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E-raamat: Powder Technology Handbook, Fourth Edition

Edited by Shuji Matsusaka (Kyoto University, Japan), Edited by Hisao Makino, Edited by Ko Higashitani (Kyoto University, Japan)

Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 16-Oct-2019
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781351730594

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Powder technology

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Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 16-Oct-2019
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781351730594

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Powder technology

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The Fourth Edition of Powder Technology Handbook continues to serve as the comprehensive guide to powder technology and the fundamental engineering processes of particulate technology, while incorporating significant advances in the field in the decade since publication of the previous edition. The handbook offers a well-rounded perspective on powder technologies in gas and liquid phases that extends from particles and powders to powder beds and from basic problems to actual applications.

This new edition features fully updated and new chapters written by a team of internationally distinguished contributors. All content has been updated and new sections added on.

Powder Technology Handbook

provides methodologies of powder and particle handling technology essential to scientific researchers and practical industrial engineers. It contains contemporary and comprehensive information on powder and particle handling technology that is extremely useful not only to newcomers but also to experienced engineers and researchers in the field of powder and particle science and technology.

Part 1 Particle Characterization and Standard Powder

Chapter 1.1 Particle Size

(6)

Junlchiro Tsubaki

1.1.1 Definition of Particle Diameter

(1)

1.1.2 Particle Size Distribution

(2)

1.1.3 Average Particle Size

(2)

References

(2)

Chapter 1.2 Size Measurement

(10)

Yasushige Mori

1.2.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2.2 Classification of Particle Size Analysis Methods

(1)

1.2.3 Counting Analysis

(3)

1.2.4 Fractionation Analysis

(3)

1.2.5 Ensemble Analysis

(2)

1.2.6 Others

(1)

1.2.7 Summary

(1)

References

(1)

Chapter 1.3 Particle Shape Characterization

(8)

Shigehisa Endoh

1.3.1 Introduction

(1)

1.3.2 Representative Size

(1)

1.3.3 Geometrical Shape Descriptors

(4)

1.3.4 Dynamic Equivalent Shape

(1)

1.3.5 Concluding Remarks

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 1.4 Particle Density

(6)

Yoshiyuki Endo

1.4.1 Definition of Particle Density

(1)

1.4.2 Measurement Method of Particle Density

(3)

1.4.3 Measurement Method of Bulk Density

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 1.5 Hardness, Stiffness and Toughness of Particles

(8)

Mojtaba Ghadiri

Mehrdad Pasha

Umair Zafar

1.5.1 Indentation Hardness

(1)

1.5.2 Measurement of Hardness

(3)

1.5.3 Measurement of Stiffness

(1)

1.5.4 Measurement of Toughness

(3)

References

(1)

Chapter 1.6 Surface Properties and Analysis

(12)

Masayoshi Fuji

Chika Takai

1.6.1 Surface Structures and Properties

(4)

1.6.2 Surface Characterization

(6)

References

(2)

Chapter 1.7 Characterization by Atomic Force Microscope

(6)

Naoyuki Ishida

Vincent S.J. Craig

1.7.1 Principle of AFM

(1)

1.7.2 Surface Characterization by AFM

(1)

1.7.3 Measurements of Interaction Forces by AFM

(3)

References

(1)

Chapter 1.8 Specific Properties of Nanoparticles

(10)

Wolfgang Peukert

Johannes Walter

1.8.1 Property Function and Disperse Properties

(1)

1.8.2 Transport Properties

(1)

1.8.3 Particle Interactions

(1)

1.8.4 Thermophysical Properties

(1)

1.8.5 Mechanical Properties

(1)

1.8.6 Optical Properties

(1)

1.8.7 Electrical Properties

(1)

1.8.8 Magnetic Properties

(1)

1.8.9 Catalytic Particles

(2)

References

(2)

Chapter 1.9 Standard Powders and Particles

(6)

Hideto Yoshida

References

(3)

Part 2 Fundamental Properties of Particles

Chapter 2.1 Optical Properties

(6)

Yasushige Mori

2.1.1 Definitions

(1)

2.1.2 Light Scattering

(2)

2.1.3 Light Extinction

(1)

2.1.4 Dynamic Light Scattering

(1)

2.1.5 Photophoresis

(1)

References

(3)

Chapter 2.2 Electrification and Electrophoresis

(10)

2.2.1 In Gaseous State

(2)

Shuji Matsusaka

Hiroaki Masuda

2.2.2 In Liquid State

(6)

Hiroyuki Shinto

Tomonori Fukasawa

References

(2)

Chapter 2.3 Magnetic Properties

(6)

Toyohisa Fujita

2.3.1 Magnetic Force on a Particle

(2)

2.3.2 Ferromagnetic Properties of a Small Particle

(1)

2.3.3 Magnetism of Various Materials

(2)

References

(1)

Chapter 2.4 Diffusion of Particles

(8)

2.4.1 Thermal Diffusion

(3)

Toshiyuki Fujimoto

Kikuo Okuyama

2.4.2 Turbulent Diffusion

100

(3)

Shinichi Yuu

References

103

(2)

Chapter 2.5 Particle Motion in Fluid

105

(4)

Shinichi Yuu

2.5.1 Introduction

105

(1)

2.5.2 Motion of a Single Particle

105

(2)

2.5.3 PARTICLE Motion in Shear Flow

107

(1)

References

107

(2)

Chapter 2.6 Particle Sedimentation

109

(4)

Shinichi Yuu

2.6.1 Introduction

109

(1)

2.6.2 Terminal Settling Velocity

109

(2)

2.6.3 Settling of Two Spherical Particles

111

(1)

2.6.4 Rate of Sedimentation in Concentrated Suspension

111

(1)

References

112

(1)

Chapter 2.7 Adhesive Force of Single Particle

113

(8)

2.7.1 In Gaseous State

113

(3)

Kuniaki Gotoh

2.7.2 In Liquid State

116

(1)

Naoyuki Ishida

2.7.3 Measurement of Adhesive Force

117

(2)

Shuji Matsusaka

References

119

(2)

Chapter 2.8 Particle Deposition and Reentrainment

121

(8)

2.8.1 Particle Deposition

121

(3)

Manabu Shimada

2.8.2 Particle Reentrainment

124

(3)

Shuji Matsusaka

Hiroaki Masuda

References

127

(2)

Chapter 2.9 Agglomeration (Coagulation)

129

(10)

2.9.1 In Gaseous State

129

(4)

Takafumi Seto

Kikuo Okuyama

2.9.2 In Liquid State

133

(4)

Ko Higashitani

References

137

(2)

Chapter 2.10 Viscosity of Slurry

139

(6)

Yoshiyuki Komoda

2.10.1 Introduction

139

(1)

2.10.2 Basic Flow Characteristics

139

(1)

2.10.3 Time-Dependent Flow Characteristics

139

(1)

2.10.4 Viscosity Equations for Suspensions of Spherical Particles of Narrow Particle Size Distribution

140

(1)

2.10.5 Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Slurry Viscosity

141

(1)

2.10.6 Shear Thinning or Thickening Behavior of Slurry

141

(1)

2.10.7 Measurement of Slurry Viscosity by a Capillary Viscometer

141

(1)

2.10.8 Measurement of Slurry Viscosity by a Rotating Viscometer

142

(1)

References

142

(3)

Chapter 2.11 Particle Impact Breakage

145

(6)

Mojtaba Ghadiri

2.11.1 Impact Force

145

(1)

2.11.2 Mode of Breakage

146

(1)

2.11.3 Analysis of Breakage for the Brittle Failure Mode

146

(1)

2.11.4 Analysis of Breakage for the Semi-Brittle Failure Mode

147

(1)

2.11.5 Analysis of Breakage of Agglomerates

148

(1)

References

148

(3)

Chapter 2.12 Sintering

151

(4)

Takafumi Seto

Kikuo Okuyama

2.12.1 Mechanisms of Solid-Phase Sintering

151

(1)

2.12.2 Modeling of Sintering of Agglomerates

151

(1)

2.12.3 Sintering Process of Nanoparticles

152

(1)

2.12.4 Sintering Process of Packed Powder

153

(1)

References

154

(1)

Chapter 2.13 Mechanochemistry

155

(12)

Qiwu Zhang

Fumio Saito

2.13.1 Introduction

155

(1)

2.13.2 Phase Transformation

155

(1)

2.13.3 Solid State Reaction

155

(5)

2.13.4 Mechanochemical Doping

160

(1)

2.13.5 Mechanical Synthesis of Hydrated Compounds

160

(1)

2.13.6 Decomposition of Halogenated Polymers

161

(1)

2.13.7 Material Processing with Mechanical Activation Followed by Chemical or Physical Treatment

162

(2)

References

164

(3)

Chapter 2.14 Ignition and Combustion Reaction

167

(4)

Hisao Makino

Ryoichi Kurose

2.14.1 Combustion Profile

167

(1)

2.14.2 Devolatilization and Ignition

167

(1)

2.14.3 Gaseous Combustion

168

(1)

2.14.4 Solid Combustion

169

(1)

References

169

(2)

Chapter 2.15 Solubility and Dissolution Rate

171

(8)

Hirofumi Takeuchi

2.15.1 Solubility of a Solid

171

(1)

2.15.2 Solubility Changes as Properties of Solvent or Solute Change

171

(1)

2.15.3 Dissolution Rate Analysis: Theory and Methods

172

(2)

2.15.4 Methods to Improve the Solubilization of Powdered Materials

174

(2)

References

176

(3)

Part 3 Properties of Powders and Powder Beds

Chapter 3.1 Specific Surface Area

179

(6)

Takashi Takei

3.1.1 Definition of Specific Surface Area

179

(1)

3.1.2 Estimation of Surface Area by Gas Adsorption

179

(2)

3.1.3 Methodology of Gas Adsorption

181

(1)

3.1.4 Estimation of Surface Area by Gas Flow (Permeametry)

182

(1)

References

183

(2)

Chapter 3.2 Adsorption Characteristics

185

(8)

Takashi Takei

3.2.1 Introduction

185

(1)

3.2.2 Adsorption Measurement

185

(1)

3.2.3 Theory of Adsorption Isotherms

186

(2)

3.2.4 Estimation of Surface Properties by Adsorption Method

188

(2)

References

190

(3)

Chapter 3.3 Moisture Content

193

(2)

Satoru Watano

3.3.1 Bound Water and Adhesive Water

193

(1)

3.3.2 Method to Determine Moisture Content in Particulate System

194

(1)

References

194

(1)

Chapter 3.4 Electrical Properties

195

(8)

3.4.1 In Gaseous State

195

(4)

Ken-ichiro Tanoue

Hiroaki Masuda

3.4.2 In Nonaqueous Solutions

199

(3)

Yasufumi Otsubo

References

202

(1)

Chapter 3.5 Packing Properties

203

(8)

Michitaka Suzuki

3.5.1 Packing of Equal-Size Spheres

203

(2)

3.5.2 Packing of Multi-Size Particles

205

(2)

3.5.3 Effect of Particle Shape on Void Fraction

207

(2)

References

209

(2)

Chapter 3.6 Capillarity of Porous Media

211

(6)

Minoru Miyahara

3.6.1 Common Phenomenon: Young-Laplace Effect

211

(1)

3.6.2 Nitrogen Adsorption Method

211

(3)

3.6.3 Mercury Intrusion Method (Mercury Porosimetry)

214

(1)

3.6.4 Other Techniques of Interest

214

(1)

References

215

(2)

Chapter 3.7 Permeation (Flow through Porous Media)

217

(6)

Chikao Kanaoka

3.7.1 Resistance to Flow Through a Porous Media

217

(2)

3.7.2 Pressure Drop Across a Fibrous Mat

219

(2)

References

221

(2)

Chapter 3.8 Mechanical Properties of a Powder Bed

223

(8)

Michitaka Suzuki

3.8.1 Shearing Strength of a Powder Bed

223

(2)

3.8.2 Adhesion of a Powder Bed

225

(1)

3.8.3 Yielding Characteristics of a Powder Bed

226

(3)

References

229

(2)

Chapter 3.9 Fluidity of Powder

231

(6)

Toyokazu Yokoyama

3.9.1 Definition of Fluidity

231

(1)

3.9.2 Measurement of Fluidity

231

(3)

3.9.3 Factors Affecting Fluidity

234

(1)

3.9.4 Improvement of Fluidity

235

(1)

References

235

(2)

Chapter 3.10 Blockage in Storage Vessels

237

(6)

Hiroshi Takahashi

Jun Yoshida

3.10.1 Typical Phenomena

237

(1)

3.10.2 Mechanisms and Flow Criteria

237

(3)

3.10.3 Experimental Study

240

(1)

3.10.4 Methods of Preventing Blockage

241

(1)

References

241

(2)

Chapter 3.11 Segregation of Particles

243

(6)

Kuniaki Gotoh

3.11.1 Segregation Phenomena and its Factors

243

(1)

3.11.2 Mechanism of Segregation

243

(1)

3.11.3 Surface Segregation

244

(2)

3.11.4 Interlayer Segregation

246

(1)

3.11.5 Method to Prevent Segregation

247

(1)

References

247

(2)

Chapter 3.12 Vibrational and Acoustic Characteristics

249

(12)

Jusuke Hidaka

3.12.1 Behavior of a Particle on a Vibrating Plate

249

(1)

3.12.2 Behavior of a Vibrating Powder Bed

250

(2)

3.12.3 Generating Mechanism of Impact Sound Between Two Particles

252

(1)

3.12.4 Frictional Sound from a Granular Bed

253

(3)

3.12.5 Vibration of a Small Particle in a Sound Wave

256

(1)

3.12.6 Attenuation of Sound in a Suspension of Particles

256

(1)

References

257

(4)

Part 4 Particle Generation and Modification

Chapter 4.1 Aerosol Particle Generation

261

(8)

Jakub M. Gac

Sotiris E. Pratsinis

4.1.1 Atomization of Fluids

261

(4)

4.1.2 Condensation Methods

265

(2)

4.1.3 Powder Dispersion

267

(1)

References

268

(1)

Chapter 4.2 Generation of Particles by Reactions

269

(10)

4.2.1 Gas-Phase (Aerosol) Techniques

269

(4)

Kakeru Fujiwara

Sotiris E. Pratsinis

4.2.2 Liquid-Phase Techniques

273

(4)

Hisao Suzuki

References

277

(2)

Chapter 4.3 Crystallization

279

(6)

Yoshiyuki Shirakawa

4.3.1 Introduction

279

(1)

4.3.2 Solid-Liquid Equilibrium and Supersaturated Solution

279

(1)

4.3.3 Nucleation Rate

280

(1)

4.3.4 Crystal Growth Rate

281

(1)

4.3.5 Control of Powder Properties in Crystallization Processes

281

(1)

4.3.6 Synthesis of Composite Particles

282

(2)

References

284

(1)

Chapter 4.4 Design and Formation of Composite Particles

285

(14)

Hideki Ichikawa

Tooru Andoh

Fumihiko Fujii

4.4.1 Typical Structure of Composite Particles

285

(1)

4.4.2 Process

285

(1)

4.4.3 Materials

286

(1)

4.4.4 Examples of Particulate Design and Preparation of Composite Particles

287

(9)

References

296

(3)

Chapter 4.5 Electrical Charge Control

299

(12)

4.5.1 In Gaseous State

299

(6)

4.5.2 In Liquid State

305

(4)

References

309

(2)

Chapter 4.6 Surface Modification

311

(8)

4.6.1 Purpose of Surface Modification and Its Methods

311

(1)

Makio Naito

4.6.2 Chemical Methods

311

(3)

Hidehiro Kamiya

4.6.3 Physical Methods

314

(1)

Makio Naito

References

315

(4)

Part 5 Powder Handlings and Simulations

Chapter 5.1 Crushing and Grinding

319

(18)

Fumio Saito

5.1.1 Introduction

319

(1)

5.1.2 Basic Approach for Understanding Grinding Phenomena

319

(5)

5.1.3 Comminution of Materials

324

(10)

References

334

(3)

Chapter 5.2 Dispersion of Particles

337

(10)

5.2.1 In Gaseous State

337

(4)

Kuniaki Gotoh

5.2.2 Dispersion in Liquids

341

(4)

Ko Higashitani

References

345

(2)

Chapter 5.3 Classification

347

(16)

Hideto Yoshida

Kunihiro Fukui

5.3.1 Basis of Classification

347

(1)

5.3.2 Dry Classification

348

(3)

5.3.3 Wet Classification

351

(8)

5.3.4 Screening

359

(3)

References

362

(1)

Chapter 5.4 Storage (Silo)

363

(8)

Jun Yoshida

5.4.1 Storing Bulk Solids

363

(1)

5.4.2 Basic Structure and Functions

363

(1)

5.4.3 Classification of Silos

364

(1)

5.4.4 Behavior of Bulk Solids in Silos

364

(1)

5.4.5 Planning Silos

365

(1)

5.4.6 Structural Design

366

(2)

5.4.7 Trouble in Silos

368

(1)

References

369

(2)

Chapter 5.5 Feeding

371

(4)

Shuji Matsusaka

5.5.1 Introduction

371

(1)

5.5.2 Type of Feeders

371

(3)

References

374

(1)

Chapter 5.6 Transportation

375

(10)

5.6.1 Transportation in the Gaseous State

375

(6)

Yuji Tomita

5.6.2 Transportation in the Liquid State

381

(1)

Yoshiyuki Komoda

References

382

(3)

Chapter 5.7 Fluidization and Fluidized Bed

385

(16)

5.7.1 Overview of Fluidization

385

(4)

Xinhua Liu

Shanwei Hu

5.7.2 Computational Methods for Fluidization

389

(9)

Xinhua Liu

Bona Lu

Xizhong Chen

Limin Wang

References

398

(3)

Chapter 5.8 Mixing

401

(10)

Satoru Watano

5.8.1 Introduction

401

(1)

5.8.2 Mixing Mechanism

401

(1)

5.8.3 Mixing Indices and Mixing Rate

401

(1)

5.8.4 Evaluation of Mixing Condition

402

(5)

5.8.5 Characterization of Mixing Equipment

407

(2)

References

409

(2)

Chapter 5.9 Slurry Conditioning

411

(6)

Junkhiro Tsubaki

Takamasa Mori

5.9.1 Slurry Characterization

411

(3)

5.9.2 Slurry Preparation

414

(1)

References

415

(2)

Chapter 5.10 Granulation

417

(12)

Kazuo Murase

Isao Sekiguchi

5.10.1 Growth Mechanisms of Wet Granulation

417

(1)

5.10.2 Mechanical Properties of Wet Granules

418

(2)

5.10.3 Testing Methods for Evaluating the Agglomerate Granulation of Wet Powders

420

(3)

5.10.4 Granulators

423

(3)

References

426

(3)

Chapter 5.11 Kneading and Plastic Forming

429

(4)

Minoru Takahashi

Masayoshi Fuji

5.11.1 Kneading

429

(1)

5.11.2 Plastic Forming

430

(2)

References

432

(1)

Chapter 5.12 Drying

433

(6)

Yuji Tatemoto

5.12.1 Fundamental of Drying

433

(1)

5.12.2 Dryer Selection and Design

434

(4)

References

438

(1)

Chapter 5.13 Combustion

439

(6)

Hisao Makino

Kenji Tanno

5.13.1 Introduction

439

(1)

5.13.2 Control of the Combustion Process

439

(2)

5.13.3 Combustion Burner

441

(1)

5.13.4 Furnace and Kiln

442

(1)

References

443

(2)

Chapter 5.14 Dust Collection

445

(10)

Chikao Kanaoka

5.14.1 Flow-Through-Type Dust Collectors

446

(3)

5.14.2 Obstacle-Type Dust Collectors

449

(3)

5.14.3 Barrier-Type Dust Collectors

452

(1)

5.14.4 Miscellaneous

453

(1)

References

453

(2)

Chapter 5.15 Electrostatic Separation

455

(6)

Ken-ichiro Tanoue

Hiroaki Masuda

5.15.1 Separation Mechanism

455

(2)

5.15.2 Separation Machines

457

(3)

References

460

(1)

Chapter 5.16 Magnetic Separation

461

(12)

Toyohisa Fujita

5.16.1 Classification of Magnetic Separators

461

(1)

5.16.2 Static Magnetic Field Separators

461

(5)

5.16.3 Application of Magnetic Separation

466

(3)

5.16.4 Magnetohydrostatic Separation

469

(1)

5.16.5 Electromagnetic-Induction-Type Separation

470

(1)

References

471

(2)

Chapter 5.17 Dry Dense Medium Separation

473

(4)

Jun Oshitani

5.17.1 Basis of Separation

473

(2)

5.17.2 Application of Separation

475

(1)

References

475

(2)

Chapter 5.18 Gravity Thickening

477

(4)

Eiji Iritani

5.18.1 Pretreatment

477

(1)

5.18.2 Ideal Settling Basin

477

(1)

5.18.3 Settling Curve

477

(1)

5.18.4 Kynch Theory

478

(1)

5.18.5 Design of Continuous Thickener

479

(1)

References

480

(1)

Chapter 5.19 Filtration

481

(8)

Eiji Iritani

5.19.1 Basis of Cake Filtration Theory

481

(3)

5.19.2 Constant-Pressure and Constant-Rate Filtration

484

(1)

5.19.3 Internal Structure of Compressible Filter Cake

485

(1)

5.19.4 Filtration of Non-Newtonian Fluid—Solid Mixtures

486

(1)

5.19.5 Filtration Equipment

486

(2)

References

488

(1)

Chapter 5.20 Expression

489

(6)

Eiji Iritani

5.20.1 Basis of Expression

489

(1)

5.20.2 Modified Terzaghi Model

489

(2)

5.20.3 Secondary Consolidation

491

(1)

5.20.4 Simplified Analysis

492

(1)

5.20.5 Expression Equipment

492

(1)

References

493

(2)

Chapter 5.21 Flotation

495

(14)

Wei Sung Ng

George Vincent Franks

Elizaveta Forbes

Luke Andrew Connal

Hiroki Yotsumoto

5.21.1 Fundamentals of Flotation

495

(3)

5.21.2 Minerals Separation

498

(1)

5.21.3 Flotation Reagents

499

(1)

5.21.4 Flotation Equipment

500

(3)

5.21.5 Plant Practice

503

(2)

5.21.6 Challenges in Flotation

505

(1)

5.21.7 Emerging Technologies

505

(1)

References

506

(3)

Chapter 5.22 Electrostatic Powder Coating

509

(6)

Ken-ichiro Tanoue

5.22.1 Coating Machines

509

(1)

5.22.2 Powder Feeding Machine

510

(1)

5.22.3 Powder Coating Booth

510

(1)

5.22.4 Numerical Simulation for Electrostatic Powder Coating

511

(1)

References

512

(3)

Chapter 5.23 Multipurpose Equipment

515

(6)

5.23.1 Fixed Beds

515

(1)

Hisao Makino

Hiromi Shirai

5.23.2 Moving Beds

516

(2)

Hisao Makino

Hiromi Shirai

5.23.3 Rotary Kiln

518

(1)

Junichi Tatami

References

519

(2)

Chapter 5.24 Nanoparticle Handling and Formulation

521

(14)

Wolfgang Peukert

Stefan Romeis

5.24.1 Introduction and Overview

521

(1)

5.24.2 Formation of Nanoparticles

522

(1)

5.24.3 Dispersion of Nanoparticles

522

(1)

5.24.4 Nanoparticle Stabilization

523

(4)

5.24.5 From Surfaces to Properties - The Effect of Surface Modification

527

(2)

5.24.6 Nanoparticle Handling in Classical Unit Operations of Powder Processing

529

(2)

5.24.7 Processing of Functional Thin Films from Liquids

531

(1)

5.24.8 Conclusions

532

(1)

References

532

(3)

Chapter 5.25 Simulation of Powders and Particles in Dry and Wet Phases

535

(28)

5.25.1 Powder Simulation Using Discrete Element Method (DEM)

535

(7)

Junya Kano

Jusuke Hidaka

5.25.2 Recent Advances in DEM Simulations for Industrial Applications

542

(1)

Mikio Sakai

5.25.3 Particle Motion in Fluid

543

(2)

Yutaka Tsuji

5.25.4 Breakage of Particles in Gas Phase

545

(4)

Mojtaba Ghadiri

Tina Bonakdar

Sadegh Nadimi

5.25.5 Breakage of Aggregates in Liquid Phase

549

(2)

Kenji Iimura

Ko Higashitani

5.25.6 Direct Numerical Simulations of Colloidal Particles in a Liquid

551

(6)

Ryoichi Yamamoto

References

557

(6)

Part 6 Process Instrumentation

Chapter 6.1 Powder Sampling

563

(4)

Hiroaki Masuda

6.1.1 Sampling Equipment

563

(1)

6.1.2 Analysis of Sampling

564

(2)

References

566

(1)

Chapter 6.2 Particle Sampling in Gas Flow

567

(8)

6.2.1 Anisokinetic Sampling Error

567

(1)

Hideto Yoshida

6.2.2 Sampling in Stationary Air

568

(2)

Hideto Yoshida

6.2.3 Practical Applications of Particle Sampling

570

(3)

Hisao Makino

References

573

(2)

Chapter 6.3 Concentration and Flow Rate Measurement

575

(6)

Shuji Matsusaka

6.3.1 Particle Concentration in Suspensions

575

(2)

6.3.2 Powder Flow Rate

577

(2)

References

579

(2)

Chapter 6.4 Level Measurement of Powder Bed

581

(4)

Shuji Matsusaka

6.4.1 Level Meters and Level Switches

581

(1)

6.4.2 Mechanical Methods

581

(1)

6.4.3 Electrical Methods

582

(1)

6.4.4 Ultrasonic Wave Level Meters

583

(1)

6.4.5 Radiometric Method

583

(1)

6.4.6 Pneumatic and Other Methods

583

(1)

References

584

(1)

Chapter 6.5 Temperature Measurement of Powder

585

(4)

Koichi Nakaso

Kuniaki Gotoh

6.5.1 Temperature Measurement by Contact-Type Thermometers

585

(1)

6.5.2 Temperature Measurement by Non-Contact-Type Thermometers

586

(2)

References

588

(1)

Chapter 6.6 On-Line Measurement of Moisture Content

589

(6)

Satoru Watano

6.6.1 Introduction

589

(1)

6.6.2 Electric Methods

589

(2)

6.6.3 Optical Moisture Sensor

591

(2)

6.6.4 Continuous Monitoring and Control of Moisture Content

593

(1)

References

594

(1)

Chapter 6.7 Tomography

595

(8)

Richard A. Williams

6.7.1 Introduction

595

(1)

6.7.2 Sensor Selection and Specification

596

(1)

6.7.3 Examples of Powder and Slurry Processing Applications

597

(3)

References

600

(3)

Part 7 Working Atmospheres-Risks, Hazards and Protection

Chapter 7.1 Health Effects Due to Particle Matter

603

(4)

Yasuo Morimoto

Toshihiko Myojo

7.1.1 Introduction

603

(1)

7.1.2 Respiratory System

603

(1)

7.1.3 Penetration and Deposition of Particles in the Respiratory Tract

603

(1)

7.1.4 Rate of Deposited Particles

604

(1)

7.1.5 Health Effects of Inhaled Particles

604

(1)

7.1.6 Threshold Limit Value

605

(1)

References

606

(1)

Chapter 7.2 Risks of Nanoparticles

607

(6)

7.2.1 Introduction

607

(1)

Toshihiko Myojo

7.2.2 Concept of Risk Assessment and Management of Nanomaterials

607

(1)

Toshihiko Myojo

7.2.3 Risk Management Using Control Banding of Nanomaterials

608

(1)

Toshihiko Myojo

7.2.4 Specific Risk and Measurement of PM2.5

609

(2)

Hidehiro Kamiya

References

611

(2)

Chapter 7.3 Respiratory Protective Devices for Particulate Matter

613

(4)

Toshihiko Myojo

7.3.1 Introduction

613

(1)

7.3.2 Types of Respirators

613

(2)

7.3.3 Protection Factor

615

(1)

7.3.4 Fit Check and Fit Test of Respirators

615

(1)

7.3.5 Selection, Use, and Maintenance of Respirators

616

(1)

References

616

(1)

Chapter 7.4 Dust Explosion

617

(16)

Ritsu Dobashi

Wei Gao

7.4.1 What is Dust Explosion?

617

(1)

7.4.2 Flame Propagation Mechanism in Dust Explosion

617

(4)

7.4.3 Risk of Dust Explosion

621

(6)

7.4.4 Prevention and Mitigation of Accidental Dust

627

(5)

References

632

(1)

Index

633

Ko Higashitani is an emeritus professor of Kyoto University. He received BS degree from Kyoto University in 1968, and Ph.D. degree from University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA in 1973 in the field of Chemical Engineering. After he worked in Kyushu Institute of Technology, he moved to Kyoto University as a professor of Chemical Engineering. He is an Editorial Board of Powder Technology and an International Advisory Board of Particuology, and he was the Executive Editor of Chemical Engineering Science and the Editor-in-Chief of Advanced Powder Technology. His present major research interest is the correlation between macroscopic behaviors of colloidal particles in solutions, such as, the particle formation, the coagulation, dispersion, deposition and detachment of colloidal particles, with the molecular-scale characteristics of particles and particle surfaces which can be evaluated by the Atomic Force Microscope.

Hisao Makino is a Research Adviser of Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan (CRIEPI) and a Visiting Professor of Kyushu University and Gunma University. He is also a Vice-president of the Association of Powder Process Industry and Engineering, Japan and a Vice-president of the Japan Institute of Energy. He received his B.Sc., M.SC degrees and Ph.D. from Kyoto University. His main research subject is a development of solid fossil fuel utilization technology including coal and biomass for power generation. His current interests are high temperature combustion and gasification reaction of pulverized fossil fuel, dust collection technology and control technology of greenhouse gas emission from thermal power stations.

Shuji Matsusaka is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at Kyoto University. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Hiroshima University and Ph.D. from Kyoto University. He has held important positions in academic organizations in areas of powder technology, aerosol science, and electrostatics. He has been the editor-in-chief of Advanced Powder Technology since 2013. Dr Matsusakas current research interests are characterizing particle electrification, adhesion, and flowability, as well as handling micro-particles and nano-particles in gases.

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