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E-raamat: Policy Issues in Genetically Modified Crops: A Global Perspective

Edited by (Leuven International and European Studies (LINES), KU Leuven, Belgium), Edited by , Edited by , Edited by (Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India), Edited by (University Department of Botany, Babasaheb Bhimr)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Nov-2020
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
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  • ISBN-13: 9780128209455

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Policy Issues in Genetically Modified Crops: A Global Perspective contains both theoretical and empirical evidence of a broad range of aspects of GM crop policies throughout the world. Emphasizing world agriculture production and ethics of GM crops, the book balances insights into the various discussions around the use of GM crops including soil health, effects on animals, environmental sustainability impact, and ethical issues. The book presents aspects of GM crop policies and prevailing controversies throughout the world, in 5 sections containing 23 chapters. Beginning with the discussion of the policies related to GM crops, the book dives deep into issues related to food insecurity, agricultural sustainability, food safety, and environmental risks. Section 5 also captures the recent advances in agricultural biotechnology encompassing research trends, the nano-biotech approach to plant genetic engineering, and other transformation techniques in crop development. The contributors of the book represent different backgrounds, providing a holistic overview of diverse approaches and perspectives. Policy Issues in Genetically Modified Crops: A Global Perspective is a valuable resource for researchers in agricultural policy and economics, agricultural biotechnology, soil science, genetic engineering, ethics, environmental management, sustainable development, and NGOs.
Contributors xv
Preface xxi
Section 1 Genetically modified crops: policies and politics
1 Genetically Modified Crops and Agricultural Innovation: An Analysis of Law and Policy
Kshitij Kumar Singh
1 Introduction
3(1)
2 Evolution and development of GM crops
4(1)
3 Changes brought about by GM crops in agricultural framework
5(1)
4 CM crops and scientific uncertainty
6(1)
5 Risk perceptions about GM crops and realty check
6(1)
6 GM crops and agricultural innovation
7(1)
7 Policy paradigm of agricultural innovation
8(2)
8 Regulatory issues relating to GM crops
10(1)
9 IP landscape of GM crops
11(9)
9.1 UPOV and plant varieties
13(1)
9.2 Patents in agricultural biotechnology: discovery versus invention prong
14(1)
9.3 Patent protection to plant genetic material
15(2)
9.4 Overlapping of patents and plant variety legislations
17(3)
10 GM crops and open innovation
20(3)
11 Conclusion
23(6)
References
26(3)
2 GMO Policies and Practices: A Global Overview with Special Focus on Turkey
Erdogan Gunes
Hormoz Movassaghi
Fahri Unsal
Nurdan Tuna Gunes
1 Genetically modified crops: origin, growth, and adoption around the world
29(5)
2 Regulatory environment
34(2)
3 GM policy discussions, labeling debates, and consumers perceptions
36(5)
3.1 Consumers' perceptions of GMO benefits and risks
38(3)
4 Genetically modified crops in Turkey: historical development, regulatory, and policy environment
41(10)
4.1 Early debate on biotechnology in Turkey
41(3)
4.2 Legislative history and practices in Turkey
44(4)
4.3 Impact on trade
48(3)
4.4 Current status of biotechnology in Turkey
51(1)
5 Concluding remarks
51(6)
References
52(5)
3 Status and Policies of GM Crops in Russia
Vasiliy Chokheli
Vishnu Rajput
Pavel Dmitriev
Tatiana Varduny
Tatiana Minkina
Rupesh Kumar Singh
Abhishek Singh
1 Introduction
57(3)
2 Public and scholarly opinion
60(1)
3 Major case studies for genetically modified plants
61(3)
4 Policies framework of genetically modified organisms in Russia
64(1)
5 Regulation of genetically modified food crops/food products
64(2)
6 Regulations of research, production marketing, and biosafety issues
66(1)
7 Hierarchy of GM products management policy
67(3)
8 Future perspectives
70(1)
9 Conclusion
71(4)
References
71(4)
4 Genetically Modified Crops in India: Politics, Policies, and Political Economy
Pushpa Singh
1 Introduction
75(1)
2 Historical background of GM crops in India
76(6)
3 The narrative of biotechnology in India: social and political construction
82(3)
4 Agribiotech and intellectual property rights: consequences for marginal farmers
85(4)
5 Biosafety regulations in India: policies and political economy
89(2)
6 Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill 2013 (BRAI)
91(1)
7 Conclusion
92(5)
References
92(5)
5 Genetically Modified Crops and Intellectual Property Rights: Indian Scenario
Manoj Kumar Singh
Anand Vikram Singh
Pooja Jaiswal
Sandeep Kumar Singh
Ajay Kumar
1 Introduction
97(1)
2 Patent rights and their scope
98(1)
3 Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement
99(1)
4 GM crops, IP, and rural development
99(1)
5 Legal analysis of the Indian plant patent regime
100(1)
6 Plants and intellectual property protection
101(1)
7 Patent protection to GM crops: position in India
102(2)
8 Patentability of gene in India
104(1)
9 Infringement under PPV&FR Act
105(1)
10 Patents related to GM crops
105(1)
11 Conclusion
106(5)
References
107(4)
Section 2 Genetically modified crops and global food security
6 Contribution of Genetically Modified Crops in Agricultural Production: Success Stories
Allah Bakhsh
Irem Aycan Sirel
Rabia Busenaz Kaya
Ilkay Hilal Ataman
Shakhnozakhan Tillaboeva
Betul Ayqa Donmez
Binnur Yesil
Ilknur Yel
Merve Tekinsoy
Esra Duru
1 Introduction
111(1)
2 GM cotton
112(4)
3 GM soybean
116(2)
4 GM maize
118(3)
5 GM canola
121(1)
6 GM rice
122(5)
7 GM potatoes
127(1)
8 GM papaya
128(2)
9 GM eggplant
130(2)
10 Conclusion
132(11)
References
133(10)
7 Genetically Modified Crops Changing the Food Insecurity Landscape of the Undernourished Regions of the World
Saurabh Verma
Sangeeta Saxena
1 World food insecurity: current scenario and strategies
143(2)
2 Food insecurity landscape in the Asia and Africa
145(2)
3 Green revolution: feeding the hungry and undernourished
147(1)
4 Genetically engineered crops: a post green revolution
148(4)
5 Evaluating gene flow and its impact
152(1)
6 Rise of superweeds
153(1)
7 The clean gene technology: development of cleaner GE crops
154(1)
8 Steps toward sustainable agriculture
155(2)
9 GM crops and the sustainable world
157(4)
References
158(3)
8 Impact of GM Crops on Agriculture Production: A Positive Reflection through Success Stories
Reena Deshmukh
1 Introduction of GM crops in agriculture
161(2)
2 CM crops commercialization in different countries
163(1)
3 GMCs resistant to pests
164(3)
4 Herbicide resistant GM crops
167(3)
5 Crops engineered for nutritional amendments
170(3)
6 GMCs with enhanced biofuel production
173(4)
7 Status of GM crops in India
177(1)
8 Conclusion
178(11)
References
180(9)
9 GM Crops as a Food Security Solution
H.V. Girish
M. Murali
N.K. Hemanth Kumar
S. Brijesh Singh
Shobha Jagannath
M.S. Sudarshana
1 Introduction
189(1)
2 Bottleneck of conventional methods and modern breeding technique
190(1)
3 Distribution of GM crops by countries
191(1)
4 Global acceptance of soybean, maize, cotton, and canola developed through GE technique
192(3)
5 GM crops and food safety
195(1)
6 India-global production status of GM crops
195(1)
7 Prominence of accepted crops obtained through GM technology used for food, feed, and cultivation
196(1)
8 Economic benefits of GM crops
197(1)
9 Contribution of Bt food crops for security and sustainability
197(1)
10 Summary and conclusion
197(6)
References
198(5)
Section 3 Genetically modified crops and sustainability in agriculture
10 Genetically Modified Crops and Climate Change Adaptation
Suruchi Singh
Madhoolika Agrawal
Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
1 Introduction
203(2)
2 Climate change: An immeasurable dynamism
205(1)
3 An interface of crops and climate change: A loop of feedbacks
206(1)
4 Genetically modified (GM) crop: An integration of green revolution or another level
207(22)
5 Challenges behind developing GM crops against climate change: A multifaceted problem
229(1)
6 Conclusion
230(7)
References
230(7)
11 Sustainable Cultivation of GM Crops in the Age of Climate Change: A Global Perspective
Kadambini Das
1 Introduction
237(3)
2 Need of GMCs over conventional agricultural crops
240(5)
2.1 Challenges associated with large-scale agricultural production
240(2)
2.2 Solutions offered by GMCs
242(3)
3 Controversies and problems associated with GMCs
245(3)
3.1 Losey's disagreement
245(1)
3.2 Seraiini controversy
246(1)
3.3 A flawed technology
246(2)
4 GMCs and climate change
248(6)
4.1 Dissecting linkage between climate change and GMCs
248(3)
4.2 Polarized global opinions
251(3)
5 Is genomics a solution for making climate-ready crops?
254(6)
5.1 Recognizing haplotypes/elite alleles
256(1)
5.2 Genetic analysis of environmental change adaptability traits
257(2)
5.3 Next-generation crop breeding approach
259(1)
6 Conclusion
260(13)
References
262(11)
12 Aspects of Genetically Modified Plants in Removing Heavy Metals From the Soil
Smita Kumar
1 Introduction
273(2)
2 Approaches for the restoration of contaminated soil
275(2)
3 GM plants used for the removal of HMs from soil
277(4)
4 Concerns in the use of GM organisms for remediation
281(1)
5 Conclusion and future perspectives
282(11)
References
282(11)
Section 4 Genetically modified food: socio-ethical issues and regulatory challenges
13 Public Acceptance of GM Foods: A Global Perspective (1999--2019)
Dominika Sikora
Piotr Rzymski
1 Introduction
293(4)
2 Global overview on the acceptance level of GM foods
297(11)
2.1 Europe
298(1)
2.2 North America
298(4)
2.3 Latin America
302(3)
2.4 Asia
305(3)
3 Conclusion
308(9)
References
309(8)
14 Evolution of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops and the Scared World
Subhankar Biswas
Akanksha Srivastava
Sandhya Yadav
Yogesh Mishra
1 Introduction
317(2)
2 A brief history of GM crops
319(1)
3 Why do we need GM crops?
320(2)
3.1 Population burst and increased food demand
320(1)
3.2 Decreased farm-land
321(1)
3.3 Conventional breeding limitations under changing climate
321(1)
3.4 Pests and diseases
322(1)
4 Public perception regarding GM crops: Myths versus evidences
322(3)
5 Global impact of CM crops
325(2)
5.1 Net production and income
325(1)
5.2 Pesticide and herbicide use
326(1)
5.3 Impact on environment
327(1)
6 Current status of GM crops
327(2)
7 Conclusion
329(6)
References
330(5)
15 Assessment of the Environmental and Health Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops
Aditya Vikram Agarwal
Rana Pratap Singh
1 Introduction
335(6)
2 Impact of GM crops on the environment
341(5)
2.1 Assessing the impact of GM crops through gene flow
342(2)
2.2 Assessing other environmental impacts of GM crops
344(2)
3 Impact of GM crops on human health
346(2)
3.1 Impact of antibiotic resistance genes
347(1)
3.2 Allergenicity from GM products
347(1)
4 Policy issues in adoption of GM crops
348(1)
5 Conclusions
349(6)
References
350(5)
16 Food Safety Issues and Challenges of GM Crops
Niaz Ahmad
Chulam Raza
Tahir Waheed
Zahid Mukhtar
1 Introduction
355(1)
2 What are GM crops and their advantages?
356(4)
3 Why GM crops have become so controversial?
360(1)
4 GM crops and the environment
360(3)
5 GM crops and biodiversity
363(1)
6 GM crops and their impact on health
364(2)
7 Conclusion
366(5)
References
367(4)
17 Health Risks and Environmental Concerns of GM Crop Adoption
Usha Singh Gaharwar
Akanksha Verma
Richa Singh
Tulika Prasad
Paulraj Rajamani
1 Introduction
371(4)
2 Environmental implications of GM crops
375(8)
2.1 Direct impact of GM crops on environment
376(4)
2.2 Indirect impact of GM crops on environment
380(3)
3 Health implications of GM crops
383(7)
3.1 Negative impacts of GM crops on health
383(6)
3.2 Positive impacts of GM crops on health
389(1)
4 Global political, socioeconomic, and ethical concern in GM plant adaptation
390(2)
5 Conclusion
392(9)
References
394(7)
18 Regulatory Framework for GMOs-lnterplay Between Regulatory Policies and Socio-Ethical Concern
Sweta Jha
Nirmla Devi Thakur
Aditya Abha Singh
1 Introduction
401(2)
2 Social concern
403(5)
2.1 Consumer's perspective
403(1)
2.2 Farmer's concern
404(1)
2.3 Potent allergen
405(1)
2.4 Toxic effects
405(1)
2.5 Pesticide resistance
406(1)
2.6 Religious influence
406(1)
2.7 Ecological imbalance
407(1)
3 Ethical concern
408(1)
3.1 Patenting rights
408(1)
3.2 Genetic contamination
408(1)
3.3 Role of multinational companies
409(1)
4 Biosafety evaluation and regulatory mechanism
409(6)
4.1 Food safety
410(1)
4.2 Environment safety
410(1)
4.3 Regulatory bodies, their rules, regulations, and mandates
411(3)
4.4 Labeling of genetically modified products
414(1)
5 Conclusion
415(6)
References
416(5)
19 Socio-Ethical Aspect of Genetically Modified Organisms: A Critical Analysis
Ajay Kumar
Gurudatta Singh
Shackira A.M.
1 Introduction
421(2)
2 Biotechnology---scientific and ethical issues
423(2)
2.1 Conflict of interest
423(1)
2.2 Biosafety issues
424(1)
3 GM crops---beyond guidelines
425(18)
3.1 Public health concerns
425(1)
3.2 Biotechnology and food security
426(1)
3.3 GM crops and the environment
427(3)
3.4 Vicious circle of herbicides
430(1)
3.5 Silent spring-revisited
431(1)
3.6 Biodiversity and transgenics
431(2)
3.7 Economy of transgenic crops
433(2)
3.8 Socio-economic impacts of GM crop
435(2)
3.9 Intellectual property rights and privatization
437(3)
3.10 Technology of genetic use restriction
440(1)
3.11 Gene editing (CRISPR/Cas)
441(1)
3.12 GM crops-inevitability of a new approach
442(1)
4 Concluding remarks
443(10)
References
445(8)
Section 5 Technical advancements in plant genetic engineering and crop improvement
20 Research Trends in Genetically Modified (GM) Plants Krishna Kumar Rai, Mohd Aamir, Andleeb Zehra and Avinash Chandra Rai
1 Introduction
453(2)
2 Breakthrough and progress made in plant transformation and genome editing
455(2)
3 Empowering plant genome engineering through synthetic biology
457(3)
4 Tools for synthetic biology in plants
460(2)
4.1 Synthetic sensor and receptor proteins
460(1)
4.2 Synthetic metabolic and signaling pathways
461(1)
4.3 Synthetic genes/genomes
461(1)
5 Genome editing with site-specific nucleases
462(3)
5.1 Meganucleases (MNs)
462(2)
5.2 Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs)
464(1)
5.3 Transcription-activator like effector nucleases (TALENs)
464(1)
6 CRISPR/CAS system as a three-dimensional tool for targeting gene at omics level
465(5)
6.1 Plant genome editing by CRISPR/CAS system
466(4)
7 Conclusion
470(11)
References
471(10)
21 Nano-Biotechnological Approach of Plant Genetic Engineering
Rima Kumari
Devendra Pratap Singh
1 Introduction
481(1)
2 Traditional practices of plant genetic engineering and its limitation
482(1)
3 Genetic engineering progression toward nanotechnology
483(1)
4 Applicability of nanomaterials as nano-carriers: role in plant genetic engineering
483(3)
4.1 Layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay nanosheets
483(1)
4.2 Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)
483(3)
4.3 Carbon nanotubes
486(1)
4.4 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs)
486(1)
5 Nanoparticle mediated delivery of important biomolecules in plant system
486(2)
5.1 DNA
486(1)
5.2 RNA
487(1)
5.3 Protein
488(1)
6 Process and methods of biomolecules delivery in plants using nanotechnology
488(1)
7 Role of nanoparticle mediated biomolecules delivery in plant genome editing
489(1)
8 Role of nanotechnology-assisted gene delivery toward sustainable agriculture
490(1)
9 Relevance of nanotechnology on plant genetic engineering
491(1)
10 Concluding remarks
491(1)
11 Challenges in nano-biotechnological approach of plant genetic engineering and future perspectives
492(3)
References
492(3)
22 Advances in Genetically Modified Plants by Employing Modern Biotechnological Tools: An Update
Shilpi Nagar
Anil Kumar Moola
Lakkakula Satish
Shalini Anand
Charu Dogra Rawat
Manikandan Ramesh
T. Senthil Kumar
B.D. Ranjitha Kumari
1 Introduction
495(2)
2 Advancements in genome editing tools
497(1)
3 Genome editing tools
498(7)
3.1 Zinc finger nucleases
498(4)
3.2 Transcription activator-like effector nucleases
502(2)
3.3 CRISPR
504(1)
4 Conclusion and future perspectives
505(10)
References
506(9)
23 Transformation Techniques and Their Role in Crop Improvements: A Global Scenario of GM Crops
Abhishek Singh
Vishnu Rajput
Alok Kumar Singh
Rakesh Singh Sengar
Rupesh Kumar Singh
Tatiana Minkina
1 Introduction
515(1)
2 Transformation methods for plant
516(7)
2.1 Agrobacterium-mediated transformation
516(2)
2.2 Step involved in Agrobacterium transformation and its components
518(4)
2.3 Other plant transformation methods
522(1)
3 The application of GM plants to study the expression and function of a specific gene
523(1)
4 Productions of a genetically modified organism with important traits and application in agriculture
524(12)
4.1 Improved nutritional quality or enhanced nutrition value
524(4)
4.2 Virus and insect resistance
528(2)
4.3 Resistance to bacteria and fungal diseases
530(1)
4.4 Biotechnology approach as molecular farming in plants
531(1)
4.5 Genetically modified ornamentals and products
532(1)
4.6 Does GM nutrient enhancement solve problems of malnutrition?
533(1)
4.7 GM crops and food benefits and controversies
534(2)
4.8 Current status of biotech crops
536(1)
5 Future prospects
536(1)
6 Conclusion
536(7)
References
537(6)
Index 543
Dr. Pardeep Singh is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Environmental Science, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, in New Delhi, India. He obtained his PhD at the Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi. Dr. Singh has published more than 65 papers in international journals in the fields of waste management, environmental pollution, and agricultural nanotechnology, and has co-edited 30 books. Dr. Anwesha Borthakur is a research fellow at the Centre for Studies in Science Policy, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. She has an M.Phil and PhD in Science Policy Studies. The area of her both M.Phil and PhD studies was waste management and policy implications in India. She has published more than 30 papers/chapters in international peer-reviewed journals and books. Presently working as a Post Doctoral Fellow. Dr. Aditya Abha Singh is currently working as a national post-doctoral fellow for two years in Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi south campus, one of the leading University of India. She has obtained her masters degree and pursued her doctoral research from Banaras Hindu University, India. Her doctoral research focused on crop plant responses to an atmospheric pollutant and an abiotic stressor tropospheric ozone. She has also worked on interactive effects of ozone with other components of climate change such as raising levels of carbon dioxide and alleviation effects of ozone by the use of antiozonants on model crops. She has published various articles in journal of international repute. Dr. Ajay Kumar is currently working as an assistant professor at Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India. Dr. Kumar completed his tenure (2018-2022) as a visiting scientist from Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Center, Israel and doctoral research from Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India on the theme "Plant microbe interaction". In his research tenures, Dr. Kumar has published more than 235 scientific contributions in the form of research and review articles, books or book chapters with the leading International Journals or Publishers. He has wide area of research experience, especially in the field of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Microbial biocontrol, Postharvest management of fruits, Microbial endophytes related with the medicinal plants and cyanobacteria-pesticides interactions. Dr. Kumar actively engaged in editing book with the leading publisher like Elsevier, Springer, CRC Press, Willey and edited more than 48 books and currently serving as an Associate editor in Frontier in Microbiology, BMC Microbiology and special guest editor in Microorganisms or Plants MDPI, Journal. Dr. Kshitij Kumar Singh is an Assistant Professor at Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi. Prior to this, he worked as an Assistant Professor in Amity Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, Amity University UP (NOIDA Campus). Dr. Singh obtained his LL.M. and Ph.D. degrees from Banaras Hindu University and received Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship Asia-Pacific 2010. He has been a Visiting Research Fellow to Faculty of Law, University of Western Ontario, Canada in 2009 and 2010. He specializes in intellectual property law and biotechnology law.