Preface & Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
About the Authors |
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xv | |
Chapter 1 Introduction |
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1 | (24) |
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Getting the Most Out of Quick Guide to IBM SPSS |
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2 | (2) |
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A Brief Overview of the Statistical Process |
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4 | (2) |
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Using Descriptive Statistics |
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4 | (1) |
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Using Comparative Statistics |
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5 | (1) |
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Using Correlational Statistics |
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5 | (1) |
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Understanding Hypothesis Testing, Power, and Sample Size |
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6 | (3) |
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Understanding the p-Value |
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9 | (1) |
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Planning a Successful Analysis |
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10 | (3) |
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Formulate a Testable Research Question (Hypothesis) |
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10 | (1) |
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Collect Data Appropriate to Testing Your Hypotheses |
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11 | (1) |
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Decide on the Type of Analysis Appropriate to Test Your Hypothesis |
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11 | (2) |
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Properly Interpret and Report Your Results |
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13 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Creating Data Sets |
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13 | (6) |
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1 Decide What Variables You Need and Document Them |
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13 | (2) |
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2 Design Your Data Set With One Subject (or Observation) Per Line |
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15 | (1) |
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3 Each Variable Must Have a Properly Designated Name |
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16 | (1) |
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4 Select Descriptive Labels for Each Variable |
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16 | (1) |
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5 Select a Data Type for Each Variable |
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16 | (1) |
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6 Additional Tips for Categorical (String) Variables |
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17 | (1) |
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7 Define Missing Values Codes |
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17 | (1) |
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8 Consider the Need for a Grouping Variable |
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18 | (1) |
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Preparing Excel Data for Import |
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19 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Reporting Results |
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20 | (1) |
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Downloading Sample SPSS Data Files |
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21 | (1) |
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Opening Data Files for Examples |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (3) |
Chapter 2 Describing and Examining Data |
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25 | (32) |
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26 | (1) |
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Describing Quantitative Data |
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26 | (16) |
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Observe the Distribution of Your Data |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Tips and Caveats for Quantitative Data |
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28 | (1) |
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How to Use the Information About Normality |
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28 | (1) |
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If Data are Not Normally Distributed, Don't Report the Mean |
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28 | (1) |
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When in Doubt, Report the SD Rather than the SEM |
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29 | (1) |
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Use Tables and Figures to Report Many Descriptive Statistics |
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29 | (1) |
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Break Down Descriptive Statistics by Group |
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29 | (1) |
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Quantitative Data Description Examples |
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29 | (13) |
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Describing Categorical Data |
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42 | (13) |
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Considerations for Examining Categorical Data |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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When Should Categorical Variables be Treated as Quantitative Data? |
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43 | (1) |
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Describing Categorical Data Examples |
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44 | (11) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
Chapter 3 Creating and Using Graphs |
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57 | (30) |
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Introduction to SPSS Graphs |
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57 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Creating and Using Graphs |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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Graphboard Template Chooser |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (11) |
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Appropriate Applications for a Scatterplot |
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62 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for a Scatterplot |
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62 | (10) |
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72 | (5) |
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Appropriate Applications for a Histogram |
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73 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for a Histogram |
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73 | (4) |
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77 | (5) |
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Appropriate Applications for a Bar Chart |
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77 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for Bar Charts |
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78 | (4) |
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82 | (2) |
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Appropriate Applications for a Pie Chart |
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82 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for Pie Charts |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (2) |
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Appropriate Applications for Boxplots |
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84 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for Boxplots |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
Chapter 4 Comparing One or Two Means Using the t-Test |
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87 | (38) |
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88 | (7) |
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Appropriate Applications for a One-Sample t-Test |
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88 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for a One-Sample t-Test |
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89 | (1) |
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Hypotheses for a One-Sample t-Test |
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89 | (6) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (5) |
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95 | (19) |
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Appropriate Applications for a Two-Sample t-Test |
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96 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for a Two-Sample t-Test |
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96 | (2) |
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A Two-Sample t-Test Compares Means |
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96 | (1) |
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You Are Comparing Independent Samples |
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97 | (1) |
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The t-Test Assumes Normality |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Hypotheses fora Two-Sample t-Test |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Tips and Caveats for a Two-Sample t-Test |
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98 | (16) |
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98 | (1) |
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Preplan One-Tailed t-Tests |
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99 | (1) |
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Small Sample Sizes Make Normality Difficult to Assess |
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99 | (1) |
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Performing Multiple t-Tests Causes Loss of Control of the Experiment-Wise Significance Level |
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100 | (1) |
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Interpreting Graphs Associated With the Two-Sample t-Test |
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100 | (1) |
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Deciding Which Version of the t-Test to Use |
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100 | (2) |
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Two-Sample t-Test Examples |
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102 | (12) |
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Calculating Effect Size for a Two-Sample t-Test |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (9) |
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Associated Confidence Interval |
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115 | (1) |
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Appropriate Applications fora Paired t-Test |
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115 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for a Paired t-Test |
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116 | (1) |
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Pairing Observations May Increase the Ability to Detect Differences |
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116 | (1) |
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Paired t-Test Analysis is Performed on the Difference Scores |
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116 | (1) |
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The Paired t-Test Assumes Normality of the Differences |
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116 | (1) |
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Hypotheses for a Paired t-Test |
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117 | (6) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
Chapter 5 Correlation and Regression |
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125 | (42) |
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126 | (11) |
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Appropriate Applications for Correlation Analysis |
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127 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for Correlation Analysis |
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128 | (1) |
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Hypotheses for Correlation Analysis |
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128 | (1) |
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Tips and Caveats for Correlation Analysis |
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129 | (8) |
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129 | (1) |
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Variables Don't Have to Be on the Same Scale |
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129 | (1) |
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Correlation Does Not Imply Cause and Effect |
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129 | (1) |
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The Effect Size Provides a Description of a Correlation's Strength |
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129 | (1) |
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Correlations Provide an Incomplete Picture of the Relationship |
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130 | (1) |
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Examine Relationship With a Scatterplot and Watch for Outliers |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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If Variables Are Not Normally Distributed |
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132 | (5) |
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137 | (11) |
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Appropriate Applications for Simple Linear Regression |
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137 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for a Simple Linear Regression |
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138 | (1) |
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There Is a Theoretical Regression Line |
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138 | (1) |
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The Observed Regression Equation Is Calculated |
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From the Data Based on the Least Squares Principle |
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138 | (1) |
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Several Assumptions Are Involved |
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138 | (1) |
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Hypotheses for Simple Linear Regression Analysis |
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139 | (1) |
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Tips and Caveats for Simple Linear Regression |
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139 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (7) |
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Multiple Linear Regression |
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148 | (17) |
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Appropriate Applications of Multiple Linear Regression |
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149 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for Multiple Linear Regression |
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149 | (1) |
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A Theoretical Multiple Regression Equation Exists That Describes the Relationship Between the Dependent Variable and the Independent Variables |
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149 | (1) |
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The Observed Multiple Regression Equation Is Calculated From the Data Based on the Least Squares Principle |
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150 | (1) |
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Several Assumptions Are Involved |
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150 | (1) |
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Hypotheses for Multiple Linear Regression |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Model Selection Procedures for Multiple Linear Regression |
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152 | (3) |
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Tips and Caveats for Multiple Linear Regression |
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155 | (1) |
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Using Indicator Variables |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Model Interpretation and Evaluation for Multiple Linear Regression |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (9) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
Chapter 6 Analysis of Categorical Data |
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167 | (48) |
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Contingency Table Analysis (r x c) 168 |
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Appropriate Applications of Contingency Table Analysis |
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169 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for a Contingency Table Analysis |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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Expected Cell Size Considerations |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Hypotheses for a Contingency Table Analysis |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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Tips and Caveats for a Contingency Table Analysis |
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171 | (1) |
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Use Counts-Do Not Use Percentages |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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Each Subject is Counted Only Once |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Explain Significant Findings |
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172 | (1) |
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Contingency Table Examples |
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172 | (18) |
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Analyzing Risk Ratios in a 2 x 2 Table |
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184 | (2) |
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Appropriate Applications for Retrospective (Case Control) Studies |
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186 | (1) |
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Appropriate Applications for Prospective (Cohort) Studies |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (4) |
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190 | (5) |
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Appropriate Applications of McNemar's Test |
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190 | (1) |
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Hypotheses or McNemar's Test |
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191 | (4) |
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Mantel-Haenszel Meta-Analysis Comparison |
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195 | (6) |
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Appropriate Applications of the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure |
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195 | (1) |
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Hypotheses Tests Used in Mantel-Haenszel Analysis |
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195 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for a Mantel-Haenszel Test |
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196 | (4) |
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Tips and Caveats for Mantel-Haenszel Analysis |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Tests of Interrater Reliability |
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201 | (4) |
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Appropriate Applications of Interrater Reliability |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (3) |
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205 | (6) |
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Appropriate Applications of the Goodness-of-Fit Test |
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205 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for a Goodness-of-Fit Test |
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206 | (1) |
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Hypotheses for a Goodness-of-Fit Test |
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206 | (1) |
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Tips and Caveats for a Goodness-of-Fit Test |
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206 | (4) |
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206 | (4) |
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210 | (1) |
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Other Measures of Association for Categorical Data |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
Chapter 7 Analysis of Variance and Covariance |
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215 | (56) |
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216 | (21) |
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Appropriate Applications for a One-Way ANOVA |
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216 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for a One-Way ANOVA |
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216 | (2) |
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The One-Way ANOVA Assumptions |
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217 | (1) |
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Hypotheses fora One-Way ANOVA |
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218 | (1) |
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Tips and Caveats for a One-Way ANOVA |
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218 | (12) |
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Other Comparison Tests for a One-Way ANOVA |
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230 | (7) |
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Two-Way Analysis of Variance |
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237 | (12) |
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Appropriate Applications for a Two-Way ANOVA |
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237 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for a Two-Way ANOVA |
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238 | (1) |
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Two-Way ANOVA Assumptions |
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238 | (1) |
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Hypotheses for a Two-Way ANOVA |
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239 | (2) |
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1 First Test for Interaction |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Tips and Caveats for a Two-Way ANOVA |
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241 | (8) |
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Unequal Sample Sizes Within Cells |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (8) |
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Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance |
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249 | (10) |
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Appropriate Applications for a Repeated-Measures ANOVA |
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249 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for a Repeated-Measures ANOVA |
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250 | (1) |
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Repeated Measurements May Increase the Ability to Detect Differences |
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250 | (1) |
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Two Steps in the Analysis |
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250 | (1) |
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Normality and Equal Variance Assumptions |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Hypotheses for a Repeated-Measures ANOVA |
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251 | (1) |
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Tips and Caveats for a Repeated-Measures ANOVA |
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251 | (8) |
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259 | (11) |
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Appropriate Applications for Analysis of Covariance |
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259 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for an Analysis of Covariance |
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260 | (1) |
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Hypotheses for an Analysis of Covariance |
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261 | (9) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
Chapter 8 Nonparametric Analysis Procedures |
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271 | (26) |
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272 | (5) |
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Appropriate Applications for Spearman's Rho |
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273 | (1) |
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Design Considerations for Spearman's Rho |
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273 | (1) |
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Hypotheses for Spearman's Rho |
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274 | (1) |
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Tips and Caveats for Spearman's Rho |
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274 | (3) |
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Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon (Two Independent Groups Test) |
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277 | (3) |
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Hypotheses for a Mann-Whitney Test |
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277 | (3) |
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280 | (5) |
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Hypotheses for a Kruskal-Wallis Test |
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281 | (4) |
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Sign Test and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Matched Pairs |
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285 | (5) |
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Hypotheses for a Sign Test |
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286 | (1) |
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Hypotheses for a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test |
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286 | (4) |
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290 | (5) |
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Hypotheses for Friedman's Test |
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290 | (5) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (2) |
Chapter 9 Logistic Regression |
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297 | (20) |
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Appropriate Applications for Logistic Regression |
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298 | (1) |
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Simple Logistic Regression |
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298 | (6) |
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Hypotheses for Simple Logistic Regression |
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299 | (1) |
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Tips and Caveats for Simple Logistic Regression |
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299 | (5) |
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299 | (5) |
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Multiple Logistic Regression |
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304 | (11) |
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Tips and Caveats for Multiple Logistic Regression |
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305 | (10) |
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Qualitative Predictor Variables |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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Predictor Variables With Large Values |
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306 | (9) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
Appendix A: A Brief Tutorial for Using IBM SPSS for Windows |
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317 | (30) |
Appendix B: Choosing the Right Procedure to Use |
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347 | (6) |
Index |
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353 | |