accepted colonial history, and in doing so, contributes to our understanding of challenges and opportunities facing HKP after the reversion of political authority from England to China.

Dedication xv
Foreword xvii
Series Editor's Preface xix
Prologue xxi
Author xxix
Introduction xxxiii
Part I Colonial Policing With Chinese Characteristics
1 Study of Policing in Hong Kong
3(32)
Introduction
3(1)
Focus and Organisation
4(1)
I Police Study in Hong Kong: A Brief History
4(7)
Introduction
4(7)
II Research Output
11(10)
Thesis/Dissertations/Articles
11(2)
Academic Books and Monographs
13(1)
Textbooks
14(1)
Popular Readings
15(5)
NGO Reports
20(1)
III Studying Policing in Hong Kong: Problems and Issues
21(3)
IV Conclusion
24(1)
Endnotes
25(10)
2 Debating Colonial Policing
35(54)
Introduction
35(3)
I Concept of Colonial Policing
38(7)
Defining Colonialism
38(3)
Colonial HKP: Context Matters
41(3)
Study of Colonial Police
44(1)
II Deconstructing Colonial Policing
45(25)
Introduction
45(2)
A Colonial Police in Multiple Forms
47(2)
One Crown Colony—Many Colonial Policing
47(2)
B Colonial Policing as 'People' Policing
49(13)
One Crown Colony—Many Kinds of Colonial Officials
49(1)
Many Colonial Personalities
49(2)
Independent Colonial Officials
51(1)
Middle-Class British Cadets
52(3)
Working-Class Europeans
55(1)
Adventurous Expatriate Souls
56(1)
Ambivalent Local Officers
57(5)
Many Colonised People
62(1)
C Colonial Policing as 'Pluralistic' Policing
62(2)
D Colonial Policing as 'Collaborative' Policing
64(5)
E Colonial Policing as 'Discretionary' Policing
69(1)
F Colonial Policing as 'More or Less' Governmental Control
70(1)
III True Nature of Colonial Policing
70(3)
Colonial HKP Is Not Monolithic, Omnipresent and Omnipotent
70(1)
Colonial Policing Is Not Anti-Local
71(2)
True Nature of Colonial Policing in Hong Kong
73(1)
IV Conclusion
73(3)
Endnotes
76(13)
3 Assessing Colonial Policing
89(48)
Introduction
89(1)
I Framework of Analysis
90(3)
II A Cultural Model of Analysis
93(2)
Reflecting on Conflict Theory
93(1)
Return of Human Agency
93(1)
Assessment Standards
94(1)
III Theoretical Assessment of the HKP: Colonial Policing and Political Legitimacy
95(13)
Introduction
95(1)
The Debate
96(4)
A Political Legitimacy Test Defined
98(1)
Why and What 'Legitimacy' Test for Colonial Policing?
99(1)
Hong Kong People Can Define Legitimacy Differently
100(3)
Conceptualising 'Legitimacy'
100(1)
Measuring 'Fairness'
101(2)
Hong Kong People Can Accept 'Colonial Policing' without Legitimacy
103(4)
Cross-Cultural Law Enforcement
107(1)
A Chinese Legitimacy Test
108(1)
IV Empirical Assessment: HKP Chinese Officers on HKP
108(20)
Introduction
108(3)
Confucianism and HKP Free Speech
111(1)
Research Data Overview
112(12)
On Wisdom of Colonial Rule
114(1)
On HKP Discipline
115(3)
On Rule of Law
118(2)
On Accommodating Alien Culture
120(1)
Seeking Truth: Integrating Culture, Science and Experience
121(1)
On Dealing with Adversities (under British Rule)
122(2)
Concluding Thoughts
124(4)
V Conclusion
128(1)
Endnotes
129(8)
4 Policing with Hong Kong Characteristics
137(52)
Introduction
137(2)
I Colonial Policing as Policing Chinese
139(4)
II Colonial Policing as Chinese Policing
143(6)
Social Control Organisation and Philosophy
144(2)
Social Control Principles
146(1)
Chinese Jurisprudential Ideas and Ideal: 'Qing Li Fa'
147(1)
Supremacy of 'Qing' over 'Li'
148(1)
How Judges Apply 'Qing-Li-Fa'
148(1)
III Colonial Policing as Self-Help Policing
149(4)
Self-Help Policing in Chinese Philosophy
149(2)
Self-Help Policing as Imperial Rule
151(1)
Self-Help Policing before the British
152(1)
Chinese Theory of Self-Help
153(12)
SRT Theoretical Statements
154(1)
Definitions
154(1)
Radical Theory of Policing
155(1)
Policing from People's Perspective
155(1)
Legalisation of People's Problems
156(1)
Discussion
157(1)
Application
158(7)
IV Colonial Policing as Policing Migrant
165(1)
V Colonial Policing as Relationship (Guanxi) Policing
166(3)
Juvenile versus Adult Debate
166(1)
Terrorist versus Criminal Controversy
167(1)
Policing Relationship: Strangers versus Intimates
168(1)
Relationship Policing: Rural versus Urban
168(1)
VI Conclusion
169(2)
Endnotes
171(18)
Part II Police Reform In 1950's
5 Police Reform Literature
189(38)
Introduction
189(1)
I Police Reform
189(10)
Why Police Reform?
189(1)
Typologies of Police Reform
190(4)
Nostalgic Reform
191(1)
Normative Reform
191(1)
Progressive Reform
192(1)
Critical Reform
193(1)
Political Reform
193(1)
Forces of Change
194(1)
How to Conduct Police Reform?
195(1)
Accountable to What, Whom and How?
195(1)
Impact of Police Reform
196(1)
How to Assess HKP Reform?
196(3)
II HKP Reform Inquiries
199(16)
The Caldwell Commission (1858)
199(1)
The Police Commission (1871)
200(3)
Sir Alastair Blair-Kerr Commission (1973)
203(4)
The LRC: Report on Arrest (1992)
207(1)
The Coopers & Lybrand Consultant Report (1993)
207(3)
Lan Kwai Fong (LKF) Disaster Report (1993)
210(3)
Hong Kong Audit Commission Audit of HKP
213(1)
Station Improvement and Amalgamation Projects (April 2005)
214(1)
III Conclusion
215(1)
Endnotes
216(11)
6 Policing in Colonial Hong Kong
227(30)
Introduction
227(1)
I Policing with Colonial Characteristics
227(2)
II Historical Developments of the HKP
229(3)
III Colonial Policing: Continuity and Change
232(14)
Inspector Quincey (1870-1890)
232(6)
Analysis
237(1)
CIP Reynolds (1910-1932)
238(3)
Analysis
241(1)
Chief Inspector Andrew (1912-1938)
241(20)
Analysis
244(2)
IV Police Reformers
246(4)
V Conclusion
250(1)
Endnotes
251(6)
7 Formation of Hong Kong Police in the 1840's
257(26)
Introduction
257(1)
I Crimes in Hong Kong
257(1)
II Crime Control Measures
258(1)
III Policing in Hong Kong
259(2)
IV Formation of Hong Kong Police Force: The Legal Framework
261(10)
Introduction
261(1)
The Legal Framework
261(25)
Police Force Ordinance (1844)
261(3)
Native Chinese Peace Officer Ordinance (1844)
264(2)
Justice of Peace Ordinance (1844)
266(1)
Gaming Ordinance (1844)
266(2)
Distillation of Spirits Ordinance (1844)
268(1)
Registry and Census of the Inhabitants Ordinance (1844)
269(1)
Preservation of Good Order and Cleanliness Ordinance (1844)
270(1)
V The Police Laws and Role of HKP
271(2)
VI Police Leadership and Policing in Hong Kong
273(3)
VII Conclusion
276(1)
Endnotes
277(6)
8 HKP Reform in the 1950's: Context and Framework
283(58)
Introduction
283(2)
I Research Data
285(1)
II Contexts of Reform
286(8)
A Social Context
286(1)
B Political Context
287(1)
C Cultural Context
288(1)
D Law and Order Context
288(1)
E Wei Ji (Danger and Opportunity)
289(1)
F United Kingdom Thinking: China Factor
290(2)
G Refugee Problem
292(1)
H WWII Impact
293(1)
III Direction of Reform
294(9)
Introduction
294(1)
A 1947 HKP Commissioner Report
294(2)
B 1957 Annual Police Review
296(1)
C Colonial Agenda
297(1)
D Legislative Agenda
297(2)
Economy and Reform
297(1)
Human Rights and Reform
298(1)
E Operational Agenda
299(1)
F Expert Opinion
300(1)
Discussion
301(2)
IV Process and Measures of Reform
303(21)
A Decolonisation
303(10)
Decolonisation without Being Decolonised
303(1)
Decolonisation and Differentiate Policing
304(2)
Decolonisation Model
306(1)
Decolonisation and Penal Policy
307(1)
Decolonisation and Social Service
308(1)
Decolonisation and Confucianisation of Policing
309(4)
B Localisation
313(29)
Disengagement
313(1)
Delegation
314(1)
Collaboration
315(3)
Customisation
318(1)
Assimilation
319(1)
Localisation Efforts before WWII
320(4)
V Conclusion
324(1)
Endnotes
324(17)
9 HKP Reform: The 1950's
341(122)
Introduction
341(1)
I Localisation
342(12)
Localisation
342(1)
Colonial Policy of Localisation
343(1)
Localisation after WWII
344(10)
Reflection
354(1)
II Legalisation
354(15)
Shum Hung vs. Tam Fun (1961) HKCA 1; CACC338/1961 (11 November 1961)
360(2)
Analysis
362(2)
Re Yeung Lam (1968) HKCFI 40; HCMP135/1968 (18 September 1968)
364(2)
Analysis
366(3)
Wong Ching Yuen vs. the Queen (1900) HKCA 13; CACC278/1972 (Judgement Date Unknown)
369(1)
Analysis
369(1)
III Modernisation
369(27)
Formation
383(1)
Leadership
384(1)
Training
385(1)
Role and Treatment
385(2)
Frontline Observations
387(1)
From Academic Studies
388(3)
Issues
391(3)
Self-Promotion of HKP
394(2)
IV Communalisation
396(10)
V Organisation
406(17)
Bureaucratisation
407(16)
Standardise Administration
407(1)
Diversified and Customised Operations
408(1)
Command and Control
408(1)
Research on Command and Control: Policy Formulation and Implementation
408(2)
Anecdotal Evidence of Divisional Control
410(3)
All Policing Are Local
413(1)
Policing for All Seasons and Reasons
413(1)
Policing in KLN City
414(2)
Policing in SSP
416(2)
Policing in YMT Division
418(2)
Policing in NT Division
420(1)
Policing the Border
421(1)
Policing the Peak
422(1)
VI HKP Voices
423(6)
On Police Reform Measures
424(2)
On Police-Public Relationship
426(1)
On Police Self-Image
427(2)
VII Conclusion
429(34)
Introduction
429(2)
Intellectual Challenge
431(1)
Analytical Framework Proposed: Methodological Individualism
432(3)
Human-to-Human Interface
432(1)
Colonialism as Negotiation: It Takes Two to Tango
433(1)
Cross-Cultural Negotiating: Case of CIP Annieson
433(1)
Chief Inspector Anthony Annieson (1956-1978)
434(1)
Themes and Contributions
435(4)
Future Research
439(1)
Endnotes
440(23)
Index 463
Professor Kam C. Wong teaches at the Department of Criminal Justice, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, where he once was a chairperson. Concurrently, he is a faculty fellow at the School of Criminal Justice, SUNYAlbany, New York. An Inspector of Police with the Hong Kong Police, Dr. Wong was awarded the Commissioners High Commendation. Currently, he is an Honorary Fellow at the Center for Criminology at Hong Kong University. Professor Wong is a legal consultant to the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada on Chinese law issues; an expert consultant to U.K. Beirut Police Integrity Workshop, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; an expert observer at the United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders; and an expert consultant to HKP and Ministry of Public Security, Peoples Republic of China.