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E-raamat: Practitioner's Guide to State and Local Population Projections

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This book focuses on the methodology and analysis of state and local population projections. It describes the most commonly used data sources and application techniques for four types of projection methods: cohort-component, trend extrapolation, structural models, and microsimulation. It covers the components of population growth, sources of data, the formation of assumptions, the development of evaluation criteria, and the determinants of forecast accuracy. It considers the strengths and weaknesses of various projection methods and pays special attention to the unique problems that characterize small-area projections. The authors provide practical guidance to demographers, planners, market analysts, and others called on to construct state and local population projections. They use many examples and illustrations and present suggestions for dealing with special populations, unique circumstances, and inadequate or unreliable data. They describe techniques for controlling one set of projections to another, for interpolating between time points, for sub-dividing age groups, and for constructing projections of population-related variables (e.g., school enrollment, households). They discuss the role of judgment and the importance of the political context in which projections are made. They emphasize the “utility” of projections, or their usefulness for decision making in a world of competing demands and limited resources. This comprehensive book will provide readers with an understanding not only of the mechanics of the most commonly used population projection methods, but also of the many complex issues affecting their construction, interpretation, evaluation, and use.?

This book offers guidance to demographers, planners, market analysts, and others called on to construct state and local population projections. It gives suggestions for dealing with special populations, unique circumstances, and inadequate or unreliable data.

Arvustused

In fourteen chapters it provides the reader with the necessary tools for creating numerous population projection methods. both graduate and upper-level undergraduate students could use this book as the sole textbook for a course, or as a supplement focusing on select chapters. Similarly, those who need a refresher on specific projection fundamentals will find this book full of helpful information. Reading this book is an eye-opening journey into the complex world of population projections/forecasts. (Alison Yacyshyn, Canadian Studies in population, Vol. 42 (3-4), 2015)

1 Rationale, Terminology, Scope
1(18)
1.1 What Is a Population Projection?
2(4)
1.1.1 Projections, Forecasts, Estimates
2(2)
1.1.2 Alternative Approaches
4(2)
1.2 Why Make Population Projections?
6(5)
1.2.1 Roles of Projections
6(2)
1.2.2 Projections and Decision Making
8(2)
1.2.3 Forecasting and Planning
10(1)
1.3 How Can This Book Help?
11(8)
1.3.1 Objectives
11(3)
1.3.2 Geographic Focus
14(1)
1.3.3 Coverage
15(2)
1.3.4 Target Audience
17(1)
References
17(2)
2 Fundamentals of Population Analysis
19(26)
2.1 Demographic Concepts
19(8)
2.1.1 Size
19(3)
2.1.2 Distribution
22(1)
2.1.3 Composition
23(2)
2.1.4 Change
25(2)
2.2 Components of Change
27(5)
2.2.1 Mortality
28(1)
2.2.2 Fertility
28(1)
2.2.3 Migration
29(1)
2.2.4 Demographic Balancing Equation
29(3)
2.3 Statistical Measures
32(3)
2.4 Sources of Data
35(10)
2.4.1 Decennial Census
35(3)
2.4.2 American Community Survey
38(2)
2.4.3 Other Surveys
40(1)
2.4.4 Vital Statistics
40(1)
2.4.5 Administrative Records
41(1)
2.4.6 Population Estimates
41(1)
References
42(3)
3 Overview of the Cohort-Component Method
45(6)
3.1 Concepts and Terminology
45(3)
3.2 Brief Description of Procedures
48(3)
References
50(1)
4 Mortality
51(26)
4.1 Mortality Measures
52(2)
4.1.1 Crude Death Rate
52(1)
4.1.2 Age-Specific Death Rate
53(1)
4.2 Survival Rates
54(7)
4.2.1 Life Table Survival Rates
54(6)
4.2.2 Census Survival Rates
60(1)
4.3 Approaches to Projecting Mortality Rates
61(5)
4.3.1 Constant Rates
61(1)
4.3.2 Targeting
62(1)
4.3.3 Trend Extrapolation
63(1)
4.3.4 Cause-Delay
64(1)
4.3.5 Synthetic Projection
65(1)
4.3.6 Expert Judgment
66(1)
4.4 Implementing the Mortality Component
66(6)
4.4.1 Sources of Data
66(2)
4.4.2 Views of the Future
68(2)
4.4.3 Examples
70(2)
4.5 Conclusions
72(5)
References
74(3)
5 Fertility
77(26)
5.1 Fertility Measures
78(5)
5.1.1 Crude Birth Rate
79(1)
5.1.2 General Fertility Rate
79(1)
5.1.3 Age-Specific Birth Rate
80(1)
5.1.4 Total Fertility Rate
81(1)
5.1.5 Child-Woman Ratio
82(1)
5.2 Two Perspectives: Period and Cohort
83(5)
5.2.1 Defining the Relationship
83(2)
5.2.2 Assessing the Issues
85(3)
5.3 Approaches to Projecting Fertility Rates
88(4)
5.3.1 Constant Rates
88(1)
5.3.2 Trend Extrapolation
89(1)
5.3.3 Targeting
89(1)
5.3.4 Synthetic Projection
90(1)
5.3.5 Structural Models
91(1)
5.3.6 Expert Judgment
91(1)
5.4 Implementing the Fertility Component
92(5)
5.4.1 Sources of Data
92(1)
5.4.2 Views of the Future
93(1)
5.4.3 Examples
94(3)
5.5 Conclusions
97(6)
References
98(5)
6 Migration
103(52)
6.1 Concepts, Definitions, and Measures
105(12)
6.1.1 Place of Residence
105(12)
6.2 Sources of Data
117(6)
6.2.1 Sample Surveys
117(2)
6.2.2 Administrative Records
119(2)
6.2.3 Indirect or Residual Estimates of Migration
121(2)
6.3 Evaluating and Adjusting ACS Migration Data
123(6)
6.3.1 Evaluating ACS Data
123(2)
6.3.2 Adjusting ACS Data
125(4)
6.4 Determinants of Migration
129(5)
6.4.1 Theoretical Foundations
130(2)
6.4.2 Reasons for Moving
132(2)
6.5 Migration Models
134(7)
6.5.1 Gross Migration
134(4)
6.5.2 Net Migration
138(3)
6.6 Implementing the Migration Component
141(5)
6.6.1 Choosing Appropriate Models
141(1)
6.6.2 Choosing Data and Assumptions
142(1)
6.6.3 Accounting for Unique Events and Special Populations
143(1)
6.6.4 Accounting for Data Problems
144(1)
6.6.5 Converting Data to Other Time Intervals
145(1)
6.7 Conclusions
146(9)
References
148(7)
7 Implementing the Cohort-Component Method
155(30)
7.1 General Considerations
155(3)
7.2 Applying the Cohort-Component Method
158(22)
7.2.1 Gross Migration (Model I)
158(13)
7.2.2 Net Migration (Model II)
171(5)
7.2.3 Hamilton-Perry (Model III)
176(4)
7.3 Comparing Models I, II, and III
180(1)
7.4 Conclusions
181(4)
References
182(3)
8 Extrapolation Methods
185(30)
8.1 Simple Extrapolation
186(4)
8.1.1 Linear
186(2)
8.1.2 Geometric
188(1)
8.1.3 Exponential
189(1)
8.2 Complex Methods
190(13)
8.2.1 Linear Trend
191(2)
8.2.2 Polynomial Curve Fitting
193(2)
8.2.3 Exponential Curve Fitting
195(2)
8.2.4 Logistic Curve Fitting
197(2)
8.2.5 ARIMA Models
199(4)
8.3 Ratio Methods
203(5)
8.3.1 Constant-Share
204(1)
8.3.2 Shift-Share
205(1)
8.3.3 Share-of-Growth
206(1)
8.3.4 Other Applications of Ratio Methods
207(1)
8.4 Analyzing Projection Results
208(2)
8.5 Conclusions
210(5)
References
211(4)
9 Structural and Microsimulation Models
215(36)
9.1 Structural Models: Economic-Demographic
216(12)
9.1.1 Factors Affecting Migration
217(5)
9.1.2 Recursive Models
222(5)
9.1.3 Non-Recursive Models
227(1)
9.2 Structural Models: Urban Systems
228(10)
9.2.1 A Brief History of Urban Systems Models
229(2)
9.2.2 Components of Urban Systems Models
231(1)
9.2.3 Land-Use and Activity Models in Use Today
232(6)
9.3 Microsimulation Models
238(1)
9.4 Conclusions
239(12)
References
241(10)
10 Special Adjustments
251(36)
10.1 Special Populations
251(7)
10.1.1 Accounting for Special Populations
252(1)
10.1.2 Data Sources and Adjustments
253(3)
10.1.3 Illustrating the Impact of a Special Population
256(2)
10.2 Controlling
258(14)
10.2.1 Controlling to Independent Projections
259(7)
10.2.2 Controlling to Projections of Larger Geographic Areas
266(6)
10.3 Providing Additional Temporal and Age Detail
272(12)
10.3.1 Adding Temporal Detail
273(6)
10.3.2 Adding Age Detail
279(5)
10.4 Conclusions
284(3)
References
285(2)
11 Related Projections
287(14)
11.1 Concepts, Definitions, Methods
287(3)
11.1.1 Participation-Ratio Method
288(1)
11.1.2 Cohort-Progression Method
289(1)
11.1.3 Other Considerations
289(1)
11.2 Illustrations of Population-Related Projections
290(7)
11.2.1 School Enrollment
290(2)
11.2.2 Disability
292(2)
11.2.3 Labor Force
294(1)
11.2.4 Households
295(2)
11.3 Conclusions
297(4)
References
298(3)
12 Evaluating Projections
301(22)
12.1 Evaluation Criteria
302(12)
12.1.1 Provision of Necessary Detail
302(2)
12.1.2 Face Validity
304(3)
12.1.3 Plausibility
307(2)
12.1.4 Costs of Production
309(1)
12.1.5 Timeliness
309(1)
12.1.6 Ease of Application and Explanation
310(1)
12.1.7 Usefulness as an Analytical Tool
310(1)
12.1.8 Political Acceptability
311(2)
12.1.9 Forecast Accuracy
313(1)
12.2 A Balancing Act
314(1)
12.3 Comparing Methods
314(6)
12.3.1 Provision of Detail
315(2)
12.3.2 Face Validity and Plausibility
317(1)
12.3.3 Costs and Timeliness
317(1)
12.3.4 Ease of Application and Explanation
318(1)
12.3.5 Usefulness as an Analytical Tool
319(1)
12.3.6 Political Acceptability
319(1)
12.3.7 Forecast Accuracy
320(1)
12.4 Conclusions
320(3)
References
321(2)
13 Forecast Accuracy and Bias
323(50)
13.1 Measuring Accuracy and Bias
324(5)
13.1.1 Defining Forecast Error
324(1)
13.1.2 Common Error Measures
325(2)
13.1.3 Selection Criteria
327(2)
13.2 Factors Affecting Accuracy and Bias
329(22)
13.2.1 Projection Method
329(9)
13.2.2 Population Size
338(2)
13.2.3 Population Growth Rate
340(2)
13.2.4 Length of Horizon
342(3)
13.2.5 Length of Base Period
345(3)
13.2.6 Launch Year
348(3)
13.3 Projections of Demographic Characteristics
351(2)
13.4 Combining Forecasts
353(3)
13.5 Accounting for Uncertainty
356(8)
13.5.1 Alternative Scenarios
356(2)
13.5.2 Prediction Intervals
358(6)
13.6 Conclusions
364(9)
References
366(7)
14 A Practical Guide to Small-Area Projections
373(20)
14.1 Determine What is Needed and the Resources Available
374(4)
14.1.1 Demographic Characteristics
375(1)
14.1.2 Geographic Areas
375(1)
14.1.3 Length of Horizon and Projection Interval
376(1)
14.1.4 Time and Budget Constraints
377(1)
14.1.5 Other Considerations
377(1)
14.2 Construct the Projections
378(7)
14.2.1 Select Computer Software
378(1)
14.2.2 Choose Projection Method(s)
379(1)
14.2.3 Collect and Evaluate Data
380(2)
14.2.4 Adjust for Special Events
382(1)
14.2.5 Control for Consistency
383(1)
14.2.6 Account for Uncertainty
383(2)
14.3 Review and Document the Results
385(5)
14.3.1 Internal Review
385(3)
14.3.2 External Review
388(1)
14.3.3 Documentation
389(1)
14.4 Conclusions
390(3)
References
391(2)
Epilogue: Some Final Thoughts 393(3)
References 396(1)
Glossary 397(8)
Index 405