| Preface |
|
xv | |
| Authors Biography |
|
xvii | |
|
|
|
1 | (44) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
1.2 A brief survey of outdoor sound attenuation mechanisms |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
1.3 Data illustrating ground effect |
|
|
3 | (5) |
|
1.3.1 Propagation from a fixed jet engine source |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
1.3.2 Propagation over discontinuous ground |
|
|
5 | (3) |
|
1.4 Data illustrating the combined effects of ground and meteorology |
|
|
8 | (13) |
|
1.4.1 More fixed jet engine data |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
1.4.2 Road traffic noise propagation over flat terrain under strong temperature inversion |
|
|
9 | (5) |
|
1.4.3 Meteorological effects on railway noise propagation over flat terrain |
|
|
14 | (4) |
|
1.4.4 Road traffic noise propagation in a valley |
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
1.5 Classification of meteorological conditions for outdoor sound prediction |
|
|
21 | (8) |
|
1.6 Typical sound speed profiles |
|
|
29 | (5) |
|
1.7 Linear-logarithmic representations of sound speed profiles |
|
|
34 | (6) |
|
|
|
40 | (3) |
|
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
2 The propagation of sound near ground surfaces in a homogeneous medium |
|
|
45 | (34) |
|
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
2.2 A point source above smooth flat acoustically soft ground |
|
|
45 | (6) |
|
2.3 The sound field above a locally reacting ground |
|
|
51 | (6) |
|
2.4 The sound field above a layered extended-reaction ground |
|
|
57 | (7) |
|
2.5 Surface waves above porous ground |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
2.6 Experimental data and numerical predictions |
|
|
67 | (5) |
|
2.7 The sound field due to a line source near the ground |
|
|
72 | (3) |
|
|
|
75 | (4) |
|
3 Predicting effects of source characteristics |
|
|
79 | (40) |
|
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
3.2 Sound fields due to dipole sources near the ground |
|
|
79 | (17) |
|
3.2.1 The horizontal dipole |
|
|
80 | (6) |
|
3.2.2 The vertical dipole |
|
|
86 | (5) |
|
3.2.3 An arbitrarily orientated dipole |
|
|
91 | (5) |
|
3.3 The sound field due to an arbitrarily orientated quadrupole |
|
|
96 | (5) |
|
3.4 Railway noise directivity and prediction |
|
|
101 | (2) |
|
3.5 Source characteristics of road traffic |
|
|
103 | (8) |
|
3.5.1 Basic formulae and parameters |
|
|
103 | (4) |
|
3.5.2 Directivity corrections |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
3.5.3 Other corrections and limitations |
|
|
109 | (2) |
|
3.6 Source characteristics of wind turbines |
|
|
111 | (5) |
|
3.6.1 Sound-generation mechanisms |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
3.6.2 Typical spectra of large horizontal axis wind turbines |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
3.6.3 Horizontal and vertical directivity |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
3.6.4 Amplitude modulation |
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
|
|
116 | (3) |
|
4 Numerical methods based on time-domain approaches |
|
|
119 | (28) |
|
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
4.2 An efficient complete finite-difference time-domain model for outdoor sound propagation |
|
|
120 | (16) |
|
4.2.1 Sound propagation equations |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
4.2.2 Numerical discretization |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
4.2.2.1 Homogeneous and still propagation medium |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
4.2.2.2 Inhomogeneous media |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
|
126 | (2) |
|
4.2.2.4 Numerical accuracy and stability |
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
4.2.3 Modelling propagation in a moving unbounded atmosphere |
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
4.2.4 Modelling finite impedance boundary conditions |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
4.2.4.1 Impedance plane approach |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
4.2.4.2 Ground interaction modelling by including a layer of soil |
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
4.3 Long distance sound propagation prediction based on FDTD |
|
|
136 | (7) |
|
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
4.3.2 Hybrid modelling: combining FDTD with GFPE |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
4.3.2.1 Advantages of the GFPE method |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
4.3.2.2 Complex source region, simplified receiver region |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
4.3.2.3 Procedure for one-way coupling from FDTD to GFPE |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
4.3.2.4 Numerical example |
|
|
140 | (2) |
|
4.3.2.5 Computational cost reduction |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
|
143 | (4) |
|
5 Predicting the acoustical properties of ground surfaces |
|
|
147 | (74) |
|
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
5.2 Predicting ground impedance |
|
|
148 | (20) |
|
5.2.1 Empirical and phenomenological models |
|
|
148 | (3) |
|
5.2.2 Microstructural models using idealized pore shapes |
|
|
151 | (9) |
|
5.2.3 Approximate models for high flow resistivities |
|
|
160 | (3) |
|
|
|
163 | (2) |
|
5.2.5 Relative influence of microstructural parameters |
|
|
165 | (3) |
|
5.3 Physical inadmissibility of semi-empirical models |
|
|
168 | (3) |
|
5.4 Predicting effects of surf ace roughness |
|
|
171 | (31) |
|
5.4.1 Boss and stochastic models |
|
|
171 | (4) |
|
5.4.2 Impedance models including rough surface effects |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
5.4.2.1 Hard rough surfaces |
|
|
175 | (5) |
|
5.4.2.2 Rough finite impedance surfaces |
|
|
180 | (7) |
|
5.4.2.3 Modified `boss' and empirical models for regularly spaced roughness elements |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
5.4.2.4 Multiple scattering models |
|
|
187 | (7) |
|
5.4.2.5 A roughness spectrum model |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
5.4.3 Propagation over rough seas |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
5.4.3.1 Effective impedance of rough sea surfaces |
|
|
194 | (4) |
|
5.4.3.2 Predicted propagation of offshore pilling noise |
|
|
198 | (3) |
|
5.4.3.3 Predicted rough sea effects on sonic booms |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
5.5 Predicting effects of ground elasticity |
|
|
202 | (13) |
|
5.5.1 Coupling from airborne sound to structures and ground vibration |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
|
203 | (3) |
|
5.5.3 Numerical calculations of acoustic-seismic coupling |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
5.5.3.1 Fast field program for layered air-ground systems (FFLAGS) |
|
|
206 | (3) |
|
5.5.3.2 Example predictions of low-frequency effects |
|
|
209 | (6) |
|
|
|
215 | (6) |
|
6 Measurements of the acoustical properties of ground surfaces and comparisons with models |
|
|
221 | (84) |
|
6.1 Impedance measurement methods |
|
|
221 | (11) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
6.1.3 Non-invasive measurements |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
6.1.3.1 Direct measurement of reflection coefficient |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
6.1.3.2 Impedance deduction from short-range measurements |
|
|
224 | (3) |
|
6.1.3.3 Model parameter deduction from short-range propagation data |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
6.1.3.4 A template method for impedance deduction |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
6.1.3.5 Effective flow resistivity classification |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
6.1.3.6 Direct impedance deduction |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
6.2 Comparisons of impedance spectra with model predictions |
|
|
232 | (2) |
|
6.3 Fits to short-range propagation data using impedance models |
|
|
234 | (14) |
|
6.3.1 Short-range grassland data and fits |
|
|
234 | (4) |
|
6.3.2 Fits to data obtained over forest floors, gravel and porous asphalt |
|
|
238 | (5) |
|
|
|
243 | (3) |
|
6.3.4 Measured flow resistivities and porosities |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
6.3.5 Comparison of template and direct deduction methods over grassland |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
6.4 Spatial and seasonal variations in grassland impedance |
|
|
248 | (5) |
|
6.4.1 Predicted effects of spatial variation |
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
6.4.2 Measured effects of varying moisture content |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
6.4.3 Influence of water content on `fast' and shear wave speeds |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
6.4.4 Measured spatial and seasonal variations |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
6.5 Ground effect predictions based on fits to short-range level difference spectra |
|
|
253 | (5) |
|
6.6 On the choice of ground impedance models for outdoor sound prediction |
|
|
258 | (3) |
|
6.7 Measured and predicted surface roughness effects |
|
|
261 | (19) |
|
6.7.1 Roughness-induced ground effect |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
6.7.2 Excess attenuation spectra for random and periodic roughness |
|
|
262 | (5) |
|
6.7.3 Roughness-induced surface waves |
|
|
267 | (10) |
|
6.7.4 Outdoor measurements of the influence of roughness on ground effect |
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
6.8 Measured and predicted effects of ground elasticity |
|
|
280 | (12) |
|
6.8.1 Elasticity effects on surface impedance |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
6.8.2 Ground vibrations due to airborne explosions |
|
|
281 | (11) |
|
6.9 Non-linear interaction with porous ground |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
6.10 Deduction of soil properties from measurement of A/S coupling |
|
|
293 | (5) |
|
|
|
298 | (7) |
|
7 Influence of source motion on ground effect and diffraction |
|
|
305 | (36) |
|
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
7.2 A monopole source moving at constant speed and height above a ground surface |
|
|
306 | (6) |
|
7.3 The sound field of a source moving with arbitrary velocity |
|
|
312 | (6) |
|
7.4 Comparison with heuristic calculations |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
7.5 Point source moving at constant speed and height parallel to a rigid wedge |
|
|
319 | (6) |
|
|
|
319 | (3) |
|
7.5.2 Diffracted pressure for a source in uniform motion |
|
|
322 | (3) |
|
7.6 Source moving parallel to a impedance discontinuity |
|
|
325 | (6) |
|
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
7.6.2 Uniform motion parallel to a single discontinuity |
|
|
327 | (4) |
|
7.7 Source moving at constant height parallel to a rigid barrier above the ground |
|
|
331 | (5) |
|
7.7.1 Barrier over hard ground |
|
|
331 | (3) |
|
7.7.2 Barrier over impedance ground |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
7.8 Source moving over externally reacting ground |
|
|
336 | (3) |
|
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
8 Predicting effects of mixed impedance ground |
|
|
341 | (56) |
|
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
8.2 Single impedance discontinuity |
|
|
342 | (3) |
|
8.2.1 De Jong's semi-empirical method |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
8.2.2 Modified De Jong method |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
8.3 Multiple impedance discontinuities |
|
|
345 | (11) |
|
8.3.1 An extended De Jong method |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
8.3.2 The nMID (multiple impedance discontinuities) method |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
8.3.4 Fresnel-zone methods |
|
|
348 | (4) |
|
8.3.5 The boundary element method |
|
|
352 | (4) |
|
8.4 Comparisons of predictions with data |
|
|
356 | (5) |
|
8.4.1 Single impedance discontinuity |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (4) |
|
8.5 Refraction above mixed impedance ground |
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
8.6 Predicting effects of ground treatments near surface transport |
|
|
365 | (14) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
8.6.1.1 Sound propagation from a road over discontinuous impedance |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
8.6.1.2 Predicted effects of replacing `Hard' by `Soft' ground near a road |
|
|
367 | (3) |
|
8.6.1.3 Predicting effects of low parallel walls and lattices |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
8.6.3.1 Porous sleepers and porous slab track |
|
|
372 | (7) |
|
8.7 Predicting meteorological effects on the insertion loss of low parallel walls |
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
8.7.1 Configuration and geometry |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
8.7.3 Meteorological effects |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
8.8 Predicting effects of variability in downward-refraction and ground impedance |
|
|
382 | (12) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
8.8.2 Meteorological data and processing |
|
|
383 | (2) |
|
8.8.3 Grassland impedance data |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
8.8.4 Sound propagation modelling and numerical parameters |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
8.8.5 Detailed analysis of a temporal sequence |
|
|
386 | (3) |
|
8.8.6 Statistical analysis of temporal variation over a full year |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
8.8.6.1 Spectral variation |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
8.8.6.2 Variation in A-weighted pink noise |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
8.8.6.3 Convergence to yearly LAeq |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
9 Predicting the performance of outdoor noise barriers |
|
|
397 | (70) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
9.2 Analytical solutions for the diffraction of sound by a barrier |
|
|
398 | (13) |
|
9.2.1 Formulation of the problem |
|
|
398 | (3) |
|
9.2.2 The MacDonald solution |
|
|
401 | (3) |
|
9.2.3 The Hadden and Pierce solution for a wedge |
|
|
404 | (3) |
|
9.2.4 Approximate analytical formulation |
|
|
407 | (4) |
|
9.3 Empirical formulations for studying the shielding effect of barriers |
|
|
411 | (5) |
|
9.4 The sound attenuation by a thin plane on the ground |
|
|
416 | (4) |
|
9.5 Noise reduction by a finite-length barrier |
|
|
420 | (3) |
|
9.6 Adverse effect of gaps in barriers |
|
|
423 | (6) |
|
9.7 The acoustic performance of an absorptive screen |
|
|
429 | (3) |
|
|
|
432 | (7) |
|
9.8.1 Numerical predictions of comparative acoustical performance |
|
|
432 | (3) |
|
9.8.2 Laboratory measurements on porous-stone gabions |
|
|
435 | (3) |
|
9.8.3 Outdoor measurements on a gabion barrier |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
9.8.4 Optimizing gabion barriers for noise reduction |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
9.9 Other factors in barrier performance |
|
|
439 | (13) |
|
|
|
439 | (5) |
|
9.9.2 Meteorological effects on barrier performance |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
9.9.3 Rough and soft berms |
|
|
446 | (2) |
|
9.9.4 Berms vs barriers in wind |
|
|
448 | (4) |
|
9.10 Sonic crystal noise barriers |
|
|
452 | (3) |
|
9.11 Predicted effects of spectral variations in train noise during pass-by |
|
|
455 | (4) |
|
|
|
459 | (8) |
|
10 Predicting effects of vegetation, trees and turbulence |
|
|
467 | (82) |
|
10.1 Measured effects of vegetation |
|
|
467 | (10) |
|
10.1.1 Influence of vegetation on soil properties |
|
|
467 | (4) |
|
10.1.2 Measurements of sound transmission through vegetation |
|
|
471 | (3) |
|
10.1.3 Measured attenuation due to trees, shrubs and hedges |
|
|
474 | (3) |
|
10.2 Predicting sound transmission through vegetation |
|
|
477 | (22) |
|
10.2.1 Ground effect with plants and vegetation |
|
|
477 | (3) |
|
10.2.2 Models for foliage effects |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
10.2.2.1 Empirical models |
|
|
480 | (4) |
|
10.2.2.2 Scattering models |
|
|
484 | (3) |
|
10.2.3 Reduction of coherence by scattering |
|
|
487 | (3) |
|
10.2.4 Predictions of ground effect, scattering and foliage attenuation |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
10.2.4.1 Sound propagation in crops |
|
|
490 | (5) |
|
10.2.4.2 Sound propagation in forests |
|
|
495 | (4) |
|
10.3 Influence of ground on propagation through arrays of vertical cylinders |
|
|
499 | (9) |
|
10.3.1 Laboratory data combining `Sonic Crystal' and ground effects |
|
|
499 | (3) |
|
10.3.2 Numerical design of tree belts for traffic noise reduction |
|
|
502 | (4) |
|
10.3.3 Measured and predicted effects of irregular spacing in the laboratory |
|
|
506 | (2) |
|
10.4 Reflection from forest edges |
|
|
508 | (3) |
|
10.5 Meteorological effects on sound transmission through trees |
|
|
511 | (5) |
|
10.6 Combined effects of trees, barriers and meteorology |
|
|
516 | (4) |
|
10.7 Turbulence and its effects |
|
|
520 | (19) |
|
10.7.1 Turbulence mechanisms |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
10.7.2 Models for turbulence spectra |
|
|
522 | (3) |
|
10.7.3 Clifford and lataitis prediction of ground effect in turbulent conditions |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
10.7.4 Ostashev et al. improvements on the Clifford and lataitis approach |
|
|
526 | (3) |
|
10.7.5 Height dependence of turbulence |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
10.7.6 Turbulence-induced phase and log-amplitude fluctuations |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
10.7.7 Scattering by turbulence |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
10.7.8 Decrease in sound levels due to turbulence |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
10.7.9 Measurement of turbulence |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
10.7.10 Inclusion of atmospheric turbulence in the fast field program |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
10.7.11 Comparisons with experimental data |
|
|
534 | (2) |
|
10.7.12 Including turbulence in FDTD calculations |
|
|
536 | (3) |
|
10.8 Equivalence of turbulence and scattering influences on coherence |
|
|
539 | (3) |
|
|
|
542 | (7) |
|
11 Ray tracing, analytical and semi-empirical approximations for a-weighted levels |
|
|
549 | (34) |
|
|
|
549 | (9) |
|
11.2 Linear sound speed gradients and weak refraction |
|
|
558 | (3) |
|
11.3 Approximations for A-weighted levels and ground effect optimization in the presence of weak refraction and turbulence |
|
|
561 | (17) |
|
11.3.1 Ground effect optimization |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
11.3.2 Integral expressions for A-weighted mean square sound pressure |
|
|
561 | (3) |
|
11.3.3 Approximate models for ground impedance |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
11.3.4 Effects of weak refraction |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
11.3.5 Approximations for excess attenuation |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
11.3.5.1 Variable porosity or thin layer ground |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
566 | (2) |
|
11.3.5.3 Smooth high flow resistivity ground |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
11.3.6 Numerical examples and discussion |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
11.3.6.1 Comparison with data: Avon jet engine source |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
11.3.6.2 Sensitivity to spectrum, source height and distance |
|
|
568 | (5) |
|
11.3.6.3 Variation with distance |
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
11.3.6.4 Effects of refraction |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
11.3.7 Concluding remarks |
|
|
576 | (2) |
|
11.4 A semi-empirical model for A-weighted sound levels at long range |
|
|
578 | (2) |
|
|
|
580 | (3) |
|
|
|
583 | (70) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (10) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
|
584 | (2) |
|
12.2.2.1 Geometrical divergence |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
12.2.2.2 Atmospheric absorption |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
12.2.2.5 Meteorological correction |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
12.2.4 Accuracy of ISO 9613-2 ground effect |
|
|
590 | (3) |
|
|
|
593 | (3) |
|
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
12.3.2 Basis and provisions of scheme |
|
|
593 | (2) |
|
12.3.3 Criticisms of CONCAWE |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
12.4 Calculation of road traffic noise (CRTN) |
|
|
596 | (9) |
|
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
12.4.2.2 Corrections for mean traffic speed, percentage of heavy vehicles and gradient |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
12.4.2.3 Correction for type of road surface |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
12.4.2.4 Distance correction |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
12.4.2.5 Ground cover correction |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
12.4.2.6 Screening correction |
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
12.4.2.8 Segments and road junctions |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
12.5 Calculation of railway noise (CRN) |
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
|
607 | (15) |
|
12.7.1 Introduction and background |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
12.7.2 General methodology |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
12.7.2.2 Identification of propagation planes |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
12.7.2.3 Recommended numerical techniques |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
12.7.2.4 Meteorological conditions |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
12.7.2.5 Frequency resolution |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
12.7.2.6 Long-term integrated levels |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
12.7.3 Analytical point-to-point model |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
12.7.3.2 Methodology for combining ground and barrier effect |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
12.7.3.3 Ground reflection model |
|
|
614 | (2) |
|
12.7.3.4 Sound diffraction model |
|
|
616 | (2) |
|
12.7.3.5 Transition model |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (3) |
|
12.7.3.7 Coherence losses |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
12.7.3.8 Scattering by turbulence |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
12.8 The Environmental noise directive (END) scheme (CNOSSOS-EU) |
|
|
622 | (4) |
|
|
|
622 | (3) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
12.9 Performance of railway noise prediction schemes in high-rise cities |
|
|
626 | (7) |
|
12.10 Performance of engineering models in a complex road traffic noise example |
|
|
633 | (6) |
|
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
12.10.2 Approximating the berm slope |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
12.10.3 Road traffic source power modelling |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
12.10.4 Daytime vs nighttime measurements and predictions |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
12.10.5 Model performance |
|
|
636 | (3) |
|
12.11 Predicting wind turbine noise |
|
|
639 | (4) |
|
12.11.1 An untypical industrial source |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
12.11.2 Complex meteorologically induced propagation effects |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
12.11.3 Ground effect for wind turbine sound propagation |
|
|
640 | (2) |
|
12.11.4 Propagation over non-flat terrain |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
12.12 Prediction requirements for outdoor sound auralization |
|
|
643 | (3) |
|
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
12.12.2 Simulating outdoor attenuation by filters |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
12.12.3 Auralization of a noise abatement based on a priori recordings |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
|
646 | (7) |
| Index |
|
653 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta