|
|
|
|
3 | (16) |
|
1.1 State-of-the-Art for Wind Power Generation |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
1.2 Development of Wind Power Technologies |
|
|
5 | (3) |
|
1.2.1 Evolution of Wind Turbine Concepts |
|
|
5 | (3) |
|
1.2.2 Evolution of Power Electronics for Wind Turbines |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
1.3 Emerging Challenges for Wind Power Converter |
|
|
8 | (7) |
|
|
8 | (3) |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
1.3.3 Special Cost Considerations |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
1.3.4 Formulation of Overall Requirements |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (4) |
|
|
16 | (3) |
|
2 Promising Topologies and Power Devices for Wind Power Converter |
|
|
19 | (12) |
|
2.1 Promising Converter Topologies |
|
|
19 | (7) |
|
2.1.1 Traditional Two-Level Converters |
|
|
19 | (2) |
|
2.1.2 Multilevel Converters |
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
2.1.3 Multi-cell Converters |
|
|
23 | (3) |
|
2.2 Potential Power Semiconductor Devices |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
27 | (4) |
|
|
27 | (4) |
|
3 Criteria and Tools for Evaluating Wind Power Converter |
|
|
31 | (14) |
|
3.1 Importance of Thermal Stress in Wind Power Converter |
|
|
31 | (6) |
|
3.1.1 Thermal Stress Versus Reliability |
|
|
32 | (2) |
|
3.1.2 Thermal Stress Versus Cost |
|
|
34 | (3) |
|
3.2 Classification and Approach for the Thermal Stress Analysis |
|
|
37 | (5) |
|
3.2.1 Classification of Thermal Stress in Wind Power Converter |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
3.2.2 Methods and Models for Stress Analysis |
|
|
38 | (4) |
|
|
42 | (3) |
|
|
42 | (3) |
|
4 Thermal Stress of 10-MW Wind Power Converter Under Normal Operation |
|
|
45 | (18) |
|
4.1 Requirements and Conditions Under Normal Operation |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
4.2 Stress of Converter Imposed by Wind Speeds |
|
|
47 | (4) |
|
4.2.1 Thermal Stress Under Steady-State Wind Speeds |
|
|
47 | (3) |
|
4.2.2 Thermal Stress Under Wind Speed Variations |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
4.3 Stress of Converter Imposed by Grid Codes |
|
|
51 | (4) |
|
4.3.1 Converter Efficiency Considering Reactive Power Demands by Grid Codes |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
4.3.2 Thermal Stress Considering Reactive Power Demands by Grid Codes |
|
|
53 | (2) |
|
4.4 A Thermal Control Method Utilizing Reactive Power |
|
|
55 | (5) |
|
4.4.1 Control Idea and Diagram |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
4.4.2 Idea to Overcome the Reactive Power Limits |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
4.4.3 Thermal Stress Considering Extended Q Ranges in Paralleled Converters |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
4.4.4 Thermal Control Results |
|
|
57 | (3) |
|
|
60 | (3) |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
5 Stress Analysis of 3L-NPC Wind Power Converter Under Fault Condition |
|
|
63 | (32) |
|
5.1 Requirements and Conditions Under Fault Operation |
|
|
63 | (4) |
|
5.2 Stress Analysis of Converter Under LVRT |
|
|
67 | (4) |
|
5.2.1 Electrical Behaviors |
|
|
67 | (3) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
5.3 Thermal Redistributed Modulations Under LVRT |
|
|
71 | (9) |
|
|
71 | (3) |
|
5.3.2 A Group of Modulation Methods |
|
|
74 | (3) |
|
5.3.3 Loss and Thermal Improvements |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
5.3.4 Neutral Point Potential Control and Total Harmonic Distortion |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
5.4 New Power Control Methods Under Unbalanced AC Source |
|
|
80 | (11) |
|
5.4.1 Applicable Conditions and Control Structure |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
5.4.2 Control Ideas and Methods |
|
|
82 | (9) |
|
|
91 | (4) |
|
|
92 | (3) |
|
6 Conclusions and Future Works |
|
|
95 | (4) |
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
6.2 Proposals for Future Research Topics |
|
|
97 | (2) |
|
|
99 | (8) |
|
7.1 Used Models for Analysis |
|
|
99 | (4) |
|
7.1.1 Wind Speed Generator |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
7.1.4 Parameter for Thermal Impedance of Used IGCT |
|
|
101 | (2) |
|
|
103 | (4) |
|
Part II Specially Selected Topics |
|
|
|
8 The Impacts of Power Switching Devices to the Thermal Performances of 10 MW Wind Power NPC Converter |
|
|
107 | (16) |
|
8.1 Wind Power Converter for Case Study |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
8.2 Thermal-Related Characteristics of Different Power Switching Devices |
|
|
108 | (4) |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
8.2.2 Conduction Voltage and Loss |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
8.3 Thermal Analysis of Different Device Solutions |
|
|
112 | (9) |
|
|
113 | (2) |
|
8.3.2 Low-Voltage-Ride-Through Operation |
|
|
115 | (5) |
|
8.3.3 Wind Gust Operation |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
8.3.4 Summary of Thermal Performances Under Different Operation Modes |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
9 Reliability-Cost Models for the Power Switching Devices of Wind Power Converters |
|
|
123 | (16) |
|
9.1 Loss Model with Chip Number Information |
|
|
124 | (5) |
|
9.2 Thermal Impedance Model with Chip Number Information |
|
|
129 | (4) |
|
9.3 Analytical Solution of Junction Temperature with Chip Number Information |
|
|
133 | (4) |
|
|
137 | (2) |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
10 Electro-Thermal Model of Power Semiconductors Dedicated for Both Case and Junction Temperature Estimation |
|
|
139 | (6) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
11 Reactive Power Influence on the Thermal Cycling of Multi-MW Wind Power Inverter |
|
|
145 | (14) |
|
11.1 Effect of Reactive Power in Case of Single Converter |
|
|
146 | (6) |
|
11.2 Effect of Reactive Power in Case of Paralleled Converters |
|
|
152 | (5) |
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
12 Thermal Loading of Several Multilevel Converter Topologies for 10 MW Wind Turbines Under Low Voltage Ride Through |
|
|
159 | (22) |
|
12.1 Promising Topologies and Basic Design |
|
|
159 | (2) |
|
12.2 Operation Status Under Balanced LVRT |
|
|
161 | (3) |
|
12.3 Loss Distribution Under Balanced LVRT |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
12.4 Thermal Distribution Under Balanced LVRT |
|
|
166 | (5) |
|
|
171 | (8) |
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
13 Another Groups of Thermal Optimized Modulation Methods of Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter Under Low Voltage Ride Through |
|
|
181 | (8) |
|
|
181 | (2) |
|
13.2 Neutral Point Potential Control Method |
|
|
183 | (2) |
|
13.3 Loss and Thermal Performances |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
|
187 | (2) |
|
14 Limits of the Power Controllability of Three-Phase Converter with Unbalanced AC Source |
|
|
189 | |
|
|
196 | |