1 Introduction |
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1 | (16) |
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1 | (5) |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.5 Research Contributions |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (5) |
2 Literature Review |
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17 | (66) |
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17 | (1) |
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2.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Sensor-Based Applications |
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18 | (8) |
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2.2.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes |
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18 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Characterization and Properties |
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20 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Electrochemical Sensors |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (2) |
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2.2.6 Conclusion and Future Work |
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26 | (1) |
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2.3 Graphene and Its Sensor-Based Applications |
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26 | (25) |
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2.3.1 Synthesis of Graphene |
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28 | (4) |
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2.3.2 Characterization and Properties |
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32 | (5) |
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2.3.3 Electrochemical Sensors |
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37 | (4) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (3) |
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2.3.6 Challenges with the Current Sensors |
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46 | (3) |
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2.3.7 Conclusion and Future Work |
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49 | (2) |
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2.4 Wearable Flexible Sensors |
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51 | (12) |
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2.4.1 Materials for Wearable Flexible Sensors |
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53 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Sensor Networks for Wearable Flexible Sensors |
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55 | (2) |
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2.4.3 Types of Activity Monitoring with Wearable Flexible Sensors |
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57 | (4) |
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2.4.4 Challenges and Future Opportunities |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (20) |
3 Interdigitated Sensing and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy |
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83 | (8) |
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83 | (1) |
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3.2 Planar Interdigital Sensors |
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84 | (3) |
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3.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
4 Carbon Nanotubes-Polydimethylsiloxane Sensor |
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91 | (24) |
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91 | (1) |
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4.2 Fabrication of the Sensor Patches |
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92 | (3) |
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4.3 Frequency Response and Stress-Strain Measurements |
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95 | (2) |
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4.4 Monitoring of Physiological Parameters |
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97 | (9) |
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99 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Results and Discussion |
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100 | (4) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (6) |
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107 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Results and Discussion |
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108 | (4) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
5 Aluminium-Polyethylene Terephthalate Sensor |
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115 | (14) |
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115 | (1) |
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5.2 Fabrication of the Sensor Patches |
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115 | (4) |
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5.3 Frequency Response and Stress-Strain Measurements |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (6) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
6 Graphite-Polyimide Sensor |
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129 | (40) |
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129 | (1) |
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6.2 Fabrication of the Sensor Patches |
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130 | (3) |
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6.3 Complex Nonlinear Least Squares Curve Fitting |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (9) |
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136 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Results and Discussion |
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137 | (4) |
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6.4.3 Microcontroller-Based Sensing System |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (11) |
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145 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Results and Discussion |
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146 | (6) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (10) |
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155 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Comparative Analysis of Two Different Sensors |
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156 | (1) |
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6.6.3 Temperature and Nitrate-N Measurement |
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156 | (1) |
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6.6.4 IoT-Enabled Smart Sensing System |
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157 | (1) |
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6.6.5 Results and Discussion |
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158 | (5) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (4) |
7 Graphite-Polydimethylsiloxane Sensor |
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169 | (24) |
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169 | (1) |
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7.2 Fabrication of the Sensor Patches |
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170 | (3) |
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7.3 Frequency Response and Stress-Strain Measurements |
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173 | (7) |
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180 | (7) |
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181 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Results and Discussion |
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182 | (5) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Results and Discussion |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
8 Conclusion, Challenges and Future Work |
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193 | |
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193 | (1) |
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8.2 Challenges of the Existing Work |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (3) |
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198 | |