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ix | |
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xi | |
| Preface |
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xiii | |
| Acknowledgement |
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xv | |
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xvii | |
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1 | (14) |
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11 | (4) |
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Chapter 2 Raw Materials for Production of Nanocellulose |
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15 | (12) |
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2.1 Wood, Agricultural Crops, and By-Products |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (6) |
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21 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Structure and Properties of Cellulose and Nanocellulose |
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27 | (14) |
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37 | (4) |
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Chapter 4 Production of Nanocellulose |
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41 | (28) |
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4.1 Chemical Delignification |
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41 | (1) |
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4.2 Steam Explosion Process |
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42 | (2) |
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4.3 Electrospinning Technique |
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44 | (2) |
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4.4 Refining and High-Pressure Homogenization |
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46 | (4) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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4.7 Chemical and Enzymatic Methods |
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51 | (7) |
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4.8 Genetically Modified Algae |
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58 | (11) |
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60 | (9) |
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Chapter 5 Preparation and Properties of Nanocellulose Films |
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69 | (14) |
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78 | (5) |
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Chapter 6 Characterization of Nanocellulose |
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83 | (8) |
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6.1 Physical Characterization |
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83 | (1) |
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6.2 Microscopy Characterization |
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84 | (7) |
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6.2.1 Surface Area Measurements |
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86 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Degree of Crystallinity |
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87 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Degree of Polymerization |
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87 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Suspension Properties |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Modification of Nanocellulose to Improve Properties |
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91 | (14) |
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7.1 Formation of Ionic Groups |
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92 | (4) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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7.2 Generation of Hydrophobic Surfaces |
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96 | (2) |
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7.2.1 Acetylation/Alkylation |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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7.3 Surface Modification by Adsorption |
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98 | (7) |
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98 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Treatment With Polyelectrolytes |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (5) |
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105 | (108) |
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106 | (43) |
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8.1.1 Improved Properties and New Paper Grades |
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110 | (16) |
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8.1.2 Nanofillers/Pigments |
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126 | (3) |
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8.1.3 Coating Applications |
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129 | (8) |
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8.1.4 Surface Strength Agent to Reduce Linting |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (4) |
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8.1.6 Other Paper-Based Applications |
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142 | (1) |
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8.1.7 High-Strength Biocomposites |
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142 | (7) |
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149 | (4) |
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8.3 Building and Construction |
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153 | (4) |
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157 | (2) |
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8.5 Biomedical Applications |
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159 | (10) |
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159 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Medical Applications |
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160 | (9) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (4) |
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8.7.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (4) |
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8.9 Environmental Remediation |
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178 | (5) |
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183 | (30) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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8.10.3 Foams and Aerogels |
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185 | (3) |
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8.10.4 Water Purification |
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188 | (2) |
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8.10.5 Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (22) |
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Chapter 9 Commercialization Activities |
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213 | (8) |
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220 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Environmental and Human Health Risks |
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221 | (8) |
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226 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 Challenges and Opportunities |
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229 | (6) |
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232 | (3) |
| Index |
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235 | |