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E-raamat: Practical Data Analytics for Innovation in Medicine: Building Real Predictive and Prescriptive Models in Personalized Healthcare and Medical Research Using AI, ML, and Related Technologies

(CEO, M&M Predictive Analytics LLC; UCI Adjunct Professor for Continuing Education, Predictive Analytics Program; Associate Editor, The Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology; Private Consulting, Tulsa, OK, USA), , , , , (Professor Emerit),
  • Formaat: 576 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Feb-2023
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323952750
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  • Formaat: 576 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Feb-2023
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323952750
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Practical Data Analytics for Innovation in Medicine: Building Real Predictive and Prescriptive Models in Personalized Healthcare and Medical Research Using AI, ML, and Related Technologies, Second Edition discusses the needs of healthcare and medicine in the 21st century, explaining how data analytics play an important and revolutionary role. With healthcare effectiveness and economics facing growing challenges, there is a rapidly emerging movement to fortify medical treatment and administration by tapping the predictive power of big data, such as predictive analytics, which can bolster patient care, reduce costs, and deliver greater efficiencies across a wide range of operational functions.

Sections bring a historical perspective, highlight the importance of using predictive analytics to help solve health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, provide access to practical step-by-step tutorials and case studies online, and use exercises based on real-world examples of successful predictive and prescriptive tools and systems. The final part of the book focuses on specific technical operations related to quality, cost-effective medical and nursing care delivery and administration brought by practical predictive analytics.

  • Brings a historical perspective in medical care to discuss both the current status of health care delivery worldwide and the importance of using modern predictive analytics to help solve the health care crisis
  • Provides online tutorials on several predictive analytics systems to help readers apply their knowledge on today’s medical issues and basic research
  • Teaches how to develop effective predictive analytic research and to create decisioning/prescriptive analytic systems to make medical decisions quicker and more accurate
About the authors xix
Foreword for the 2nd edition--John Halamka xxiii
Foreword for the 1st edition xxv
Thomas H. Davenport
Foreword for the 1st edition xxvii
James Taylor
Foreword for the 1st edition xxix
John Halamka
Preface and overview for the 2nd edition xxxi
Preface to the 1st edition xxxiii
Acknowledgment xxxv
Guest
Chapter Author's Listing
xxxvii
Endorsements and reviewer Blurbs--from the 1st edition xxxix
Instructions for using software for the tutorials--how to download from web pages -- for the 2nd edition xli
Prologue to Part I
Part I Historical perspective and the issues of concern for health care delivery in the 21st century
1 What we want to accomplish with this second edition of our first "Big Green Book"
5(10)
Linda A. Miner
Prelude
5(1)
Purpose/summary
5(1)
First reasons for our writing this book
6(1)
Highlighted new material
6(1)
Descriptive statistics, data organization, and example
7(2)
Randomized controlled trials
9(1)
Basic predictive analytics and example
10(1)
Example
11(1)
Research standards common to both traditional and predictive analytics
11(1)
Pandemic as related to research standards and accurate data
11(2)
Especially for the second edition
13(1)
Chapter conclusion
13(1)
Postscript
13(1)
References
14(1)
2 History of predictive analytics in medicine and healthcare
15(20)
Robert Nisbet
Prelude
15(1)
Outline
15(1)
Introduction
16(1)
Part I Development of bodies of medical knowledge
16(1)
Earliest medical records in ancient cultures
17(1)
Classification of medical practice among ancient and modern cultures
17(1)
Medical practice documents in major world cultures of Europe and the Middle East
18(1)
Egypt
18(1)
Mesopotamia
19(1)
Greece
20(2)
Ancient Rome
22(1)
Galen
23(1)
Arabia
24(1)
Summary of royal medical documentation in ancient cultures
25(1)
Effects of the middle ages on medical documentation
25(1)
Rebirth of Interest in medical documentation during the renaissance
26(1)
The printing press
26(1)
The Protestant Reformation
26(1)
Erasmus
27(1)
Human anatomy
27(1)
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
27(1)
William Harvey (1578-1657)
28(1)
Medical documentation after the enlightenment
28(1)
Medical case documentation
28(1)
The development of the National Library of Medicine
28(1)
Part II Analytical decision systems in medicine and healthcare
29(1)
Computers and medical databases
29(1)
Early medical databases
30(1)
National Library of Medicine list of online medical databases
30(1)
Other medical research databases
30(1)
Bills of Mortality in London, United Kingdom
31(1)
Best practice guidelines
31(1)
Guidelines of the American Academy of Neurology
31(1)
Medical records move into the digital world
32(1)
Healthcare data systems
32(2)
Postscript
34(1)
References
34(1)
3 Bioinformatics
35(22)
Nephi Walton
Gary D. Miner
Prelude
35(1)
The rise of predictive analytics in healthcare
35(1)
Moving from reactive to proactive response in healthcare
36(1)
Medicine and big data
36(1)
An approach to predictive analytics projects
37(1)
The predictive analytics process in healthcare
38(1)
Process steps in Fig. 3.1
38(4)
Translational bioinformatics
42(1)
Clinical decision support systems
42(1)
Hybrid clinical decision support systems
43(1)
Consumer health informatics
44(1)
Patient-focused informatics
44(1)
Health literacy
44(1)
Consumer education
45(1)
Direct-to-consumer genetic testing
45(1)
Use of predictive analytics to avoid an undesirable future
45(1)
Consumer health kiosks
45(1)
Who uses the Internet? Nearly everybody
46(1)
Patient monitoring systems
46(1)
Applications for predictive analytics in intensive care unit patient monitoring systems
47(1)
Challenges of medical devices in the intensive care unit
47(1)
Public health informatics
48(1)
The major problem: lack of resources
48(1)
Social networks and the "Pulse" of public health
48(1)
Predictive analytics and prevention and disease and injury
49(1)
Biosurveillance
49(1)
Food-borne illness
49(1)
Medical imaging
49(1)
Clinical research informatics
50(1)
Intelligent search engines
50(1)
Personalized medicine
50(1)
Hospital optimization
50(1)
Challenges
51(1)
Data storage volumes
51(1)
Data privacy and security
51(1)
Portability of PA models
52(1)
Regulation of PA models
52(1)
Summary
53(1)
Postscript
54(1)
References
54(1)
Further reading
54(3)
4 Data and process models in medical informatics
57(8)
Robert (Bob) Nisbet
Prelude
57(1)
Chapter purpose
57(1)
Introduction
57(1)
Systems for classification of diseases and mortality
58(1)
Bills of mortality
58(1)
The ICD system
58(1)
The OMOP common data model
58(1)
Reasons for OMOP
59(1)
The OMOP CDM provides a common data format
60(1)
OMOP CDM architecture is patient-centric
60(1)
Additional data processing operations necessary to serve the analysis of OMOP data
61(1)
The CRISP-DM processing model
62(1)
How this chapter facilitates patient-centric healthcare
63(1)
Postscript
64(1)
References
64(1)
Further reading
64(1)
5 Access to data for analytics--the "Biggest Issue" in medical and healthcare predictive analytics
65(8)
Gary D. Miner
Prelude
65(1)
Size of data in our world: estimated digital universe now and in the future
65(1)
Convergence of healthcare and modern technologies
66(1)
Reasons why healthcare data is difficult to get and difficult to measure
67(1)
Multiple places where medical data are found
68(1)
Many different formats of medical data: structured and unstructured
68(1)
Another problem is inconsistent definitions
68(1)
Changing government regulatory requirements keep changing what data is taken and kept
69(1)
What are some of the benefits of using good data analytics in medical research and healthcare delivery?
69(1)
Conclusion of 5: the importance of health care data analytics
69(1)
Postscript
70(1)
References
70(1)
Further reading
71(2)
6 Precision (personalized) medicine
73(32)
Nephi Walton
Preamble
73(1)
What is personalized/precision medicine?
74(1)
Personalized medicine versus precision medicine
75(1)
P4 medicine
75(1)
P5 to PI0 medicine
75(1)
Precision medicine, genomics, and pharmacogenomics
75(1)
Differences among us
76(1)
Differences go beyond our body and into our environment
76(1)
Changes from birth to death
77(1)
Ancestry and disease
77(1)
Gene therapies
77(1)
It is not about just our genome
78(1)
Changing the definition of diseases
78(1)
Systems biology
79(1)
Efficacy of current methods--why we need personalized medicine
80(1)
Predictive analytics in personalized medicine
80(1)
The future: predictive and prescriptive medicine
80(1)
Application of predictive analytics and decisioning in predictive and prescriptive medicine
81(1)
The diversity of available healthcare data
82(1)
Diversity of data types available
82(1)
Phenotypic data
83(1)
Clinical information
83(1)
Real-time physiological data
84(1)
Imaging data
84(1)
Genomic data
85(3)
Transcriptomics data
88(1)
Epigenomics data
89(1)
Proteomic data
90(1)
Glycomic data
91(1)
Metabolomic data
91(1)
Metagenomic data
92(1)
Nutrigenomics data
92(1)
Behavioral measures data
92(1)
Socioeconomic status data
93(1)
Personal activity monitoring data
93(1)
Climatological data
94(1)
Environmental data
95(1)
All the other OMICs
95(1)
The future
95(1)
Challenges
96(1)
Challenge #1
96(1)
Challenge #2
96(1)
Challenge #3
97(1)
Challenge #4
97(1)
Challenge #5
97(1)
Challenge #6
97(1)
Challenge #7
98(1)
Challenge #8
98(1)
Challenge #9
98(1)
Challenge #10
98(1)
Challenge #11
98(1)
Challenge #12
98(1)
Challenge #13
99(1)
Postscript
99(1)
References
99(3)
Further reading
102(3)
7 Patient-directed healthcare
105(54)
Linda A. Miner
Prelude
106(1)
Empowerment in patient-directed medicine
106(1)
Self-monitoring, N of 1 study
106(2)
Research questions
108(1)
The responsible patient
108(1)
Patients changing how medicine is practiced
108(1)
Patient empowerment versus compliance
109
Collaboration between patients and the medical community
109(1)
Patient involvement
109(1)
Patient involvement in medical education
110(1)
Limitations of patient involvement
110(1)
Evidence supporting patient involvement
111(2)
Family-wise statistical errors
113(1)
Communication and trust
113(1)
Communication and trust during the pandemic
113(1)
Collaboration and limitations
114(1)
How patient-directed medicine works using predictive analytics
114(1)
Privacy concerns can hinder research
114
Predictive analytics for patient-directed research
115(1)
Cultures and decisions
116(1)
Coordination of care and communication for patient-directed healthcare
116(1)
Communication skills in the medical setting
117(1)
Communication studies
117(2)
Barriers to productive communication
119(2)
Patients selecting their best models of care
121(1)
Medical homes
121(1)
The integrated healthcare delivery system model
121(1)
Comparison with accountable care organization
122(1)
Direct pay/direct care model
122(1)
Consumerism and advertising in patient-directed healthcare
123(1)
Advertising to patients
123(1)
Research studies related to advertising and consumerism
124(1)
Privacy of prescription data. Is it private?
124(1)
Patients diagnosing themselves amid targeted advertising
125(1)
Patients making use of technology and advertising for good or for bad
126(1)
Patient payment models and effects on self-directed healthcare
127(1)
Burden of healthcare--predicting the future
128(1)
Predicting life and death
128(1)
Misapplication of treatment increases costs
129(1)
Models of insurance--predicting the best for individuals
129(2)
Research assisting patients in self-education and decisions
131(1)
Patient self-responsibility: highlight on obesity
132(1)
Percent of obesity
132
Distribution of obesity in the United States--costs and related diseases
133(1)
Cascading effects on sleep of obesity
134(1)
Obesity, cholesterol, statins, and patient-directed healthcare
135(1)
The need for N of 1 studies
136(1)
N of 1 study examples
136(1)
Data scientists could make a fortune--development of apps and artificial intelligence for phones and PC application
137(1)
Patient portals
138(1)
Alternatives and new models
139(1)
Medical tourism
139(1)
Where could it go wrong?
140(1)
Alternative screenings
140(1)
Self-diagnostic kits
141(1)
An alternative to traditional insurance
142(1)
Doctors striking out on their own
142(1)
Alternative ways of knowing about ourselves--genomic predictions
142(1)
Some concerns
143(1)
Predictive analytics for patient decision-making
144(1)
Connectivity
145(1)
Controlling some diseases by searching research on one's own
145(1)
Portals, evidence medicine, and gold standards in predictive analytics
146(1)
Patientsite at Beth Israel
147(1)
Cleveland clinic
147(1)
Body computing
148(1)
Diagnostic apps
148(1)
Chapter conclusion
149(1)
Postscript
150(1)
References
150(9)
8 Regulatory measures--agencies, and data issues in medicine and healthcare
159(12)
Gary D. Miner
Prelude
159(1)
Introduction
159(1)
What is an electronic medical records?
160(4)
Five of the best open source electronic medical records systems for medical practices
161
Rise of the international classification of disease
162
Six Sigma
164(1)
Quality control
165(1)
Lean concepts for healthcare: the lean hospital as a methodology of Six Sigma
165(1)
Root cause analysis
166(1)
Henry Ford Hospitals and Virginia Mason Hospital
166(1)
Postscript
167(1)
References
167(2)
Further reading
169(2)
9 Predictive analytics with multiomics data
171(14)
Robert A. Nisbet
Prelude
171(1)
Introduction to multiomics
171(1)
Genomics
172(1)
Multiomics
172(1)
Multiomics systems biology
173(1)
Basic analytics operations in multiomics
174(1)
Multiomics data integration
174(1)
Multiomics data preparation
174(1)
Methodological bias
175(1)
Unrepresentative negatives
175(1)
Imbalance of data sets with rare target variables
175(1)
Data preparation issues specific to particular omics data sets
175(2)
Analysis methods
177(1)
Statistical analysis methods
177(1)
Machine learning methods
177(1)
Data conditioning
178(1)
Data preprocessing tools in multiomics
179(1)
Multiomics analytical methods
179(1)
Open source tools for multiomics analytics
179(1)
Machine learning tools in multiomics analytics
180(1)
Focus on metabolomics
180(1)
Prediction of pancreatic and lung cancer from metabolomics data
181(1)
Postscript
182(1)
References
182(1)
Further reading
183(2)
10 Artificial intelligence and genomics
185(14)
Nephi Walton
Gary D. Miner
Prelude
185(1)
How do we enable the clinical application of artificial intelligence in genomics?
185(1)
Genomics fast moving field--and now ready for artificial intelligence to have an impact
185(1)
Need to open existing large datasets to more researchers
186(1)
Successful artificial intelligence models will be ones that use smaller and manageable portions of the human genome
186(1)
Polygenic risk scores
186(1)
Artificial intelligence models cannot replace but must augment physicians diagnosis and treatment decisions
186(1)
Governance--balance between rapid approval of models and ensuring no human harm
187(1)
EHR and integration of artificial intelligence into clinical workflows
187(1)
What would an artificial intelligence and genomics integration look like?
187(1)
Real-world examples of artificial intelligence and genomics modeling systems emerging in 2022
187(2)
Conclusions
189(1)
Postscript
189(1)
References
190(1)
Further reading
190(9)
Prologue to Part II
Part II Practical step-by-step tutorials and case studies
Prologue to Part III
Part III Practical application examples
11 Glaucoma (eye disease): a real case study; with suggested predictive analytic modeling for identifying an individual patient's best diagnosis and best treatment
199(58)
Gary D. Miner
Linda A. Miner
Billie Corkerin
Prelude
200(1)
Why this chapter in this book?
200(1)
How serious is glaucoma? Why do we need to watch for it?
200(1)
What is a normal eye pressure?
200(1)
Characteristics of glaucoma disease
200(1)
Risk factors and treatment
201(1)
Basic anatomy of the eye and relation of physical structure to glaucoma disease
201(1)
What is glaucoma?
202(1)
What is the normal pressure (IOP) in the eye?
202(1)
What causes a rise in intraocular pressure above the norm of 10--21?
202(2)
Pathophysiology of glaucoma
204(1)
Diagnosis of glaucoma
204(1)
Illustrations/photo of eye
205(1)
"Minimally invasive" surgeries can be invasive
205(1)
Invasive surgical treatments
206(1)
What does the XEN-gel stint look like? What is its size?
207(1)
Ahmed valve shunt. What does the Ahmed valve shunt look like?
207(1)
Long-term results of using Ahmed valve shunts for glaucoma
207(2)
Fluid flow in the two main types of glaucoma
209(1)
Open angle
209(1)
Closed angle
209(1)
Photography of eye--looking at fundus in the diagnosis of glaucoma
209(1)
Case study: my (Gary's) glaucoma progression (from about 2010 to 2022)
209(4)
Self-monitoring intraocular pressure by the patient for more accurate DX and treatment decisions
213(1)
I-CARE home device for patient home monitoring of intraocular pressure values
213(4)
As others are stating
217(1)
My invasive surgery--2021 --XEN-gel shunt and later Ahmed valve shunt
217(2)
Increased night-time urination frequency was an unpleasant side-effect of my using steroid eyedrops
219(1)
Is increase in "urination frequency" a common side effect of use of "steroids in eye drops"?
219(7)
Suggested absorbsion pathway of Loetmax SM; Helping to determine best treatment
226(1)
Predictive analytic modeling possibilities
227(7)
Even visual field tests can now be automated with artificial intelligence--machine learning methods
234(4)
Using STATISTICA statistical and predictive analytic software to visualize patient Gary's IOP data
238(1)
DOSE OF "Generic-COSOPT" (= Dorzolamide-Timolol)--is three times a day OK?
239(6)
Future possible treatments for glaucoma
245(1)
FINAL IOP levels for Gary upon finding "optimum mix of steroid and IOP eye drops"
246(5)
Postscript
251(1)
References
251(4)
Further reading
255(2)
12 Using data science algorithms in predicting ICU patient urine output in response to diuretics to aid clinicians and healthcare workers in clinical decision-making
257(68)
Anna J.C. Russell-Toner
Prelude
257(1)
Introduction
258(1)
Outputs and conclusion from a literature review
258(1)
The data used
258(1)
Source of data
258(1)
Data demographics
258(3)
Technology used
261(3)
Algorithm outputs and decisions
264(1)
Algorithm version 1
264(19)
Algorithm version 2
283(20)
Algorithm version 3
303(10)
The champion algorithms
313(7)
Further research not published here--a champion emerges
320(1)
The conclusions on our champion algorithm
320(1)
Examples to illustrate model performance for actual patients
321(1)
Conclusions and further recommendations
322(1)
Conclusions
322(1)
Recommendations
323(1)
Postscript
323(1)
Further reading
323(2)
13 Prediction tool development: creation and adoption of robust predictive model metrics at the bedside for greatly benefiting the patient, like preterm infants at risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, using Shiny-R
325(14)
John B.C. Tan
Rebekah M. Leigh
Fu-Sheng Chou
Prelude
325(1)
Author's note
325(1)
Rationale
326(1)
Exploratory data analysis for health data
326(2)
Methods
328(1)
Obtaining and processing data
328(1)
Using R Shiny for efficient data input and visualization
329(1)
After obtaining the finalized clean data
329(2)
Code examples and tutorial
331(1)
Data cleaning and TidyR examples
331(1)
Initializing an R Shiny web app
332(2)
Loading and saving onto a SQL database
334(1)
Showing and interacting with data
334(2)
Conclusion
336(1)
Appendix
336(1)
Download links
336(1)
Versions of software and packages
336(1)
Postscript
336(1)
References
337(1)
Further reading
337(2)
14 Modeling precancerous colon polyps with OMOP data
339(16)
Robert A. Nisbet
Prelude
339(1)
Chapter purpose
340(1)
Introduction
340(1)
The University of California, Irvine Colonoscopy Quality Database
340(1)
The UCI Colon Polyp Project
341(1)
Previous colon cancer risk screening and predictive modeling programs
341(1)
OMOP data
342(1)
Caveat
342(1)
Modeling objective
342(1)
Methods
342(1)
Major tasks of data preparation of OMOP data for modeling
342(1)
Data access
342(1)
The modeling tool
343(1)
Data integration
343(1)
Target variable definition
344(1)
Data type changes
345(1)
Data quality assessment and resolution
345(1)
Data exclusions
345(1)
Aggregation to the patient level
345(1)
Unique code determination
345(1)
Text mining frequency analysis
346(1)
Manual variable derivation
346(1)
Derivation of one-hot (binary) variables
347(1)
Feature selection process
347(1)
The "short-list"
347(1)
Methods of feature selection
348(1)
Variable filtering
348(1)
Wrapper methods
348(1)
Data conditioning
348(1)
Balancing the data set
348(1)
Unrepresentative negatives
348(1)
Positive unlabeled learning
349(1)
Modeling
349(1)
Modeling algorithms
349(1)
Cross-validation
349(1)
Ensemble modeling
350(1)
Results and discussion
350(1)
Model evaluation
350(1)
Prediction accuracies
351(1)
Receiver operator characteristic curve
351(1)
Other important aspects of the trained model
351(1)
Important predictor variables
351(1)
Emergent properties
351(2)
Automation of data preparation for medical informatics?
353(1)
Conclusions
353
How this chapter facilitates patient-centric medical health care
353(1)
Postscript
354(1)
References
354(1)
Further reading
354(1)
15 Prediction of pancreatic and lung cancer from metabolomics data
355(6)
Robert A. Nisbet
Prelude
355(1)
Purpose of this chapter
355(1)
Introduction
356(1)
Cancer deaths in the United States
356(1)
Cancer metabolites
356(1)
Methods
356(1)
The modeling process
356(2)
Results
358(1)
Model accuracy
358(1)
Specific models for lung cancer and pancreatic cancer
359(1)
Discussion
359
Implications of this case study for future medical diagnosis
360(1)
Conclusions
360(1)
How this chapter facilitates patient-centric healthcare
360(1)
Postscript
360(1)
References
360(1)
16 Covid-19 descriptive analytics visualization of pandemic and hospitalization data
361(1)
Robert (Bob) Nisbet
Preamble
361(1)
Introduction
361(1)
3 KNIME workflow data streams
361(14)
Preparatory steps for using this tutorial
362(2)
General introduction to KNIME
364(1)
Data access--the file reader node
365(1)
Data understanding
365(1)
Country selection
365(3)
Visualization data stream
368(4)
Using the workflow for another country
372(1)
How this chapter facilitates patient-centric healthcare
373(1)
Postscript
373(1)
Further reading
373(2)
17 Disseminated intravascular coagulation predictive analytics with pediatric ICU admissions
375(20)
Linda A. Miner
Harsha Chandnani
Mitchell Goldstein
Mahmood H. Khichi
Cynthia H. Tinsley
Prelude
375(1)
Introduction
375(1)
Background (from first edition)
376(1)
The example
377(1)
Data files
377(1)
First week of analysis
378(1)
Data mining recipes using statistica
379(1)
Data imputation
380(1)
Using the 11, 459 imputed file--training data
381(3)
Training data (11, 569 imputed) continued
384(1)
A problem
385(1)
Randomly separating the data and new data mining recipe
385(2)
Final analysis--a return to the past
387(1)
Conclusion --personal ending thoughts
388(1)
Postscript
388(1)
References
388(7)
Prologue to Part IV
Part IV Advanced topics in administration and delivery of health care including practical predictive analytics for medicine in the future
18 Challenges for healthcare administration and delivery: integrating predictive and prescriptive modeling into personalized-precision healthcare
395(6)
Nephi Walton
Gary D. Miner
Mitchell Goldstein
Prelude
395(1)
Introduction to challenges in healthcare delivery
395(1)
Challenge #1
395(1)
Challenged
396(1)
Challenge #3
396(1)
Challenge #4
396(1)
Challenge #5
396(1)
Challenge #6
397(1)
Challenge #7
397(1)
Challenge #8
397(1)
Challenge #9
398(1)
Challenge #10
398(1)
Challenge #11
398(1)
Postscript
398(1)
References
398(1)
Further reading
399(2)
19 Challenges of medical research in incorporating modern data analytics in studies
401(4)
Nephi Walton
Gary D. Miner
Linda A. Miner
Prelude
401(1)
Introduction --challenges to medical researchers
401(1)
Trends that we might want to know about
402(1)
Automation and machine learning (AutoML)
403(1)
Blockchain
403(1)
Conversational artificial intelligence
403(1)
Digital twins
403(1)
Medical competitions
403(1)
Conclusion
403(1)
Postscript
404(1)
References
404(1)
Further reading
404(1)
20 The nature of insight from data and implications for automated decisioning: predictive and prescriptive models, decisions, and actions
405(12)
Thomas Hill
Prelude
405(1)
Overview
406(1)
The purpose of this chapter
406(1)
The nature of insight and expertise
406(1)
Procedural and declarative knowledge
406(1)
Nonconscious acquisition of knowledge
407(1)
Conclusion: expertise and the application of pattern recognition methods
407(1)
Statistical analysis versus pattern recognition
408(1)
Fitting a priori models
408(1)
Pattern recognition: data are the model
408(1)
The data are the model
408(2)
Pattern recognition in artificial intelligence/machine learning: general approximators
410(1)
Pattern recognition and declarative knowledge: interpretability of results
410(1)
Explainability of artificial intelligence/machine learning models
410(1)
Global and local explainability
410(1)
Statistical models, and reason scores for linear models
411(1)
What-if, and reason scores as derivatives
412(1)
Explainability of nonlinear models, artificial intelligence/machine learning models
412(1)
Local interpretable model-agnostic explanations
412(1)
Shapley additive explanations
412(1)
Comparing local interpretable model-agnostic explanations and Shapley additive explanations
413(1)
Caution: inverse predictions can be very risky
413(1)
Inverse prediction
413(1)
Correlation is not necessarily causation
413(1)
Lack of evidence at the specific point in the input space
414(1)
Optimization of inputs to achieve a desired output
414(1)
Naive explanations
415(1)
Summary
415(1)
Postscript
415(1)
References
415(2)
21 Model management and ModelOps: managing an artificial intelligence-driven enterprise
417(16)
Thomas Hill
Prelude
417(1)
Introduction
417(1)
The model building/authoring life cycle
418(1)
Overview: managing the life cycles for thousands of models
419(1)
Types of analytic models
419(1)
Managing the risks of analytics, artificial intelligence
420(1)
Do-no-harm
421(1)
ModelOps scope
421(1)
ModelOps details: managing model pipelines and reusable steps
422(1)
The tools and languages of artificial intelligence/machine learning
422(1)
Reusable steps, building intellectual property
423(1)
Managing model life cycles
424(1)
Model monitoring
425(2)
Monitoring risks
427(1)
Efficiency, agility, elasticity, and technology
427(1)
Cloud architecture
427(1)
Managing models for data-at-rest and data-in-motion
428(2)
Conclusion
430(1)
Postscript
430(1)
References
430(1)
Further reading
431(2)
22 The forecasts for advances in predictive and prescriptive analytics and related technologies for the year 2022 and beyond
433(10)
Gary D. Miner
Linda A. Miner
Scott Burk
Prelude
433(1)
Section I Specific technological trends predicted for 2022-2023+
433(1)
What is predictive analytics, and what are the most frequently used methods (or algorithms) in predictive analytics?
433(1)
What is prescriptive analytics, and what is an example of prescriptive analytics?
434(1)
Part I healthcare: what trends can we expect in the year 2022 and beyond?
434(1)
What do these three things mean?
435(1)
Part 2 In general: PA and business intelligence trends for 2022
436(1)
TOP 10 analytics and business intelligence trends for 2022
437(1)
Key artificial intelligence and data analytics trends for 2022 and beyond
437(2)
Section II Overriding philosophies which will guide trends over the next 10 years
439(1)
Postscript
440(1)
References
440(3)
23 Sampling and data analysis: variability in data may be a better predictor than exact data points with many kinds of Medical situations
443(14)
Mitchell Goldstein
Gary D. Miner
Prelude
443(1)
Sampling and data analysis issues
443(1)
Purpose summary of this chapter
443(1)
One issue--electronic health record and specific measures taken on patients
444(1)
Pulse oximetry data measurements, as an example
445(1)
Introduction
445(1)
Objective
445(1)
Methods
445(1)
Results
445(4)
Discussion
449(1)
Conclusion on Pulse Oximetry Example
450(1)
Eye-intraocular pressure measurements: a personal example by one of the authors to illustrate the problem of when and how data is collected
450(1)
Example of comparison of Goldman with i-CARE HOME intraocular pressure readings
451(1)
In conclusion
451(2)
Types of data analysis that may be helpful in solving the types of issues presented in this
Chapter 452 Reliability of inputs determines the validity of models
453(1)
However, it gets more complicated
453(1)
But then, it gets even more complicated
453(1)
Clinical Dx and treatment needed changes for true patient-centered care
454(1)
Postscript
454(1)
References
455(1)
Further reading
456(1)
24 Analytics architectures for the 21st century
457(16)
Scott Burk
Prelude
457(1)
Introduction
457(1)
Purpose/summary
457(1)
Organizational design for success
458(1)
Some say it starts with data, it doesn't
458(1)
Organizational alignment
458(1)
Framework for trustworthy and ethical AI and analytics
459(1)
Data design for success
459(1)
Why is data so important?
459(1)
The potential of data is insight and action
459(1)
Data and analytics literacy are requirements to successful programs
460(1)
Brief considerations in data architecture
460(1)
Processes, systems, and data
461(1)
Data volume
461(1)
Data variety
461(1)
Data velocity
462(1)
Data value
462(1)
Data veracity
462(1)
Connecting and moving data--data in motion
462(1)
Application programming interfaces and management
462(1)
Microservices
463(1)
Streaming data
463(1)
Data stores and limitations of the enterprise data warehouses
463(5)
Analytics design for success
468(1)
Technology to create analytics
468(3)
Technology to communicate and act upon analytics
471(1)
Conclusion
471(1)
Postscript
472(1)
References
472(1)
25 Predictive models versus prescriptive models; causal inference and Bayesian networks
473(14)
Scott Burk
Prelude
473(1)
Introduction
473(1)
Classification of AI and ML models in medicine
474(1)
Descriptive analytics
474(1)
Diagnostics analytics
475(1)
Predictive analytics
475(1)
Prescriptive analytics
475(1)
Process optimization
475(1)
Causation--the most misunderstood concept in data science today
476(1)
Some basic assumptions for predictive modeling
477(1)
Some basic assumptions for prescriptive modeling
477(1)
Using a predictive model for prescription purposes
478(1)
Some important notes on observational studies
479(1)
Causal inference and why it is important
479(1)
Bridging the causal models to statistical models--causal inference
480(1)
Bayesian networks
480(1)
Causal inference and the do-calculus
481(1)
A summary example of causal modeling
482(2)
Conclusion
484(1)
Postscript
485(1)
References
485(1)
Further reading
485(2)
26 The future: 21st century healthcare and wellness in the digital age
487(1)
Gary D. Miner
Linda A. Miner Prelude
Overview
488(1)
Background and need for change
488(1)
Comparative effectiveness research and heterogeneous treatment effect research
489(1)
New technology and 21st century healthcare: health startup firms
490(1)
We wrote this back in 2014 for the first edition of this book 490 Well did this all happen as predicted? Not quite
491(2)
Listing of other e-items in this "outside of healthcare facilities" category but within at least the partial control of patients
493(1)
Examples of wearable devices that are working for people today
493(1)
Atrial fibrillation wearable watch sensors
493(1)
Eye pressure (IOP) home measurement devices
494(1)
Nonautomatic vital health signal measuring devices
495(1)
Blood pressure devices
495(1)
Oxygen level home monitors
495(1)
Trends and expectations for the future of health IT and analytics
495(6)
Bottom-Up "small-sized" but working individually controlled data gathering and instant analytics output systems
501(1)
Where will the next innovations in medicine come from?
502(1)
N-of-1 studies--the future for person-centered healthcare
502(1)
Styles of thinking--how brain laterality affects innovation in healthcare
503(2)
Final concluding statements
505(1)
How much should we listen to algorithms?--Should machines make the decisions?
505(1)
Genomics and AI will start exploding in 2022 and subsequent years, and thus we need to be prepared
505(1)
Patient-centered (precision) health for the future
505(1)
Postscript 505(1)
References 506(2)
Further reading 508(3)
Appendix A: Modeling new COVID-19 deaths 511(8)
Index 519
Dr. Gary Miner PhD received a B.S. from Hamline University, St. Paul, MN, with biology, chemistry, and education majors; an M.S. in zoology and population genetics from the University of Wyoming; and a Ph.D. in biochemical genetics from the University of Kansas as the recipient of a NASA pre-doctoral fellowship. He pursued additional National Institutes of Health postdoctoral studies at the U of Minnesota and U of Iowa eventually becoming immersed in the study of affective disorders and Alzheimer's disease.

In 1985, he and his wife, Dr. Linda Winters-Miner, founded the Familial Alzheimer's Disease Research Foundation, which became a leading force in organizing both local and international scientific meetings, bringing together all the leaders in the field of genetics of Alzheimer's from several countries, resulting in the first major book on the genetics of Alzheimers disease. In the mid-1990s, Dr. Miner turned his data analysis interests to the business world, joining the team at StatSoft and deciding to specialize in data mining. He started developing what eventually became the Handbook of Statistical Analysis and Data Mining Applications (co-authored with Drs. Robert A. Nisbet and John Elder), which received the 2009 American Publishers Award for Professional and Scholarly Excellence (PROSE). Their follow-up collaboration, Practical Text Mining and Statistical Analysis for Non-structured Text Data Applications, also received a PROSE award in February of 2013. Gary was also co-author of Practical Predictive Analytics and Decisioning Systems for Medicine (Academic Press, 2015). Overall, Dr. Miners career has focused on medicine and health issues, and the use of data analytics (statistics and predictive analytics) in analyzing medical data to decipher fact from fiction.

Gary has also served as Merit Reviewer for PCORI (Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute) that awards grants for predictive analytics research into the comparative effectiveness and heterogeneous treatment effects of medical interventions including drugs among different genetic groups of patients; additionally he teaches on-line classes in Introduction to Predictive Analytics, Text Analytics, Risk Analytics, and Healthcare Predictive Analytics for the University of California-Irvine. Recently, until official retirement 18 months ago, he spent most of his time in his primary role as Senior Analyst-Healthcare Applications Specialist for Dell | Information Management Group, Dell Software (through Dells acquisition of StatSoft (www.StatSoft.com) in April 2014). Currently Gary is working on two new short popular books on Healthcare Solutions for the USA and Patient-Doctor Genomics Stories. Linda A. Winters-Miner, PhD, earned her bachelors and masters degrees at University of Kansas, her doctorate at the University of Minnesota, and completed post-doctoral studies in psychiatric epidemiology at the University of Iowa. She spent most of her career as an educator, in teacher education and statistics and research design. She spent nearly two years as a site coordinator for a major (Coxnex) drug trial. For 23 years, she was a Program Director at Southern Nazarene University - Tulsa. Her program direction included three undergraduate programs in business and psychology and three graduate programs in management, business administration, and health care administration. She has authored or co-authored numerous articles and books including with Gary and others, the first book concerning the genetics of Alzheimer's, Alzheimer's disease: Molecular genetics, Clinical Perspectives and Promising New Research. L Miner authored some of the tutorials in the first two predictive analytic books published in 2009 and 2012 by Elsevier. For ten years, she served as a Community Faculty for Research and Data Analysis at IHI Family Practice Medical Residency program in Tulsa. She taught predictive analytics online, including healthcare predictive analytics, for the University of California-Irvine. At present, Dr. Miner is Professor Emeritus, Professional and Graduate Studies, Southern Nazarene University and serves on the Editorial Board, The Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. Scott Burk PhD is Chief Data Officer at M&M Predictive Analytics LLC, USA. Dr. Goldstein MD, FAAP attended the University of Miamis Honor Program in Medical Education under an Isaac B. Singer full tuition scholarship, completed his pediatric residency training at the University of California, Los Angeles, and finished his Neonatal Perinatal Medicine training at the University of California, Irvine in 1994. Dr. Goldstein is board certified in both Pediatrics and Neonatal Perinatal Medicine. He is an Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Loma Linda University Childrens Hospital and emeritus medical director of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Citrus Valley in West Covina, CA. He has been in clinical practice for 20 years. At the various places he has worked, Dr. Goldstein has become fluent in a multitude of EMRs including EPIC, Cerner, and Meditech. As a member of the Department Deputies Users Group at Loma Linda University Hospital, Dr. Goldstein participates in an ongoing EMR improvement process. Dr. Goldstein is a past president of the Perinatal Advisory Council, Legislation, Advocacy and Consultation (PACLAC) as well as a past president of the National Perinatal Association (NPA). Dr. Goldstein is the twice recipient of the annual Jack Haven Emerson Award presented to the physician with the most promising study involving innovative pulmonary research and the 2013 recipient of the National Perinatal Association Stanley Graven lifetime achievement award presented for his ongoing commitment to the advancement of neonatal and perinatal health issues. He is the editor of PACLACs Neonatal Guidelines of Care as well as the Principal author of both the National Perinatal Associations 2011 Best Practice Checklist Oxygen Management for Preterm Infants and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Prophylaxis 2012 Guidelines. Dr. Goldstein serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Perinatology as well as Neonatology Today, has represented the NPA to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) perinatal section, and is a moderator of NICU-NET, a neonatal listserv. He is an executive board member and is on the nominations committee for the Section on Advances in Therapeutics & Technology (SOATT) of the AAP. Dr. Goldstein chaired the NPA National Conferences in 2004, 2008 and 2011 and continues to be active in conference planning as the CME Continuing Medical Education (CME) chair for PACLAC.

His research interests include the development of non-invasive monitoring techniques, evaluation of signal propagation during high frequency ventilation, and data mining techniques for improving quality of care. Dr. Goldstein has also been a vocal advocate for RSV prophylaxis and right” sizing technology for the needs of neonates. Dr. Goldsteins recent publications have included Critical Complex Congenital Heart Disease (CCHD)” which was dual published in Neonatology Today and Congenital Cardiology Today, the Late Preterm Guidelines of Care” published in the Journal of Perinatology, and How Do We COPE with CPOE” published in Neonatology Today. Bob Nisbet, PhD, is a Data Scientist, currently modeling precancerous colon polyp presence with clinical data at the UC-Irvine Medical Center. He has experience in predictive modeling in Telecommunications, Insurance, Credit, Banking. His academic experience includes teaching in Ecology and in Data Science. His industrial experience includes predictive modeling at AT&T, NCR, and FICO. He has worked also in Insurance, Credit, membership organizations (e.g. AAA), Education, and Health Care industries. He retired as an Assistant Vice President of Santa Barbara Bank & Trust in charge of business intelligence reporting and customer relationship management (CRM) modeling. Nephi Walton MD, MS, FACMG, FAMIA earned his MD from the University of Utah School of Medicine and a Masters degree in Biomedical Informatics from the University of Utah Department of Biomedical Informatics where he was a National Library of Medicine fellow. His Masters work was focused on data mining and predictive analytics of viral epidemics and their impact on hospitals. He was the winner of the 2009 AMIA Data Mining Competition and has published papers and co-authored books on data mining and predictive analytics. Also during his time at the University of Utah he spent several years studying genetic epidemiology of autoimmune disease and the application of analytical methods to determining genetic risk for disease, a work that continues today. His work has included several interactive medical education products. He founded a company called Brainspin that continues this work and has won international awards for innovative design in this area. He is currently a combined Pediatrics/Genetics fellow at Washington University where he is pursuing several research interests including the application of predictive analytics models to genomic data and integration of genomic data into the medical record. He continues to work with the University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare to further his work in viral prediction models and hospital census prediction and resource allocation models. Dr. Thomas Hill is Senior Director for Advanced Analytics (Statistica products) in the TIBCO Analytics group. He previously held positions as Executive Director for Analytics at Statistica, within Quest's and at Dell's Information Management Group. He was a Co-founder and Senior Vice President for Analytic Solutions for over 20 years at StatSoft Inc. until the acquisition by Dell in 2014. At StatSoft, he was responsible for building out Statistica into a leading analytics platform. Dr. Hill received his Vordiplom in psychology from Kiel University in Germany, earned an M.S. in industrial psychology and a Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Kansas. He was on the faculty of the University of Tulsa from 1984 to 2009, where he conducted research in cognitive science and taught data analysis and data mining courses. He has received numerous academic grants and awards from the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Health, the Center for Innovation Management, the Electric Power Research Institute, and other institutions. Over the past 20 years, his team has completed diverse consulting projects with companies from practically all industries in the United States and internationally on identifying and refining effective data mining and predictive modeling / analytics solutions for diverse applications. Dr. Hill has published widely on innovative applications for data mining and predictive analytics. He is the author (with Paul Lewicki, 2005) of Statistics: Methods and Applications, the Electronic Statistics Textbook (a popular on-line resource on statistics and data mining), a co-author of Practical Text Mining and Statistical Analysis for Non-Structured Text Data Applications (2012) and Practical Predictive Analytics and Decisioning Systems for Medicine (2014); he is also a contributing author to the popular Handbook of Statistical Analysis and Data Mining Applications (2009). Dr. Hill also authored numerous patents related to data science, Machine Learning, and specialized applications of of analytics to various domains.