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E-raamat: Practical Crime Scene Analysis and Reconstruction

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(Oklahoma City Police Department (Retired), USA), (former felony criminal investigator at the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command, Georgia, USA)
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Crime scene reconstruction (CSR) is todays hot topic. The immense proliferation of television, print, and electronic media directed at this area has generated significant public interest, albeit occasionally encouraging inaccurate perceptions. Practical Crime Scene Analysis and Reconstruction bridges the gap between perception and reality, helping readers understand the nature of the scientific method and teaching the proper application of its components.

A proven methodology

The book begins by recounting the history of crime scene analysis and exploring fundamental principles. Then the authors introduce their proven methodology, known as Event Analysis. This technique defines specific actions, discusses the order of those actions, and offers significant insight into determining what did or did not happen in the course of the incident under investigation. Using case studies and more than 200 color photos, the book demonstrates this method and how it can be used to explain clues that would otherwise be puzzling or ambiguous.

Practical advice from the crime scene to the courtroom

The authors show how to resolve significant questions that arise in the course of CSR through the use of an event analysis worksheet. The book also discusses crime scene protocol, bloodstain pattern analysis, gunshot investigation, and forensic pathology and the human body. The final chapters provide instruction on writing crime scene reports, discuss ethical issues, and give advice on courtroom presentation.

Includes color photos demonstrating the science of CSR on:











Superposition Timing and sequence Bloodstain analysis Ballistics Wound patterns

Arvustused

From the Foreword:

"Each author possesses a unique ability to distill complex issues into easily understood concepts. This book presents a clear and precise methodology serious practitioners cannot afford to abstain from studying the information provided here."

Thomas W. Adair, President, Association for Crime Scene Reconstruction

Series Editor xv
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Authors xxiii
An Introduction and History of Crime Scene Analysis
1(10)
Introduction
1(1)
Distinguishing Crime Scene Analysis from Crime Scene Processing
2(2)
Distinguishing Crime Scene Analysis from Behavioral Profiling
2(2)
Pioneers in Crime Scene Analysis: A History of the Discipline
4(4)
The Future
8(1)
Summary
9(1)
References
9(2)
Theoretical and Practical Considerations for Implementing Crime Scene Analysis
11(26)
Introduction
11(1)
Who Qualifies as a Crime Scene Analyst?
12(2)
Fundamental Beliefs for Crime Scene Analysis
14(15)
Theory and Applicable Principles for Crime Scene Analysis
14(1)
Correlating Crime Scene Analysis with Archaeology
15(1)
Principles of CSR
16(2)
The Role of Scientific Method
18(2)
Defining the Questions to Answer Using Scientific Method
20(8)
Denning Additional Investigative Questions
28(1)
When Is Crime Scene Analysis Employed?
29(7)
Informal (Ad Hoc) Crime Scene Analysis
29(7)
Summary
36(1)
References
36(1)
Event Analysis: A Practical Methodology for Crime Scene Reconstruction
37(36)
Introduction
37(4)
The Event Analysis Process
41(30)
Summary
71(1)
Reference
72(1)
Resolving Significant Investigative Questions in CSR
73(20)
Introduction
73(5)
Using the Event Analysis Worksheet
78(1)
Event Analysis Worksheet Explained
78(8)
Statement Analysis Using the Worksheets
86(6)
References
92(1)
Understanding Crime Scene Protocols and Their Effect on Reconstruction
93(14)
Introduction
93(1)
The Importance of the Crime Scene Investigator
93(3)
Role of the Initial Responding Officer
96(1)
Incorporating the Basic Crime Scene Activities into a Crime Scene Protocol
97(8)
Assessing
97(1)
Observing
98(1)
Documenting
99(3)
Searching
102(2)
Collection
104(1)
On-Scene Analysis
105(1)
Summary
105(1)
References
106(1)
Applying Bloodstain Pattern Analysis to Crime Scene Reconstruction
107(24)
Introduction
107(1)
A Background of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
108(1)
Impact Angle and Directionality
109(4)
Impact Angle
109(1)
Directionality
110(3)
Bloodstain Classification
113(14)
The Spatter Group
114(1)
Spurt
114(1)
Cast-Off
114(2)
Drip Trail
116(1)
Impact Pattern
117(1)
Expectorate Pattern
118(1)
Drip
119(1)
The Nonspatter Group
120(1)
Blood-into-Blood
120(2)
Gush
122(1)
Smear
123(1)
Pattern Transfer
124(1)
Pool
125(1)
Saturation
125(1)
Flow
126(1)
Complex Patterns
126(1)
Altered Stains
127(1)
Area of Origin Evaluations
127(2)
Summary
129(1)
References
130(1)
Shooting Scene Processing and Reconstruction
131(44)
Matthew Noedel
Introduction
131(1)
Understanding Ammunition
131(5)
Cartridges
131(1)
The Primer
131(1)
The Propellant
132(1)
The Projectile
133(1)
The Cartridge Case
133(1)
Shotshells
134(1)
Caliber
135(1)
Reconstruction Potential Associated with Cartridges
135(1)
Understanding Firearms
136(3)
Chamber
136(1)
Barrel
137(1)
Trigger
137(1)
Firing Pin/Striker
138(1)
Firearm Safeties
139(1)
Firearm Caliber
139(1)
Reconstruction Potential Associated with Firearms
139(1)
Accidental versus Unintentional Discharge
140(1)
Handling Firearms at a Scene
140(9)
Unloading Firearms
141(1)
Semiautomatic Firearms
141(1)
Revolvers
142(1)
Fired Cartridge Cases
143(1)
Ejection Patterns
143(2)
Fired Bullets
145(1)
Recovering Fired Components
145(1)
Perforation versus Penetration
146(1)
Shotgun Pattern Evaluation and Reconstruction
146(3)
Recording Impacts and Ricochets
149(18)
Evaluating Bullet Impact through Glass
150(2)
Bullet Ricochet
152(3)
Bullet Impact Evaluation
155(1)
Field Tests for Copper: Dithiooxamide (DTO) and 2-Nitroso-1 Naphthol (2-NN)
155(1)
Field Test for Lead: Sodium Rhodizonate (NaRho)
156(1)
Reconstructing a Fired Bullet Trajectory
157(1)
Trajectory Measurement Technique
158(1)
Horizontal Angle
158(1)
Vertical Angle
159(1)
Using a Laser to Define Trajectory
160(2)
Photographing Laser Trajectories
162(1)
Shots into Vehicles
162(1)
Establishing a Baseline for Vehicles
163(1)
Using a 360-Degree Scale for Vehicles
163(1)
Recording Trajectory Angles
164(1)
Reporting Measured Trajectory Angles
165(1)
Horizontal Angles
166(1)
Vertical Angles
166(1)
Gunshot Residue Examination
167(2)
Muzzle Effluent
167(2)
Primer Residue
169(1)
Processing Shooting Scenes
169(4)
Summary
173(1)
Chapter Author
174(1)
The Forensic Pathologist, the Body, and Crime Scene Reconstruction
175(50)
Scott A. Wagner
Introduction
175(1)
Theory and Approach to Death Scene Investigation
175(3)
Homicides
176(1)
Five Basic Questions Posed by the Death Investigation
177(1)
Forming Preliminary Opinions: Be Suspicious but Objective
177(1)
Detailed Questions to Be Considered at the Scene
178(1)
The Body and the Death Scene
178(45)
Examination of the Body at the Scene
180(1)
Photographic Documentation of the Scene and the Body
180(1)
Position of the Body at the Scene
181(1)
Blood at the Scene
182(1)
Vomitus
182(1)
Physical Examination of the Body at the Scene
183(1)
Scene Assessment
183(1)
The Body, the Four Signs of Death, and the Time of Death
183(4)
Eyes
187(1)
Clothing
187(1)
Determining Time of Death by Scene Investigation
188(1)
Forensic Entomology and Time of Death
188(1)
Forensic Botany and Time of Death
189(1)
Decomposition
189(1)
Changes in the Body during Decomposition
189(1)
Other Decompositional Changes
189(1)
Identification Methods
190(1)
Collection of Evidence at the Scene
190(1)
Visual Identification
191(1)
Other Visual Methods of Identification
191(1)
``Softer'' Forms of Identification
191(1)
Scientific Forms of Identification
192(1)
The Medical-Legal Autopsy
193(1)
Phases of the Medical-Legal Autopsy
194(1)
Jurisdiction and Permission for Autopsies
195(1)
Misconceptions of the Autopsy
195(1)
Traumatic Injuries
195(1)
Blunt Force Injuries versus Sharp Force Injuries: The Importance of Terminology
195(1)
Blunt Force Injuries
196(1)
Features of Blunt Force Injuries
196(10)
Sharp Force Injuries
206(4)
Firearms and Gunshot Wounds
210(3)
Gunshot wounds
213(3)
Exit Wounds
216(5)
Strangulation
221(1)
The Autopsy Report
222(1)
Reconstruction of a Bullet Trajectory
223(1)
Conclusion
223(1)
References and Suggested Reading
224(1)
Chapter Author
224(1)
Writing Crime Scene Reconstruction Reports
225(12)
Introduction
225(1)
Essential Report Elements
226(9)
Statement of Purpose
226(1)
References
227(1)
Body of the Report
227(1)
Body of the Report: Outline Format
228(2)
Body of the Report: Narrative Format
230(4)
Flow Chart
234(1)
Summary
235(2)
Arguments and Ethics
237(12)
Deductive and Inductive Arguments
237(5)
The Role of Logic in Crime Scene Analysis
242(2)
Informal Fallacies Encountered in Analysis
242(2)
An Ethical Approach to Crime Scene Analysis
244(3)
Summary
247(1)
References
247(2)
Developing and Using Demonstrative Exhibits in Support of the Crime Scene Analysis
249(24)
Iris Dalley
Collection of Data
249(7)
Videography
249(1)
Photography
250(5)
Measurements
255(1)
Analysis of Data
256(15)
Image Editing
256(2)
Sketching and Mapping
258(1)
Two-Dimensional
259(6)
Presentation
265(3)
Courtroom Testimony
268(1)
Courtroom Admissibility Issues
268(3)
References
271(1)
Chapter Author
271(2)
Index 273
Ross M. Gardner is an active instructor and consultant throughout the United States in crime scene analysis, bloodstain pattern analysis, and crime scene investigation; teaching to a variety of groups ranging from police and investigative organizations to trial counsel professional development groups. Tom Bevel is president of Bevel, Gardner and Associates, Inc., a forensic education and consulting company. He is also an associate professor in the Masters of Forensic Science program at the University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond.
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