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E-raamat: Publicity in International Lawmaking: Covert Operations and the Use of Force

(University of Reading)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108787697
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Publicity in International Lawmaking: Covert Operations and the Use of ForceSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108787697
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This book offers the first comprehensive examination into the requirement of publicity in international lawmaking, which is a highly topical issue due to developments concerning covert uses of force. It will be of interest to academics, practitioners, and students working within international law, as well as international relations.

This book explores how best to recalibrate our understanding of international lawmaking through the lens of increased reporting and legal debate around covert and quasi-covert uses of force. Recent changes in practice and communication call for closer attention to be paid to the requirement of publicity for state practice, since they challenge the perception of the concepts 'public' and 'covert', and thus raise questions as to the impact that covert and quasi-covert acts do and should have on the development of international law. It is argued that, in order to qualify as such practice, acts must be both publicly known and acknowledged. The book further examines how state silence around covert and quasi-covert operations has opened up significant space for legal scholars and other experts to influence the development of international law.

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This book explores the requirement of publicity in international lawmaking through the lens of covert and quasi-covert uses of force.
Acknowledgements viii
1 Introduction
1(12)
2 The Use of Force and the Scope for Dynamic Development
13(24)
2.1 Introduction
13(2)
2.2 Dynamic Interpretation of the UN Charter Rules on the Use of Force
15(11)
2.2.1 The UN Charter Rules and Customary International Law
19(2)
2.2.2 Contentious Issues in the Interpretation of Article 2(4) UN Charter
21(5)
2.3 Actors within the Interpretation of the UN Charter Rules
26(7)
2.4 Covert Operations and the Development of Jus ad Bellum
33(2)
2.5 Conclusion
35(2)
3 Customary International Law and the Requirement of Publicity
37(51)
3.1 Introduction
37(3)
3.2 Customary International Law
40(16)
3.2.1 Addictive Addition: State Practice and Opinio Juris
40(8)
3.2.2 Alternative Approach: The Turn to Normativity
48(3)
3.2.3 Silence and Acquiescence
51(5)
3.3 The Requirement of Publicity
56(14)
3.3.1 Positioning Publicity within International Law
56(1)
3.3.1.1 `Public' and `Secret' Agreements: Creating the In- and Outside of International Law
56(3)
3.3.2 Publicity in Contemporary Debates on Customary International Law
59(11)
3.4 Justifications, Acknowledgements, and Public Knowledge
70(8)
3.4.1 Justifications
70(1)
3.4.1.1 Necessity of Justifications for Physical Acts
70(2)
3.4.1.2 The Nature of Justifications
72(2)
3.4.2 Acknowledgements
74(2)
3.4.3 Public Knowledge of Acts in the Absence of Acknowledgemen and Justifications
76(2)
3.5 Different Levels of Covertness and Publicity
78(9)
3.5.1 Communication by the Acting State
79(2)
3.5.2 Public Knowledge
81(6)
3.6 Conclusion
87(1)
4 Quasi-Covert Operations and the Identification of Claims
88(42)
4.1 Introduction
88(1)
4.2 Delayed Acknowledgements
89(3)
4.2.1 Delayed Acknowledgement of Completed Operations
90(1)
4.2.2 Delayed Acknowledgement of Ongoing Operations
91(1)
4.3 Hypothetical Justifications
92(2)
4.4 Partial Acknowledgements
94(3)
4.5 Illustration: The United States Drone Strikes in Pakistan
97(32)
4.5.1 Background
98(1)
4.5.2 The Road towards Transparency
99(5)
4.5.3 Reactions to the Strikes and the Justifications
104(1)
4.5.3.1 States and International Governmental Organisations
105(3)
4.5.3.2 Academic Commentary
108(3)
4.5.4 United States Drone Strikes and the Development of the Jus ad Bellum
111(2)
4.5.4.1 United States Drone Strikes and the Right to Use Self-Defence against Non-State Actors
113(10)
4.5.4.2 United States Drone Strikes and Temporality of Self-Defence
123(6)
4.6 Conclusion
129(1)
5 Unacknowledged Operations
130(32)
5.1 Introduction
130(1)
5.2 Different Levels of Publicity of Unacknowledged Acts
131(10)
5.2.1 Unacknowledged Operations Triggering Reactions by Other States
132(5)
5.2.2 Publicly Known, but Unacknowledged, Acts to Which States Remain Silent
137(1)
5.2.2.1 Acquiescence to Unacknowledged Acts
137(4)
5.2.2.2 Public Debate and Interpretation of the Charter Rules
141(1)
5.3 Illustration: Cyberattacks
141(18)
5.3.1 Cyberattacks against Estonia and Iran
143(4)
5.3.2 Cyberattacks and the Definition of `Force'
147(4)
5.3.3 Attribution of Responsibility for Cyberattacks
151(3)
5.3.4 Cyberattacks and the Right to Self-Defence
154(1)
5.3.4.1 Cyberattacks and the Definition of `Armed Attack'
154(1)
5.3.4.2 Cyberattacks and Temporality
155(2)
5.3.4.3 Cyberattacks and Necessity
157(1)
5.3.4.4 Cyberattacks and Proportionality
158(1)
5.4 Cyberattacks and the Dynamic Interpretation of Jus ad Helium
159(1)
5.5 Conclusion
160(2)
6 Concluding Remarks
162(7)
Index 169
Marie Aronsson-Storrier is a lecturer at the School of Law, University of Reading. She holds a PhD from the University of Melbourne (2017) and a Master of Laws from the University of Gothenburg (2011). Marie is one of the editors of the Cambridge Handbook of Disaster Risk Reduction in International Law (2019) and has published in numerous areas of international law, including the law on the use of force, human rights, disaster prevention and management, and international lawmaking.
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