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E-raamat: Problems and Solutions in Medical Physics: Nuclear Medicine Physics

(University of Nottingham, UK), (University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia),
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The second in a three-volume set exploring Problems and Solutions in Medical Physics, this volume explores common questions and their solutions in Nuclear Medicine. This invaluable study guide should be used in conjunction with other key textbooks in the field to provide additional learning opportunities.

Topics include radioactivity and nuclear transformation, radionuclide production and radiopharmaceuticals, non-imaging detectors and counters, instrumentation for gamma imaging, SPECT and PET/CT, imaging techniques, radionuclide therapy, internal radiation dosimetry, and quality control and radiation protection in nuclear medicine. Each chapter provides examples, notes, and references for further reading to enhance understanding.

Features:





Consolidates concepts and assists in the understanding and applications of theoretical concepts in medical physics Assists lecturers and instructors in setting assignments and tests Suitable as a revision tool for postgraduate students sitting medical physics, oncology, and radiology sciences examinations

Arvustused

"Problems and Solutions in Medical Physics Nuclear Medicine Physics represents an innovative way of teaching. Instead of using the conventional flow of introducing the basic principles, explaining the theory, providing the numerical equations linking the physical figures of merit, providing examples and finally proposing to the reader some practical exercises, the authors Kwan Hoon Ng, Chai Hong Yeong and Alan Christopher Perkins have chosen a completely different approach.

They start from a problem and ask the reader to provide an answer. The problem can be theoretical, descriptive, technological or practical. Irrespective of the nature of the problem, the authors provide a detailed and comprehensive solution for each of them. In doing so the introduce the underlying theory, suggest the qualitative link between the variables involved, illustrate the numerical equations which allows to quantitate the relationship between the variables and guide the reader step by step in the numerical calculations necessary to obtain the final solution, when needed.

Following this approach, they cover all the different areas of the Nuclear Medicine specialty: radionuclide and radiopharmaceutical production; imaging, with a special focus on the instrumentation (counters, planar camera, SPECT and PET), the techniques and the ways to ensure the quality of the imaging; radionuclide therapy; internal dosimetry and radioprotection.

I was fascinated by this approach, which I found in line with the modern educational techniques. Having had the privilege of chairing the EFOMP - European School for Medical Physics Expert, I was always challenged with the increasing need and demand coming from our students of practical, hands-on, question and answer sessions. I am pleased to recognize that this book provides many, if not all, the answers to the questions that a Medical Physicist must answers in his everyday clinical practice as a health professional."

Dr. Marco Brambilla, President of EFOMP and Head of Medical Physics Department, University Hospital of Novara, in the IOMP Journal Medical Physics International (MPI), May 2020.

About the series xi
Preface xv
Authors xvii
Acknowledgements xix
List of abbreviations
xxi
List of physical constants
xxiii
1 Radioactivity and Nuclear Transformation
1(18)
1.1 Nuclear Stability Curve
1(1)
1.2 Alpha Decay
2(1)
1.3 Beta Decay
2(1)
1.4 Positron Decay
3(1)
1.5 Electron Capture
4(1)
1.6 Isomeric Transition
5(1)
1.7 Radiation Penetrability
6(1)
1.8 Calculation: Number of Atoms
6(1)
1.9 Calculation: Sample Count Rate
7(1)
1.10 Calculation: Thyroid Uptake
8(1)
1.11 Physical Half-Life (I)
9(1)
1.12 Physical Half-Life (II)
9(1)
1.13 Effective Ha If-Life (I)
10(1)
1.14 Effective Half-Life (II)
11(1)
1.15 Radioactive Decay Equation
11(1)
1.16 Radioactive Decay Calculation (I)
12(1)
1.17 Radioactive Decay Calculation (II)
13(1)
1.18 Radioactive Decay Calculation (III)
14(1)
1.19 Attenuation
15(1)
1.20 Gamma Ray Constant
15(1)
1.21 Alpha Particle Range
16(3)
2 Radionuclide Production and Radiopharmaceuticals
19(18)
2.1 Characteristics of Ideal Radiopharmaceutical for Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine
19(1)
2.2 Characteristics of Ideal Radiopharmaceutical for Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine
20(1)
2.3 Physical Properties and Decay Scheme of Tc-99m
20(1)
2.4 Cyclotron
21(1)
2.5 Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides
22(1)
2.6 Nuclear Fission
23(1)
2.7 Reactor-Produced Radionuclides
24(1)
2.8 Mo-99/Tc-99m Radionuclide Generator (I)
25(1)
2.9 Mo-99/Tc-99m Radionuclide Generator (II)
26(1)
2.10 Undesirable Al3+in Tc-99m Elution
27(1)
2.11 Transient Equilibrium
27(2)
2.12 Tc-99m Transient Equilibrium
29(1)
2.13 Mo-99 Transient Equilibrium Calculation
30(1)
2.14 Secular Equilibrium Equation
31(1)
2.15 Mo-99 Breakthrough Test
31(1)
2.16 Preparation of Radiopharmaceutical
32(1)
2.17 Administration of Radiopharmaceuticals
33(1)
2.18 PET Radiopharmaceutical
34(1)
2.19 F-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose
34(1)
2.20 Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals
35(2)
3 Non-imaging Detectors and Counters
37(16)
3.1 Dead Time
37(1)
3.2 Paralysable and Non-paralysable Counting Systems
37(1)
3.3 Paralysable and Non-paralysable Counting Systems: Count Rate Response
38(1)
3.4 Basic Principle of Gas-Filled Detectors
39(1)
3.5 Noble Gas
40(1)
3.6 Gas-Filled Detectors
41(2)
3.7 Radionuclide Activity (Dose) Calibrator
43(1)
3.8 Factors Affecting Measurement Accuracy of an Activity Calibrator
44(1)
3.9 Quality Control of an Activity Calibrator
45(1)
3.10 Basic Principles of Scintillation Detectors
45(1)
3.11 Scintillation Detectors
46(1)
3.12 Basic Principles of a Gamma Well Counter
47(1)
3.13 Clinical Applications of Gamma Well Counter
48(1)
3.14 Basic Principles of a Thyroid Probe
49(1)
3.15 Thyroid Uptake Measurement
50(3)
4 Instrumentation for Gamma Imaging
53(18)
4.1 X-Ray versus Gamma-Ray Imaging
53(1)
4.2 Gamma Camera System
54(2)
4.3 Gamma Rays Detection
56(1)
4.4 Scintillating Crystal (I)
56(1)
4.5 Scintillating Crystal (II)
57(1)
4.6 Function of the Collimator
57(1)
4.7 Collimator Design
58(1)
4.8 Types of Collimators
58(2)
4.9 Collimator Septa Thickness
60(1)
4.10 Minification Factor for Diverging Collimator
61(1)
4.11 Magnification Factor for Converging Collimator
62(1)
4.12 Photomultiplier Tube (PMT)
63(1)
4.13 X-, Y-Positioning Circuit
64(1)
4.14 Energy Discrimination Circuit
65(1)
4.15 Digital Data Acquisition
66(1)
4.16 Digital Images in Nuclear Medicine
67(1)
4.17 Effects of Matrix Size and Statistical Noise
68(1)
4.18 Static Study
69(1)
4.19 Dynamic Study
69(1)
4.20 Gated Study
70(1)
5 SPECT and PET Imaging
71(14)
5.1 Physical Principles of SPECT
71(1)
5.2 Comparison of SPECT and Planar Imaging
72(1)
5.3 SPECT Data Acquisition
72(2)
5.4 Principle of Noise Filtering Using the Fourier Method
74(1)
5.5 Principle of Noise Filtering Using the Convolution Method
74(1)
5.6 Image Processing Using Iterative Reconstruction
75(1)
5.7 Physical Principles of PET
76(1)
5.8 Annihilation Coincidence Detection
77(1)
5.9 True, Scatter and Random Coincidence Events
78(1)
5.10 Time-of-Flight in PET Imaging
79(1)
5.11 Resolution of PET Imaging
80(1)
5.12 2D versus 3D PET Imaging
80(1)
5.13 Comparison of Tc-99m and F-18
81(1)
5.14 Comparison of Imaging Techniques Between SPECT and PET
81(2)
5.15 Comparison of Spatial Resolution and Detection Efficiency Between SPECT and PET
83(2)
6 Imaging Techniques in Nuclear Medicine
85(8)
6.1 Whole Body Bone SPECT Imaging
85(2)
6.2 Cardiac Imaging
87(1)
6.3 Renogram
88(2)
6.4 Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
90(1)
6.5 Standardised Uptake Value (SUV)
90(1)
6.6 PET Imaging Applications
91(2)
7 Radionuclide Therapy
93(8)
7.1 Sealed and Unsealed Source Therapy
93(1)
7.2 Therapeutic Procedures in Nuclear Medicine
94(1)
7.3 Hyperthyroidism Absorbed Dose Calculation
94(1)
7.4 1-131 Treatment Guidelines
95(1)
7.5 Calculation of Administered Activity for 1-131 Treatment
96(1)
7.6 Radioiodine Therapy and Pregnancy
97(1)
7.7 Safe Administration of 1-131
98(1)
7.8 Guidance Level for Hospitalisation of 1-131 Patients
99(1)
7.9 Radioembolisation
99(1)
7.10 Radioimmunotherapy (RIT)
100(1)
8 Internal Radiation Dosimetry
101(10)
8.1 Internal Radiation Dosimetry
101(1)
8.2 Factors Affecting Absorbed Dose to an Organ
102(1)
8.3 Source and Target Organ
102(1)
8.4 Monte Carlo Modelling
103(1)
8.5 MIRD Formula
103(1)
8.6 Absorbed Fraction
104(1)
8.7 S-Value
105(1)
8.8 Absorbed Dose Calculation (I)
105(1)
8.9 Absorbed Dose Calculation (II)
106(1)
8.10 Absorbed Dose Calculation (III)
107(1)
8.11 Absorbed Dose Calculation (IV)
107(2)
8.12 MIRD Formalism Assumptions
109(2)
9 Quality Control in Nuclear Medicine
111(14)
9.1 Quality Control of Dose Calibrator
111(1)
9.2 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Measurement
112(1)
9.3 Quality Control Methods
112(2)
9.4 Uniformity
114(1)
9.5 Spatial Resolution
115(1)
9.6 Sensitivity
116(1)
9.7 Collimator Efficiency
116(1)
9.8 Collimator Resolution
117(1)
9.9 Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
118(2)
9.10 Multienergy Spatial Registration
120(1)
9.11 Cold Spot Artefact
121(1)
9.12 Centre of Rotation (COR)
121(2)
9.13 Partial Volume Effect
123(1)
9.14 SPECT Quality Control Phantom
124(1)
10 Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine
125(14)
10.1 Radiation Protection Terminology
125(1)
10.2 Annual Dose Limits
126(1)
10.3 Classification of Radiation Work Areas
127(1)
10.4 Exposure Rate
128(1)
10.5 Half Value Layer (HVL)
128(1)
10.6 Accidental Exposure to High Activity Source
129(1)
10.7 Foetal Dose Calculation for High-Dose Radionuclide Therapy
130(3)
10.8 Radiation Workers During Pregnancy
133(1)
10.9 Radiation Workers Dose Limit
133(1)
10.10 Radioactive Waste Management
134(1)
10.11 Decontamination Principles
135(1)
10.12 Out-patient Advice
135(1)
10.13 Radioiodine Ward Nursing Staff
136(1)
10.14 Handling of the 1-131 Patient After Death
137(2)
Bibliography 139
Kwan Hoong Ng, PhD, FinstP, DABMP, received his MSc (medical physics) from the University of Aberdeen and PhD (medical physics) from the University of Malaya, Malaysia. He is certified by the American Board of Medical Physicists. Professor Ng was honoured as one of the top 50 medical physicists in the world by the International Organization of Medical Physics (IOMP) in 2013. He also received the International Day of Medical Physics Award in 2016. He has authored/co-authored over 230 papers in peer-reviewed journals, 25 book chapters and co-edited 5 books. He has presented over 500 scientific papers and more than 300 invited lectures. He has also organised and directed several workshops on radiology quality assurance, digital imaging and scientific writing. He has directed research initiatives in breast imaging, intervention radiology, radiological safety and radiation dosimetry. Professor Ng serves as a consultant for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and is a member of the International Advisory Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO), in addition to previously serving as a consulting expert for the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). He is the founding and emeritus president of the South East Asian Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics (SEAFOMP) and is a past president of the Asia-Oceania Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics (AFOMP).

Chai Hong Yeong, PhD, is a medical physicist and an associate professor at the School of Medicine, Taylors University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia. Dr. Yeong received her BSc degree in health physics in 2005, master of medical physics in 2007, and PhD in medical physics in 2012. She is currently a council member of the Asia-Oceania Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics (AFOMP), South East Asia Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics (SEAFOMP), Malaysian Institute of Physics (IFM) and a founding member of the ASEAN College of Medical Physics (ACOMP). Dr. Yeong has published more than 36 peer-reviewed journal papers, one academic book, 2 book chapters, 10 proceedings and more than 80 scientific papers. Her research interests focus on theranostics, image-guided minimally invasive cancer therapies, nanotherapeutics, 3D printing and radiation protection in medicine. She is currently leading the Cancer Innovation and Metabolic research group at the Taylors University.

Alan Christopher Perkins, PhD, FIPEM, HonFRCP, is a clinical professor of medical physics in the School of Medicine at the University of Nottingham and honorary consultant clinical scientist at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust where he is a divisional lead for research and innovation. He has had over 35 years experience in nuclear medicine and medical physics and broad managerial experience in the NHS. He has undertaken extensive research and development work with clinical, academic and industrial collaborators in nuclear medicine, gastroenterology, radiopharmacology, drug delivery and radiation protection. His contribution to this work has resulted in authorship of over 200 peer-reviewed publications and 6 published books. Professor Perkins is a past president of the British Nuclear Medicine Society and the International Research Group on Immuno-scintigraphy and Therapy, a previous vice president of the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine and currently a governor and chair of the Research Strategy Board for Coeliac UK. He is an editor of the UK journal Nuclear Medicine Communications, and for over nine years has represented the UK on the High-Level Group for the Security of Medical Radioisotope Supplies at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). He has consulted for a number of commercial organisations and has acted as an expert witness for pharmaceutical litigation in the United States.