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E-raamat: Process Engineering and Design Using Visual Basic

4.00/5 (1 hinnangut Goodreads-ist)

Arun Datta (Process Engineer, Brisbane, Australia)

Formaat: 640 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 20-Sep-2013
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781439862810

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Formaat: 640 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 20-Sep-2013
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781439862810

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"Preface to the second edition After publishing the first edition in 2007, I received many suggestions from professionals who encouraged me to bring out the second edition. Considering the suggestions received from end users and to make the book more useful, I have added three more chapters to the book Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Distillation. I have also developed the following additional programs in Visual Basic. Calculation of JT effect due to drop in pressure Double-pipe heat exchanger design Batch heating and cooling calculation Metal temperature calculation Design of distillation column using Smoker equations With an additional 5 programs, the total number of programs has increased to 14. Most of the existing Visual Basic programs have been modified to make it more user friendly; however, the possibilities of program bugs cannot be totally eliminated. Arun K. Datta Brisbane, Australia"--

Software tools are a great aid to process engineers, but too much dependence on such tools can often lead to inappropriate and suboptimal designs. Reliance on software is also a hindrance without a firm understanding of the principles underlying its operation, since users are still responsible for devising the design.

In Process Engineering and Design Using Visual Basic, Arun K. Datta provides a unique and versatile suite of programs along with simultaneous development of the underlying concepts, principles, and mathematics. Each chapter details the theory and techniques that provide the basis for design and engineering software and then showcases the development and utility of programs developed using the material outlined in the chapter. This all-inclusive guide works systematically from basic mathematics to fluid mechanics, separators, overpressure protection, and glycol dehydration, providing basic design guidelines based on international codes. Worked examples demonstrate the utility of each program, while the author also explains problems and limitations associated with the simulations.

After reading this book you will be able to immediately put these programs into action and have total confidence in the result, regardless of your level of experience. Companion Visual Basic and Excel files are available for download on under the "Downloads/Updates" tab on this web page.

Arvustused

"Many books for chemical engineers have been written from an academic point of view and are intensely theoretical. Process Engineering and Design Using Visual Basic®, Second Edition by Arun Datta demonstrates that it has been written by someone who not only has a comprehensive theoretical understanding of the chemical engineering principles which are important for guiding the design engineer, but also has the authority of a practicing professional who is current in the field of process engineering. It has the bonus of ... a number of programs which can be used to check other programs that may be available for design and rating." Anthony Buckley, Chemical Engineer, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Preface

xxv

Acknowledgments

xxvii

Author

xxix

Chapter 1 Basic mathematics

(102)

Introduction

(1)

Physical constants

(1)

SI prefixes

(1)

Mensuration

(8)

Triangles

(1)

Rectangles

(1)

Parallelogram (opposite sides parallel)

(1)

Rhombus (equilateral parallelogram)

(1)

Trapezoid (four sides, two parallel)

(1)

Quadrilateral (four sided)

(1)

Regular polygon of n sides

(1)

Circle

(2)

Ellipse

(1)

Parabola

(1)

Prism

(1)

Pyramid

(1)

Right circular cylinder

(1)

Sphere

(1)

Right circular cone

(1)

Dished end

(1)

Irregular shape

(1)

Trapezoidal rule

(1)

Simpson's rule

(1)

Irregular volume

(1)

Algebra

(15)

Factoring

(1)

Arithmetic progression

(1)

Geometric progression

(1)

Infinite series (in GP)

(1)

Best-fit straight line (least squares method)

(1)

Binomial equation

(1)

Polynomial equation

(1)

Maxima/minima

(1)

Cubic equation

(1)

General procedure

(3)

Matrix

(1)

Addition and multiplication of matrices

(1)

Addition of matrices

(1)

Multiplication of matrices

(1)

Matrix properties involving addition

(1)

Matrix properties involving multiplication

(1)

Matrix properties involving addition and multiplication

(1)

Transpose

(1)

Symmetric matrix

(1)

Diagonal matrix

(1)

Determinants

(1)

Properties of determinants

(2)

Cofactor

(1)

Determinant and inverses

(1)

Adjoint

(1)

Cramer's rule

(2)

Trigonometry

(8)

Functions of circular trigonometry

(1)

Periodic functions

(1)

Magic identity

(1)

Addition formulas

(1)

Double angle and half angle formulas

(1)

Product and sum formulas

(1)

Relations between angles and sides of triangles

(1)

Law of sines

(1)

Law of tangents

(1)

Law of cosines

(1)

Other relations

(1)

Inverse trigonometric functions

(1)

Hyperbolic functions

(1)

Other hyperbolic functions

(1)

Inverse hyperbolic functions

(1)

Analytical geometry

(1)

Straight line

(1)

Straight line through two points

(1)

Three points on one line

(1)

Circle

(2)

Tangent

(1)

Normal

(1)

Four points on a circle

(1)

Circle through three points

(1)

Conic section

(7)

Focus

(1)

Eccentricity

(1)

Directrix

(1)

Partial derivatives

(1)

Parabola

(2)

Tangent line with a given slope, m

(1)

Ellipse

(2)

Hyperbola

(2)

Calculus

(7)

Differential calculus

(1)

Understanding the derivatives

(1)

Standard derivatives

(1)

Integral calculus

(1)

Volume of horizontal dished end

(2)

Volume of vertical dished end

(1)

Standard integrals

(1)

Differential equations

(3)

First-order differential equations

(1)

Separation of variables

(1)

Second-order differential equations

(1)

Bessel function

(1)

Partial differential equations

(11)

Laplace transform

(1)

Standard Laplace transforms

(1)

Fourier half-range expansions

(1)

Fourier half-range cosine series

(1)

Fourier half-range sine series

(2)

Numerical analysis

(23)

Solving linear equations (Newton's method)

(1)

Newton's method in two variables

(2)

Numerical methods in linear algebra

(1)

Gauss elimination

(1)

Cholesky method

(2)

Numerical integration

(1)

Trapezoidal rule

(1)

Simpson's rule

(2)

Double integration using Simpson's rule

(1)

Numerical solution of first-order differential equations

(1)

Euler's method

(1)

Improved Euler's method

(1)

Runge--Kutta method

(2)

Second-order differential equations

(1)

Runge--Kutta--Nystrom method

(1)

Partial differential equations

(1)

Heat conduction problem

(1)

Numerical solution

(2)

Alternating direction implicit method

(5)

Unit conversions

(1)

Programming

(16)

General notes for all programs

(1)

Vessel

(8)

Program limitations

(1)

Horizontal

(1)

Data entry

(2)

Inclined

(2)

Vertical

(1)

Conversion

100

(1)

Program limitations

101

(1)

Procedure

101

(1)

References

102

(1)

Chapter 2 Thermodynamics

103

(50)

Introduction

103

(1)

Heat, work, and energy

103

(1)

Force

103

(1)

Kinetic and potential energy

104

(1)

First law of thermodynamics

104

(1)

Phase rule

105

(1)

Reversible process

105

(1)

Heat content or enthalpy

106

(1)

Heat capacity at constant volume and constant pressure

106

(1)

Isothermal process

107

(1)

Adiabatic process

107

(1)

Equation of state

108

(10)

Boyle's law and Charles's law

108

(2)

Equation of state for real gas

110

(1)

Comparison between PR and SRK EOSs

110

(1)

Acentric factor

110

(2)

Vapor pressure of pure components

112

(3)

Vapor pressure of water

115

(1)

Vapor pressure calculation using EOSs

116

(2)

Second law of thermodynamics

118

(4)

Carnot's cycle

119

(1)

Entropy

120

(1)

Sensible heat

121

(1)

Thermodynamic properties

122

(26)

Isobaric specific heat of hydrocarbon ideal gases

122

(2)

Isobaric specific heat of hydrocarbon real gases

124

(2)

Isobaric specific heat of hydrocarbon gas mixtures

126

(2)

Joule--Thomson coefficient

128

(3)

Isobaric specific heat of ideal liquids

131

(1)

Isobaric specific heat of real liquids

131

(1)

Enthalpy of gases

132

(2)

Enthalpy of gas mixtures

134

(3)

Entropy of ideal gases

137

(1)

Entropy of real gases

138

(1)

Fugacity correction

139

(1)

Entropy of hydrocarbon gas mixtures

140

(1)

Viscosities of ideal liquids

141

(1)

Viscosity of water

142

(1)

Viscosity of ideal hydrocarbon vapors

142

(1)

Liquid viscosity of defined mixtures at low pressure

142

(1)

Vapor viscosity of defined mixtures at low pressure

143

(2)

Thermal conductivity of pure hydrocarbon liquids at low pressure

145

(2)

Thermal conductivity of pure hydrocarbon vapors at low pressure

147

(1)

Rash calculation

148

(2)

Vapor--liquid equilibrium

148

(2)

Programming

150

(1)

Calculation of JT effect due to drop in pressure

150

(1)

Nomenclature

151

(1)

Greek characters

152

(1)

References

152

(1)

Chapter 3 Fluid mechanics

153

(90)

Introduction

153

(1)

Bernoulli's theorem

153

(3)

Velocity heads

155

(1)

Flow measurements

156

(11)

Orifice/Venturi meter

156

(2)

Thermal expansion factor (Fa)

158

(1)

Coefficient of discharge (CD)

158

(1)

Orifice meter

158

(1)

Venturi meter

159

(1)

Expansion factor (Y)

159

(1)

Orifices

160

(1)

Nozzles and Venturi

160

(1)

Nonrecoverable pressure drop

160

(1)

Orifices

160

(1)

Venturi with 15° divergent angle

160

(1)

Venturi with 7° divergent angle

160

(1)

Critical flow

161

(1)

Thickness of flow element

162

(1)

Thickness of restriction orifice

162

(3)

Area meter: Rotameters

165

(1)

Flow through an open channel

165

(1)

V notch

166

(1)

Rectangular notch

166

(1)

Frictional pressure drop

167

(2)

Darcy equation

167

(1)

Flow in open channel

168

(1)

Estimation of friction factor

168

(1)

Friction factor: Laminar flow

168

(1)

Friction factor: Turbulent flow

169

(1)

Two-K method

169

(5)

K for reducer/expander

171

(1)

Reducer

171

(1)

Expander

171

(1)

Pipe entrance

172

(1)

Pipe exit

172

(1)

Split flow

172

(1)

Split 1,3

172

(1)

Split 1,2

172

(1)

Split 3,1

172

(1)

Split 1,2,3

173

(1)

Split 1,3,2

173

(1)

Split 3,1,2

173

(1)

Hydraulics: General guidelines

174

(5)

Roughness of pipe wall

174

(1)

Control valve CV

174

(1)

Line sizing criteria for liquid lines

175

(1)

Line sizing for gravity flow lines

176

(1)

Downpipe sizing

176

(1)

Line sizing criteria for vapor lines

177

(1)

Relief valve inlet line sizing

178

(1)

Relief valve outlet line sizing

178

(1)

Line sizing criteria for two-phase flow

178

(1)

Hydraulics: Compressible fluids

179

(3)

Adiabatic flow in a pipe

179

(2)

Isothermal flow in a pipe

181

(1)

Heat loss

182

(11)

Types of cross-country buried pipelines

183

(1)

Yellow jacket

183

(1)

Coating thickness

183

(1)

Fusion-bonded epoxy coating

183

(1)

Rate of heat transfer

184

(1)

Film resistance (Rfilm)

184

(2)

Resistance of pipe (Rpipe)

186

(1)

Resistance of coatings (Rcoating)

186

(1)

Resistance of environment (Renv)

187

(2)

Viscosity of water

189

(1)

Thermal conductivity of water

190

(1)

Viscosity of air

190

(1)

Thermal conductivity of air

190

(1)

Choked flow

190

(1)

Limiting differential pressure

191

(1)

Limiting expansion factor (Y)

191

(2)

Hydraulics: Two-phase flow

193

(20)

Beggs and Brill correlations

195

(1)

Step 1 Estimation of flow regime

195

(1)

Step 2 Estimation of horizontal holdup

195

(1)

Step 3 Estimation of uphill holdup

196

(1)

Step 4 Estimation of downhill holdup

197

(1)

Step 5 Estimation of friction factor

197

(1)

Step 6 Estimation of pressure drop

197

(1)

Mukherjee and Brill correlations

198

(1)

Step 1 Estimation of flow regime

198

(1)

Step 2 Estimation of holdup

199

(1)

Step 3 Estimation of hydrostatic head

200

(1)

Step 4 Estimation of acceleration head

200

(1)

Step 5 Estimation of friction factor

201

(1)

Step 6 Estimation of frictional pressure drop

201

(2)

CO2 corrosion

203

(1)

CO2 corrosion mechanism

203

(1)

NACE requirements

204

(1)

Rate of corrosion

204

(1)

NORSOK model

204

(6)

Corrosion 93 model

210

(1)

Corrosion 95 model

211

(2)

Programming

213

(23)

Program for flow elements

213

(1)

General overview

213

(1)

Project details

214

(1)

Calculation form

214

(1)

Program limitations and notes

215

(4)

Program for hydraulic calculations

219

(1)

General overview

219

(1)

Project details

220

(1)

Program limitations and notes

221

(1)

Form incompressible fluid

221

(3)

Form compressible fluid

224

(3)

Pressure drop comparison

227

(1)

Form for two-phase flow

227

(3)

Program for corrosion calculations

230

(1)

General

231

(1)

NORSOK model

232

(1)

Calculation of pH: NORSOK model

232

(1)

Calculation of shear stress: NORSOK model

233

(1)

Corrosion 93/95 model

233

(3)

Nomenclature

236

(4)

Greek characters

239

(1)

References

240

(3)

Chapter 4 Heat transfer

243

(94)

Introduction

243

(1)

Conductive heat transfer

243

(1)

Heat conduction through a composite wall

244

(1)

Heat conduction through multiple cylindrical walls

245

(2)

Heat conduction through the wall of a sphere

247

(1)

Multidimensional steady-state heat conduction

248

(2)

Rectangular coordinates

248

(1)

Cylindrical coordinates

248

(1)

Spherical coordinates

248

(1)

Conduction shape factors

248

(2)

One-dimensional unsteady heat conduction

250

(6)

Rectangular coordinates

250

(1)

Cylindrical coordinates

250

(1)

Spherical coordinates

251

(5)

Thermal conductivity of various materials/components

256

(1)

Thermal conductivities of hydrocarbon liquids

256

(8)

Thermal conductivity of water (0--100°C)

264

(1)

Convective heat transfer

264

(16)

Free or natural convection

264

(1)

Free convection outside pipes and immersed body

264

(1)

Free convection to air

265

(1)

Heat-transfer coefficient for immersed bodies

266

(1)

Gas quenching

266

(3)

Forced convection

269

(1)

Forced convection inside the tube

269

(7)

Forced convection outside the tube

276

(1)

Shell-side cross flow area

276

(4)

Estimation of pressure drop

280

(3)

Shell-side pressure drop

280

(1)

Estimation of friction factor

281

(1)

Tube-side pressure drop

281

(2)

Log mean temperature difference

283

(1)

Overall heat-transfer coefficient

284

(9)

Fouling resistance

285

(1)

Extended surface

285

(1)

Fin efficiency

285

(5)

Longitudinal fins

290

(1)

Impact of heat-transfer coefficient on fin efficiency

291

(1)

Circular fins

291

(1)

Rectangular fins

292

(1)

Film coefficient for finned tube

292

(1)

Radiation heat transfer

293

(10)

Emissivity and absorptivity

293

(1)

Blackbody radiation

294

(1)

Emissivity of commonly used materials

294

(1)

Radiation shape factor

294

(1)

Parallel, equal rectangle

294

(2)

Parallel, equal, coaxial disks

296

(1)

Perpendicular rectangles with a common edge

297

(1)

Finite, coaxial cylinders

297

(1)

Parallel, coaxial disks

298

(1)

Radiation shield for large surface area

299

(4)

Double-pipe heat exchanger

303

(12)

Heat exchanger nomenclature

307

(1)

Standard tube pattern

308

(1)

Tube dimensions

308

(2)

Minimum unsupported tube span

310

(5)

Heat exchanger specification

315

(1)

Batch heating and cooling

315

(5)

Batch cooling, internal coil

318

(1)

Batch heating, internal coil

318

(1)

Batch cooling, counterflow external heat exchanger

318

(1)

Batch heating, counterflow external heat exchanger

319

(1)

Batch cooling, 1-2 multipass external heat exchanger

319

(1)

Batch heating, 1-2 multipass external heat exchanger

320

(1)

Heat transfer in agitated vessels

320

(5)

Viscosity correction

321

(1)

Film coefficient inside the coil

322

(3)

Minimum metal temperature during depressuring operation

325

(4)

Programming

329

(5)

Program for double pipe heat exchanger

329

(1)

Program limitations and notes

329

(1)

Checking Example 4.10 (double-pipe exchanger)

329

(1)

Checking Example 4.11 (double-pipe finned exchanger)

329

(3)

Checking Example 4.13 (batch heating)

332

(1)

Checking Example 4.14 (batch cooling)

332

(2)

Nomenclature

334

(2)

Subscripts

335

(1)

Greek

335

(1)

References

336

(1)

Chapter 5 Distillation

337

(46)

Introduction

337

(1)

Relative volatility

337

(1)

Vapor--liquid equilibrium

338

(1)

Raoult's law: Ideal solutions

339

(1)

Material balance for two-component systems

340

(4)

Operating lines

341

(1)

Reflux ratio

342

(1)

Minimum reflux ratio

342

(1)

Feed plate

343

(1)

McCabe--Thiele method

344

(2)

Smoker equations

346

(2)

Approximate column sizing

348

(4)

Sieve tray

348

(2)

Active hole area

350

(1)

Packed column

350

(2)

Tray efficiency

352

(10)

Murphree tray efficiencies

353

(1)

Overall column efficiency

353

(2)

Prediction of efficiency

355

(1)

Number of gas-phase transfer units

356

(1)

Number of liquid-phase transfer units

356

(1)

Mixing factor

356

(2)

Prediction of vapor diffusivity

358

(1)

Prediction of liquid diffusivity

358

(4)

Column hydraulics and design

362

(1)

Tray pressure drop

362

(11)

Sieve tray

362

(1)

Dry pressure drop

363

(1)

Orifice coefficient (Co)

363

(1)

Weir liquid crest (how)

363

(1)

Residual head (hr)

364

(1)

Valve tray

365

(1)

Dry pressure drop

365

(2)

Downcomer design

367

(1)

Downcomer backup

367

(1)

Downcomer residence time

368

(1)

Flow regimes

369

(1)

Spray regime

369

(1)

Froth regime

369

(1)

Emulsion regime

369

(1)

Bubble regime

370

(1)

Pressure drop through packing

370

(1)

Estimation of pressure drop

370

(1)

Packing factor

371

(2)

Height equivalent to theoretical plate

373

(1)

Entrainment

374

(2)

Weeping and dumping

376

(3)

Programming

379

(2)

Program for Smoker equations

379

(2)

References

381

(2)

Chapter 6 Separators

383

(46)

Introduction

383

(1)

General principles of separation

383

(5)

Droplet in a vertical vessel

383

(3)

Droplet in a horizontal vessel

386

(1)

Gravity settling: Limiting conditions

386

(1)

Newton's law

387

(1)

Stokes' law

387

(1)

Intermediate law

387

(1)

Critical particle diameter

387

(1)

Vertical vs. horizontal separators

388

(1)

Advantages of the horizontal separator

389

(1)

Disadvantages of the horizontal separator

389

(1)

Advantages of the vertical separator

389

(1)

Disadvantages of the vertical separator

389

(1)

Design of a gas--liquid separator

389

(3)

Critical settling velocity

389

(1)

Design constant, KD

390

(1)

API 521 method

391

(1)

Design of liquid--liquid separators

392

(2)

Mist eliminator

394

(5)

Wire mesh mist eliminator

394

(1)

Efficiency of the mist eliminator

394

(1)

Inertial parameter (K)

395

(1)

Maximum gas velocity

395

(1)

Corrected pad-specific surface area (SO)

395

(1)

Impaction efficiency factor (E)

396

(1)

Pressure drop of the mist eliminator

397

(1)

Vane-type mist eliminator

397

(1)

Efficiency of vane pack

398

(1)

Terminal centrifugal velocity

398

(1)

Pressure drop through the vane pack

398

(1)

General dimensions and setting of levels

399

(5)

The horizontal separator

399

(3)

Boot

402

(1)

Vertical separator

403

(1)

Separator internals

404

(2)

Inlet nozzle

404

(1)

Vortex breaker

405

(1)

Separator control

406

(1)

Pressure and flow control

406

(1)

Light liquid-level control

407

(1)

Heavy phase liquid-level and slug control

407

(1)

High-performance separator

407

(2)

Salient features of GLCC

408

(1)

Design parameters

409

(5)

Flow rates

409

(1)

Slug length

409

(2)

Density

411

(1)

Viscosity

411

(2)

Oil in gas droplet size

413

(1)

Oil in water droplet size

413

(1)

Water in oil droplet size

413

(1)

Inlet nozzle velocity

413

(1)

Gas outlet nozzle velocity

414

(1)

Liquid outlet velocity

414

(1)

Separator program

414

(11)

Program limitations/notes

414

(1)

Horizontal separators

415

(1)

Three-phase flooded weir

415

(1)

Three-phase nonflooded-weir separator

415

(1)

Three phase with boot separator

415

(1)

Two-phase vapor--liquid separator

415

(1)

Two-phase liquid--liquid separator

415

(1)

Vertical separators

416

(1)

Two-phase vapor--liquid separator

416

(1)

Two-phase liquid--liquid separator

416

(1)

General overview of the separator.exe program

416

(5)

Design

421

(1)

Slug volume

421

(1)

Further checking and analysis

422

(1)

Design

423

(1)

Analysis

424

(1)

Nomenclature

425

(2)

Greek characters

426

(1)

References

427

(2)

Chapter 7 Overpressure protection

429

(108)

Introduction

429

(1)

Impact on plant design

429

(1)

Impact on individual design

429

(1)

Definition

430

(6)

Accumulation

430

(1)

Atmospheric discharge

431

(1)

Built-up back pressure

431

(1)

General back pressure

431

(1)

Superimposed back pressure

432

(1)

Balanced-bellows PRV

432

(1)

Blowdown

432

(1)

Closed discharge system

432

(1)

Cold differential test pressure

432

(1)

Conventional PRV

432

(1)

Design capacity

432

(1)

Design pressure

433

(1)

Maximum allowable accumulated pressure

433

(1)

Maximum allowable working pressure

433

(1)

Operating pressure

433

(1)

Overpressure

433

(1)

Pilot-operated PRV

434

(1)

Pressure relief valve

434

(1)

Pressure safety valve

434

(1)

Rated relieving capacity

434

(1)

Relief valve

434

(1)

Relieving conditions

434

(1)

Rupture disk

435

(1)

Safety relief valve

435

(1)

Safety valve

435

(1)

Set pressure

435

(1)

Vapor depressuring system

436

(1)

Vent stack

436

(1)

Types of pressure relief valves

436

(9)

Conventional pressure relief valve (vapor service)

436

(2)

Conventional pressure relief valve (liquid service)

438

(1)

Balanced-bellows pressure relief valve

439

(1)

Pilot-operated pressure relief valve

440

(3)

Rupture disk

443

(2)

Selection of pressure relief valves

445

(2)

Conventional pressure relief valve

445

(1)

Balanced-bellows pressure relief valve

445

(1)

Pilot-operated pressure relief valve

446

(1)

Rupture disk

446

(1)

PRV installation and line sizing

447

(7)

Compressors and pumps

447

(1)

Fired heaters

448

(1)

Heat exchangers

448

(1)

Piping

448

(1)

Pressure vessels

449

(1)

PRV isolation valves

449

(2)

Inlet piping to PRVs

451

(2)

Discharge piping from PRVs

453

(1)

Contingency quantification

454

(35)

General

454

(1)

Power failure

455

(1)

Local power failure

456

(1)

Failure of a distribution center

456

(1)

Total power failure

457

(1)

Cooling water failure

457

(1)

Instrument air failure

458

(2)

Steam failure

460

(1)

Total steam failure

460

(1)

Loss of steam to specific equipment

460

(1)

Partial steam failure

460

(1)

Check valve failure

460

(1)

Blocked outlet

461

(1)

Pump or compressor discharge

461

(1)

Multiple outlet

462

(1)

Block valve downstream of control valve

462

(1)

Control valve failure

462

(1)

Vapor breakthrough

463

(2)

Maximum flow

465

(1)

Thermal relief

465

(3)

Modulus of elasticity of pipe material (E)

468

(1)

Coefficient of linear thermal expansion (α)

468

(1)

Valve leakage rate (q)

469

(1)

Compressibility of liquid (Z)

469

(1)

Coefficient of cubic expansion of liquids (β)

469

(2)

Installation of thermal relief valve

471

(1)

Fire exposure

471

(1)

General guidelines

472

(1)

Estimation of wetted surface area

472

(2)

Fire circle

474

(1)

Estimation of latent heat and physical properties

474

(1)

Liquid wet vessel

475

(2)

Vessels with only gas

477

(2)

Two liquid phases

479

(1)

Heat exchanger tube rupture

480

(2)

Contingency calculation

482

(2)

Reflux failure and overhead system

484

(1)

Loss of reboiler heat

485

(1)

Venting of storage tanks

485

(1)

Venting due to liquid movements

486

(1)

Thermal venting

486

(1)

Fire exposure

486

(2)

Minimum flow area

488

(1)

Sizing procedure

489

(25)

Sizing of liquid relief

489

(2)

Sizing of vapor relief

491

(1)

Critical flow

491

(1)

Subcritical flow

492

(1)

Conventional and pilot-operated PRV

492

(1)

Balanced-bellows PRV

492

(1)

Sizing for steam relief

493

(1)

Sizing for two-phase fluids

494

(2)

Type 1 (omega method)

496

(3)

Type 2 (omega method)

499

(2)

Type 3 (integral method)

501

(2)

Design of flare stack

503

(1)

Minimum distance

504

(1)

Fraction of heat intensity transmitted (τ)

504

(1)

Fraction of heat radiated (F)

505

(1)

Heat release (Q)

505

(1)

Sizing of a flare stack: Simple approach

505

(1)

Calculation of stack diameter

505

(1)

Calculation of flame length

506

(1)

Flame distortion caused by wind velocity

506

(2)

Sizing of flare stack: Brzustowski and Sommer approach

508

(1)

Calculation of flare stack diameter

508

(1)

Location of flame center xc, yc

509

(1)

Lower explosive limit of mixtures

509

(2)

Vertical distance (yc)

511

(1)

Horizontal distance (xc)

511

(3)

SIL analysis

514

(10)

Definitions

515

(1)

Diagnostic coverage

515

(1)

Final element

515

(1)

MooN

515

(1)

Programmable electronics

515

(1)

Programmable electronic system

515

(1)

Protection layer

515

(1)

Safety-instrumented function

515

(1)

Safety-instrumented systems

516

(1)

Safety integrity

516

(1)

Safety integrity level

516

(1)

Safety life cycle

516

(1)

Matrix for SIL determination

516

(1)

Probability of failure on demand

517

(2)

ALARP model

519

(1)

Determination of SIL

519

(2)

Financial

521

(1)

Health and safety

522

(1)

Environment and asset

522

(2)

Programming

524

(9)

Program for pressure relief valve

524

(1)

Program limitations and notes

525

(1)

General overview

525

(1)

Project details

525

(1)

File save

526

(1)

File open

526

(1)

File print

527

(1)

Exit

527

(1)

Specific message or warning: back pressure

527

(1)

Back-pressure correction factor

527

(1)

Pilot-operated PRV

527

(1)

Liquid

528

(1)

Vapor

529

(1)

Two-phase type 1 calculation

529

(1)

Two-phase type 2 calculation

529

(1)

Two-phase type 3 calculation

529

(2)

Program for flare stack estimation

531

(1)

Program limitations and notes

531

(1)

Specific message/warning

532

(1)

Nomenclature

533

(1)

Greek characters

533

(1)

References

534

(3)

Chapter 8 Glycol dehydration

537

(50)

Introduction

537

(1)

Basic scheme

537

(5)

Advantages

539

(1)

Disadvantages

539

(1)

Pre-TEG coalescer

539

(1)

Contactor

539

(1)

Flash separator

540

(1)

Filters

540

(1)

Pumping

540

(1)

Glycol/glycol exchanger

541

(1)

Gas/glycol exchanger

541

(1)

Regenerator

541

(1)

Physical properties

542

(2)

Selection of type of glycol

542

(1)

Common properties of glycol

543

(1)

Densities of aqueous glycol solutions

543

(1)

Solubility of various compounds

543

(1)

Fire hazard information

543

(1)

Viscosities of aqueous glycol solutions

543

(1)

Specific heats of aqueous glycol solutions

543

(1)

Thermal conductivities of aqueous glycol solutions

543

(1)

Design aspects

544

(34)

Water content in hydrocarbon gas

544

(1)

Equilibrium dew point

545

(3)

Minimum lean-TEG concentration

548

(2)

Number of theoretical stages of the contactor

550

(1)

Design of contactor

551

(3)

Type of internals

554

(8)

Liquid distributor

562

(1)

Flash separator

563

(1)

Filters

564

(1)

Particulate filter

564

(1)

Carbon filter

564

(1)

Glycol/glycol exchanger

564

(1)

Gas/glycol exchanger

565

(1)

Regenerator

566

(1)

Still column

567

(2)

Reboiler

569

(1)

Fire tube heat density

569

(1)

Fire tube heat flux

570

(1)

Lean-glycol storage

570

(1)

Energy exchange pump

571

(2)

Burner management

573

(5)

Specifications

578

(1)

Programming

578

(7)

Program limitations

582

(1)

General overview

582

(1)

File menu

582

(1)

Unit menu

583

(1)

Project details

584

(1)

Data entry

584

(1)

References

585

(2)

Index

587

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E-raamat: Process Engineering and Design Using Visual Basic

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