Until recently, most psychological research was conducted using subjects close at hand, which usually meant university undergraduates who needed some spare cash. Here researchers explain how the Internet has changed all that, allowing them to test people from all over the world. They cover the history, advantages, disadvantages, and validity of Web experimentation; examples of experiments on individual differences and cross-cultural studies; and information and techniques for using the Internet for research design. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Until recently, most psychological research was conducted using subject samples in close proximity to the investigators--namely university undergraduates. In recent years, however, it has become possible to test people from all over the world by placing experiments on the internet. The number of people using the internet for this purpose is likely to become the main venue for subject pools in coming years. As such, learning about experiments on the internet will be of vital interest to all research psychologists.
Psychological Experiments on the Internet is divided into three sections. Section I discusses the history of web experimentation, as well as the advantages, disadvantages, and validity of web-based psychological research. Section II discusses examples of web-based experiments on individual differences and cross-cultural studies. Section III provides readers with the necessary information and techniques for utilizing the internet in their own research designs.
* Innovative topic that will capture the imagination of many readers
* Includes examples of actual web based experiments
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"An interesting, technically oriented volume, editor Birnbaum's carefully crafted compilation serves as both handbook and reference for students and researchers, even crossing the border into the technology field." --FIRST MONDAY
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* Innovative topic that will capture the imagination of many readers * Includes examples of actual web based experiments
Contributors xiii Introduction to Psychological Experiments on the Internet xv SECTION I GENERAL ISSUES Decision Making in the Lab and on the Web Michael H. Birnbaum Introduction 3(4) Transitivity, Monotonicity, and Coalescing 5(1) Stochastic Dominance 6(1) Experimental Procedures 7(5) Advantages of Longer Experiments 8(3) Why Study Decision Making on the Internet? 11(1) Internet and Lab Studies 12(2) Stimuli 12(1) Recruitment of Lab and Internet Samples 13(1) Demographic Characteristics of the Samples 14(1) Results 14(8) Comparison of Choice Percentages 14(2) Monotonicity 16(1) Stochastic Dominance and Event Splitting 17(1) Demographic Correlations in the Internet Samples 18(2) Allais Paradoxes in Internet B 20(2) Comparison of CPT and Configural Weight Models 22(3) Discussion 25(3) Appendix: Additional Details of Experiment 28(5) References 33(2) Validity of Web-Based Psychological Research John H. Krantz Reeshad Dalal Validity of Web-Based Psychological Research 35(3) The Validity of Research on the World Wide Web 38(10) Surveys 38(2) Correlational Designs 40(2) Experimental Designs 42(6) Trends in Subject Populations 48(7) Gender 51(1) Ethnicity 52(1) Country of Origin 53(1) Age 54(1) Language Experience 54(1) Summary of Subject Characteristics 54(1) Subject Recruitment 55(1) Conclusions 56(1) References 57(4) A Brief History of Web Experimenting Jochen Musch Ulf-Dietrich Reips The History of Web Experiments 61(6) Method 67(2) Procedure 69(1) Results 70(15) References 85(4) The Web Experiment Method: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Solutions Ulf-Dietrich Reips Introduction 89(3) Moist Beams and Mildew Stains Rotting in Indifference (and How Web Experiments Might Be Used for Structural Support) 92(9) Generalizability (Demographic) 92(2) Generalizability (Situation) and External Validity 94(1) Generalizability (Time) 95(1) Volunteer Bias 96(1) Statistical Power 97(1) Detectability of Motivational Confounding 98(1) Experimenter Effects and Demand Characteristics 99(2) Other Advantages of Web Experimenting 101(3) Costs 101(1) General Advantages for the Research Process 102(1) Other Procedural Advantages 103(1) Ethical Issues 103(1) Disadvantages and Solutions 104(10) Control Issues (Cheating) 104(3) Control Issues (Experimental Control) 107(1) Self-Selection 108(1) Drop-out 108(3) Technical Variance 111(1) Interaction with Participants 111(1) Comparative Basis 112(1) Limits (Epilogue on External Validity) 112(1) Summary 112(2) References 114(7) SECTION II INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES Potential of the Internet for Personality Research Tom Buchanan Potential of the Internet for Personality Research 121(7) Why Do Personality Research on the Internet? 121(2) Potential Strengths of Internet-Mediated Research 123(1) Potential Problems for Internet-Mediated Research 124(2) Goals of Research Program 126(2) Empirical Work 128(6) (Buchanan & Smith, 1999) 128(1) (Buchanan & Smith, in press) 129(1) (Buchanan & Smith, in press) 130(1) (Buchanan, 1998) 130(1) General Findings across All Studies 131(3) Discussion 134(4) Comments on Criterion Group Approach 134(1) Samle ``Contamination 135(1) Participants, Not Subjects 136(1) Peoples Reactions to Recruitment Strategies and Possible Alternatives 136(1) Conclusions 137(1) References 138(3) Human Sexual Behavior: A Comparison of College and Internet Surveys Robert D. Bailey Winona E. Foote Barbara Throckmorton Previous Studies of Human Sexuality 141(1) The Internet Environment 142(1) Internet Data Collection 143(2) The Current Study 145(1) Method 145(5) Participants 145(1) Materials 146(4) Procedure 150(1) Results 150(10) Demographic Characteristics 151(5) Behaviors 156(2) Attitudes 158(1) Premarital Intercourse 158(1) Extramarital Intercourse 159(1) Discussion 160(6) Demographic Differences 160(3) Computed Scale Differences 163(1) Behaviors 164(1) Attitudes 165(1) Conclusions 166(1) References 167(2) An Intercultural Examination of Facial Features Communicating Surprise Donatella Pagani Luigi Lombardi Introduction 169(1) The Facial Expressions of the Emotion of Surprise 170(3) Online Experiment: ``How Surprised Is He? 173(1) Method 174(15) Subjects 174(2) Stimuli 176(1) Procedures 176(2) Main Analyses and Planned Comparisons (Structural, Demographic, and Intercultural Aspects) 178(5) Main Analysis of Hardware and Software Effects (Validity Aspect a) 183(1) Main Analyses of Video Games and Comics Effects (Validity Aspect b) 184(3) Comparisons between the Results of WWW Sample and Laboratory Sample (Validity Aspect c) 187(2) Discussion 189(2) Demographic and Intercultural Aspects 189(1) Validity Aspects 190(1) Appendix 191(1) References 192(4) What Are Computing Experiences Good For?: A Case Study in Online Research John H. Mueller D. Michele Jacobean Ralf Schwarzer Personal Growth as Value 196(3) Approaching the Question 199(1) Getting Started 200(1) Ethical Considerations 201(1) Method 202(2) Sample Characteristics 204(2) Replicated Results 206(1) Newer Results 207(5) Efficacy 207(1) Test Anxiety 208(1) Computer Use 209(3) Conclusions 212(3) References 215(4) SECTION III COMPUTER TECHNIQUES FOR INTERNET EXPERIMENTATION PsychExps: An Online Psychology Laboratory Kenneth O. McGraw Mark D. Tew John E. Williams PsychExps: An Online Psychology Laboratory 219(3) Rationale 219(3) The Technology 222(8) The Authoring Tool 222(4) How to Generate Experiments 226(1) How to Deliver the Experiment on the Web 227(1) Does Web Delivery Affect Data Quality? 228(1) To Trust or Not to Trust 229(1) Data Transfer 230(1) Future Plans for PsychExps 230(3) Becoming Involved with PsychExps 232(1) Summary 233(1) References 233(2) Techniques for Creating and Using Web Questionnaires in Research and Teaching Jonathan Baron Michael Siepmann Introduction 235(4) Do People Give Different Responses on Web and Paper Questionnaires? 237(2) Using Web Questionnaires in Teaching 239(1) Making Web Questionnaires 239(2) Making Web Questionnaires Using HTML 241(6) Simple Questionnaires 241(3) Separate Display Areas: Frames 244(2) Putting Answer Columns Side by Side 246(1) Having Subjects Allocate Themselves to Different Versions 247(1) Making Web Questionnaires Using JavaScript and HTML 247(12) Transparently Allocating Different Subjects to Different Versions 247(1) Randomizing Question Order Separately for Each Subject 248(6) Error Checking 254(2) Removing Unwanted Character Codes from Text Responses 256(1) Process Tracing, Analog Scales, and Timing 257(2) Making Web Questionnaires Using Java, JavaScript, and HTML 259(1) Getting Data from Web Questionnaires into Usable Form 260(1) Administrative Aspects of Using Web Questionnaires 261(3) Informed Consent 261(1) Paying Subjects 262(2) Conclusions 264(1) References 265(2) The Cognitive Psychology Online Laboratory Gregory Francis Ian Neath Aimee Surprenant The Cognitive Psychology Online Laboratory 267(5) Laboratory Development 272(8) Brown--Peterson Memory Task 272(3) Partial Report 275(2) Other Demonstrations 277(2) Web Server 279(1) Caveats 280(2) Summary 282(1) References 282(3) The Server Side of Psychology Web Experiments William C. Schmidt The Client--Server Relationship 285(7) Appropriateness of Server-Side Solutions 292(1) Control over Information Delivery 293(5) Server-Side Preprocessing 294(2) Browser Compatibility Issues 296(1) Testing and Feedback 297(1) Control over Data Integrity 298(8) Data Security Issues 299(1) Password Protection 300(1) Participant Source Identification 301(1) Domain Restriction 302(2) Experiment Completion Rates 304(1) Time for Completion 304(1) Error Checking 305(1) Multiple Submission Filtering 305(1) Miscellaneous Issues 306(3) Finishing an Experiment Started Previously 307(1) Server-Side Performance Issues 308(1) Programming for Speed and Stability 308(1) Conclusion 309(1) References 310(1) Glossary of Web Terms 311(4) Index 315
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