About the Authors |
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xiv | |
Preface |
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xvi | |
1 Introduction |
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1 | (19) |
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1.1 Aim and Significance of Radar Data Processing |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Basic Concepts in Radar Data Processing |
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2 | (7) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Measurement Preprocessing |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.5 Track Initiation and Termination |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (2) |
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1.3 Design Requirements and Main Technical Indexes of Radar Data Processors |
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9 | (3) |
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1.3.1 Basic Tasks of Data Processors |
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9 | (1) |
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1.3.2 The Engineering Design of Data Processors |
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9 | (2) |
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1.3.3 The Main Technical Indexes of Data Processors |
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11 | (1) |
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1.3.4 The Evaluation of Data Processors |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4 History and Present Situation of Research in Radar Data Processing Technology |
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12 | (2) |
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1.5 Scope and Outline of the Book |
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14 | (6) |
2 Parameter Estimation |
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20 | (14) |
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20 | (1) |
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2.2 The Concept of Parameter Estimation |
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20 | (3) |
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2.3 Four Basic Parameter Estimation Techniques |
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23 | (3) |
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2.3.1 Maximum A Posteriori Estimator |
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23 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimator |
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24 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Minimum Mean Square Error Estimator |
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24 | (2) |
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2.3.4 Least Squares Estimator |
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26 | (1) |
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2.4 Properties of Estimators |
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26 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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2.4.2 The Variance of an Estimator |
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26 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Consistent Estimators |
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26 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Efficient Estimators |
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27 | (1) |
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2.5 Parameter Estimation of Static Vectors |
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28 | (5) |
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2.5.1 Least Squares Estimator |
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28 | (2) |
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2.5.2 Minimum Mean Square Error Estimator |
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30 | (2) |
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2.5.3 Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Estimator |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
3 Linear Filtering Approaches |
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34 | (19) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (14) |
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35 | (6) |
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41 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Initialization of Kalman Filters |
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44 | (4) |
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3.3 Steady-State Kalman Filter |
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48 | (4) |
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3.3.1 Mathematical Definition and Judgment Methods for Filter Stability |
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49 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Controllability and Observability of Random Linear System |
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49 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Steady-State Kalman Filter |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
4 Nonlinear Filtering Approaches |
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53 | (19) |
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53 | (1) |
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4.2 Extended Kalman Filter |
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53 | (5) |
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54 | (4) |
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4.2.2 Some Problems in the Application of Extended Kalman Filters |
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58 | (1) |
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4.3 Unscented Kalman Filter |
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58 | (7) |
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4.3.1 Unscented Transformation |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Simulation Analysis |
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61 | (4) |
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65 | (7) |
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65 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Examples of the Application of EKF, UKF, and PF |
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67 | (4) |
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71 | (1) |
5 Measurement Preprocessing Techniques |
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72 | (23) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Interpolation/Extrapolation Method Using Velocity |
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73 | (1) |
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5.2.2 The Lagrange Interpolation Algorithm |
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74 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Least-Squares Curve-Fitting Algorithm |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (13) |
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75 | (5) |
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5.3.2 Coordinate Transformation |
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80 | (3) |
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5.3.3 Transformation of Several Common Coordinate Systems |
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83 | (4) |
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5.3.4 Selection of Tracking Coordinate Systems and Filtering State Variables |
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87 | (1) |
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5.4 Radar Error Calibration Techniques |
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88 | (1) |
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5.5 Data Compression Techniques |
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89 | (4) |
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5.5.1 Data Compression in Monostatic Radar |
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89 | (2) |
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5.5.2 Data Compression in Multistatic Radar |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (2) |
6 Track Initiation in Multi-target Tracking |
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95 | (23) |
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95 | (1) |
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6.2 The Shape and Size of Track Initiation Gates |
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96 | (4) |
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96 | (1) |
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6.2.2 The Elliptic/Ellipsoidal Gate |
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97 | (2) |
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6.2.3 The Rectangular Gate |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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6.3 Track Initiation Algorithms |
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100 | (9) |
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101 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Modified Logic-Based Method |
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102 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Hough Transform-Based Method |
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103 | (3) |
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6.3.4 Modified Hough Transform-Based Method |
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106 | (1) |
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6.3.5 Hough Transform and Logic-Based Method |
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107 | (1) |
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6.3.6 Formation Target Method Based on Clustering and Hough Transform |
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108 | (1) |
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6.4 Comparison and Analysis of Track Initiation Algorithms |
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109 | (7) |
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6.5 Discussion of Some Issues in Track Initiation |
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116 | (1) |
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6.5.1 Main Indicators of Track Initiation Performance |
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116 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Demonstration of Track Initiation Scan Times |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
7 Maximum Likelihood Class Multi-target Data Association Methods |
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118 | (20) |
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118 | (1) |
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7.2 Track-Splitting Algorithm |
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118 | (5) |
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7.2.1 Calculation of Likelihood Functions |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Modified Likelihood Function |
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121 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Characteristics of Track-Splitting Algorithm |
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122 | (1) |
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7.3 Joint Maximum Likelihood Algorithm |
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123 | (3) |
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7.3.1 Establishment of Feasible Partitions |
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123 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Recursive Joint Maximum Likelihood Algorithm |
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125 | (1) |
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7.4 0-1 Integer Programming Algorithm |
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126 | (4) |
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7.4.1 Calculation of the Logarithm Likelihood Ratio |
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126 | (2) |
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7.4.2 0-1 Linear Integer Programming Algorithm |
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128 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Recursive 0-1 Integer Programming Algorithm |
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129 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Application of 0-1 Integer Programming Algorithm |
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130 | (1) |
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7.5 Generalized Correlation Algorithm |
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130 | (7) |
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7.5.1 Establishing the Score Function |
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130 | (3) |
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7.5.2 Application of the Generalized Correlation Algorithm |
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133 | (4) |
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137 | (1) |
8 Bayesian Multi-target Data Association Approach |
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138 | (31) |
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138 | (1) |
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8.2 Nearest-Neighbor Algorithm |
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138 | (3) |
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8.2.1 Nearest-Neighbor Standard Filter |
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138 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Probabilistic Nearest-Neighbor Filter Algorithm |
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139 | (2) |
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8.3 Probabilistic Data Association Algorithm |
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141 | (11) |
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8.3.1 State Update and Covariance Update |
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141 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Calculation of the Association Probability |
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144 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Modified PDAF Algorithm |
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146 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Performance Analysis |
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147 | (5) |
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8.4 Integrated Probabilistic Data Association Algorithm |
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152 | (2) |
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8.4.1 Judgment of Track Existence |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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8.5 Joint Probabilistic Data Association Algorithm |
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154 | (13) |
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8.5.1 Basic Models of JPDA |
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155 | (5) |
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8.5.2 Calculation of the Probability of Joint Events |
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160 | (2) |
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8.5.3 Calculation of the State Estimation Covariance |
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162 | (2) |
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8.5.4 Simplified JPDA Model |
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164 | (1) |
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8.5.5 Performance Analysis |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (2) |
9 Tracking Maneuvering Targets |
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169 | (34) |
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169 | (1) |
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9.2 Tracking Algorithm with Maneuver Detection |
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170 | (4) |
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9.2.1 White Noise Model with Adjustable Level |
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171 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Variable-Dimension Filtering Approach |
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172 | (2) |
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9.3 Adaptive Tracking Algorithm |
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174 | (15) |
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9.3.1 Modified-Input Estimation Algorithm |
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174 | (2) |
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9.3.2 Singer Model Tracking Algorithm |
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176 | (4) |
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9.3.3 Current Statistical Model Algorithm |
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180 | (2) |
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9.3.4 Jerk Model Tracking Algorithm |
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182 | (2) |
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9.3.5 Multiple Model Algorithm |
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184 | (2) |
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9.3.6 Interacting Multiple Model Algorithm |
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186 | (3) |
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9.4 Performance Comparison of Maneuvering Target Tracking Algorithms |
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189 | (12) |
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9.4.1 Simulation Environment and Parameter Setting |
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189 | (2) |
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9.4.2 Simulation Results and Analysis |
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191 | (10) |
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201 | (2) |
10 Group Target Tracking |
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203 | (47) |
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203 | (1) |
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10.2 Basic Methods for Track Initiation of the Group Target |
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204 | (10) |
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204 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Group Segmentation |
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205 | (3) |
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208 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Group Velocity Estimation |
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209 | (5) |
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10.3 The Gray Fine Track Initiation Algorithm for Group Targets |
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214 | (19) |
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10.3.1 Gray Fine Association of Targets within the Group Based on the Relative Position Vector of the Measurement |
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215 | (5) |
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10.3.2 Confirmation of the Tracks within a Group |
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220 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Establishment of State Matrixes for Group Targets |
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221 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Simulation Verification and Analysis of the Algorithm |
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221 | (10) |
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231 | (2) |
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10.4 Centroid Group Tracking |
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233 | (5) |
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10.4.1 Initiation, Confirmation, and Cancellation of Group Tracks |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (3) |
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237 | (1) |
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10.5 Formation Group Tracking |
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238 | (2) |
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10.5.1 Overview of Formation Group Tracking |
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238 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Logic Description of Formation Group Tracking |
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238 | (2) |
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10.6 Performance Analysis of Tracking Algorithms for Group Targets |
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240 | (6) |
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10.6.1 Simulation Environment |
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240 | (1) |
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10.6.2 Simulation Results |
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240 | (1) |
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10.6.3 Simulation Analysis |
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240 | (6) |
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246 | (4) |
11 Multi-target Track Termination Theory and Track Management |
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250 | (26) |
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250 | (1) |
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11.2 Multi-target Track Termination Theory |
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250 | (8) |
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11.2.1 Sequential Probability Ratio Test Algorithm |
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250 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Tracking Gate Method |
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252 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Cost Function Method |
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253 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Bayesian Algorithm |
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254 | (1) |
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11.2.5 All-Neighbor Bayesian Algorithm |
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255 | (1) |
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11.2.6 Performance Analysis of Several Algorithms |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (17) |
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11.3.1 Track Batch Management |
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258 | (8) |
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11.3.2 Track Quality Management |
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266 | (7) |
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11.3.3 Track File Management in the Information Fusion System |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
12 Passive Radar Data Processing |
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276 | (28) |
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276 | (1) |
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12.2 Advantages of Passive Radars |
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276 | (2) |
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12.3 Passive Radar Spatial Data Association |
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278 | (11) |
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12.3.1 Phase Changing Rate Method |
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278 | (5) |
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12.3.2 Doppler Changing Rate and Azimuth Joint Location |
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283 | (2) |
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12.3.3 Doppler Changing Rate and Azimuth, Elevation Joint Location |
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285 | (1) |
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12.3.4 Multiple-Model Method |
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286 | (3) |
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12.4 Optimal Deployment of Direction-Finding Location |
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289 | (10) |
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12.4.1 Area of the Position Concentration Ellipse |
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289 | (3) |
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12.4.2 Derivation of the Conditional Extremum Based on the Lagrange Multiplier Method |
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292 | (5) |
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12.4.3 Optimal Deployment by the Criterion that the Position Concentration Ellipse Area is Minimum |
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297 | (2) |
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12.5 Passive Location Based on TDOA Measurements |
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299 | (4) |
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299 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Two-Dimensional Condition |
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299 | (2) |
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12.5.3 Three-Dimensional Condition |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (1) |
13 Pulse Doppler Radar Data Processing |
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304 | (28) |
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304 | (1) |
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13.2 Overview of PD Radar Systems |
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304 | (3) |
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13.2.1 Characteristics of PD Radar |
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304 | (1) |
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13.2.2 PD Radar Tracking System |
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305 | (2) |
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13.3 Typical Algorithms of PD Radar Tracking |
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307 | (14) |
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13.3.1 Optimal Range-Velocity Mutual Coupling Tracking |
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309 | (3) |
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13.3.2 Multi-target Tracking |
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312 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Target Tracking with Doppler Measurements |
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312 | (9) |
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13.4 Performance Analysis on PD Radar Tracking Algorithms |
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321 | (10) |
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13.4.1 Simulation Environments and Parameter Settings |
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321 | (1) |
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13.4.2 Simulation Results and Analysis |
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322 | (9) |
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331 | (1) |
14 Phased Array Radar Data Processing |
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332 | (30) |
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332 | (1) |
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14.2 Characteristics and Major Indexes |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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14.3 Structure and Working Procedure |
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334 | (2) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (19) |
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14.4.1 Single-Target-in-Clutter Tracking Algorithms |
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337 | (6) |
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14.4.2 Multi-target-in-Clutter Tracking Algorithm |
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343 | (2) |
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14.4.3 Adaptive Sampling Period Algorithm |
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345 | (4) |
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14.4.4 Real-Time Task Scheduling Strategy |
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349 | (6) |
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14.5 Performance Analysis of the Adaptive Sampling Period Algorithm |
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355 | (6) |
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14.5.1 Simulation Environment and Parameter Settings |
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355 | (1) |
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14.5.2 Simulation Results and Analysis |
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356 | (4) |
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14.5.3 Comparison and Discussion |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
15 Radar Network Error Registration Algorithm |
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362 | (43) |
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362 | (1) |
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15.2 The Composition and Influence of Systematic Errors |
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362 | (4) |
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15.2.1 The Composition of Systematic Errors |
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362 | (1) |
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15.2.2 The Influence of Systematic Errors |
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363 | (3) |
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15.3 Fixed Radar Registration Algorithm |
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366 | (14) |
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15.3.1 Radar Registration Algorithm Based on Cooperative Targets |
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366 | (2) |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (2) |
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15.3.5 GLS Algorithm in ECEF Coordinate System |
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373 | (4) |
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15.3.6 Simulation Analysis |
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377 | (3) |
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15.4 Mobile Radar Registration Algorithm |
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380 | (22) |
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15.4.1 Modeling Method of Mobile Radar Systems |
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380 | (6) |
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15.4.2 Mobile Radar Registration Algorithm Based on Cooperative Targets |
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386 | (4) |
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15.4.3 Mobile Radar Maximum Likelihood Registration Algorithm |
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390 | (7) |
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397 | (1) |
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15.4.5 Simulation Analysis |
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398 | (4) |
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402 | (3) |
16 Radar Network Data Processing |
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405 | (22) |
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405 | (1) |
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16.2 Performance Evaluation Indexes of Radar Networks |
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406 | (2) |
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16.2.1 Coverage Performance Indexes |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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16.2.3 Anti jamming Ability |
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407 | (1) |
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16.3 Data Processing of Monostatic Radar Networks |
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408 | (5) |
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16.3.1 The Process of Data Processing of the Monostatic Radar Network |
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408 | (2) |
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16.3.2 State Estimation of Monostatic Radar Networks |
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410 | (3) |
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16.4 Data Processing of Bistatic Radar Networks |
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413 | (7) |
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16.4.1 Basic Location Relation |
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413 | (3) |
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16.4.2 Combined Estimation |
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416 | (1) |
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16.4.3 An Analysis of the Feasibility of Combinational Estimation |
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417 | (3) |
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16.5 Data Processing of Multistatic Radar Networks |
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420 | (3) |
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16.5.1 Tracking Principle of Multistatic Radar Systems |
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421 | (1) |
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16.5.2 Observation Equation of Multistatic Radar Network Systems |
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422 | (1) |
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16.5.3 The Generic Data Processing Process of Multistatic Tracking Systems |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (3) |
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426 | (1) |
17 Evaluation of Radar Data Processing Performance |
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427 | (14) |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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17.3 Data Association Performance Evaluation |
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429 | (3) |
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17.3.1 Average Track Initiation Time |
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429 | (1) |
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17.3.2 Accumulative Number of Track Interruptions |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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17.3.4 Accumulative Number of Track Switches |
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432 | (1) |
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17.4 Performance Evaluation of Tracking |
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432 | (4) |
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433 | (1) |
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17.4.2 Maneuvering Target Tracking Capability |
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434 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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17.5 Evaluation of the Data Fusion Performance of Radar Networks |
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436 | (2) |
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436 | (1) |
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17.5.2 Detection Probability of Radar Networks |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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17.6 Methods of Evaluating Radar Data Processing Algorithms |
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438 | (2) |
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17.6.1 Monte Carlo Method |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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17.6.3 Semi-physical Simulation Method |
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439 | (1) |
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17.6.4 Test Validation Method |
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440 | (1) |
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440 | (1) |
18 Radar Data Processing Simulation Technology |
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441 | (23) |
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441 | (1) |
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18.2 Basis of System Simulation Technology |
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442 | (7) |
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18.2.1 Basic Concept of System Simulation Technology |
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442 | (2) |
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18.2.2 Digital Simulation of Stochastic Noise |
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444 | (5) |
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18.3 Simulation of Radar Data Processing Algorithms |
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449 | (8) |
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18.3.1 Simulation of Target Motion Models |
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449 | (3) |
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18.3.2 Simulation of the Observation Process |
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452 | (1) |
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18.3.3 Tracking Filtering and Track Management |
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453 | (4) |
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18.4 Simulation Examples of Algorithms |
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457 | (6) |
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463 | (1) |
19 Practical Application of Radar Data Processing |
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464 | (35) |
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|
464 | (1) |
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19.2 Application in ATC Systems |
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|
464 | (10) |
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19.2.1 Application, Components, and Requirement |
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|
464 | (2) |
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19.2.2 Radar Data Processing Structure |
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466 | (1) |
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|
467 | (7) |
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19.3 Application in Shipboard Navigation Radar |
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474 | (2) |
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19.4 Application in Shipboard Radar Clutter Suppression |
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476 | (4) |
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19.4.1 Principle of Clutter Suppression in Data Processing |
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476 | (1) |
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19.4.2 Clutter Suppression Method through Shipboard Radar Data Processing |
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477 | (3) |
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19.5 Application in Ground-Based Radar |
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|
480 | (2) |
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19.5.1 Principle of Data Acquisition |
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|
480 | (1) |
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19.5.2 Data Processing Procedure |
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481 | (1) |
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19.6 Applications in Shipboard Monitoring System |
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482 | (2) |
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19.6.1 Application, Components, and Requirement |
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482 | (1) |
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19.6.2 Structure of the Marine Control System |
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483 | (1) |
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19.7 Application in the Fleet Air Defense System |
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484 | (2) |
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19.7.1 Components and Function of the Aegis Fleet Air Defense System |
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484 | (1) |
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19.7.2 Main Performance Indexes |
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485 | (1) |
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19.8 Applications in AEW Radar |
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486 | (6) |
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19.8.1 Features, Components, and Tasks |
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|
486 | (1) |
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19.8.2 Data Processing Technology |
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|
487 | (2) |
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19.8.3 Typical Working Mode |
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|
489 | (3) |
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19.9 Application in Air Warning Radar Network |
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|
492 | (3) |
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19.9.1 Structure of Radar Network Data Processing |
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|
492 | (1) |
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19.9.2 Key Technologies of Radar Network Data Processing |
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493 | (2) |
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19.10 Application in Phased Array Radar |
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495 | (3) |
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19.10.1 Functional Features |
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|
495 | (1) |
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19.10.2 Data Processing Procedure |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (2) |
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|
498 | (1) |
20 Review, Suggestions, and Outlook |
|
499 | (9) |
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|
499 | (1) |
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20.2 Review of Research Achievements |
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499 | (3) |
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20.2.1 The Basis of State Estimation |
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499 | (1) |
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20.2.2 Measurement Preprocessing Technology |
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|
500 | (1) |
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20.2.3 Track Initiation in Multi-target Tracking |
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|
500 | (1) |
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20.2.4 Multi-target Data Association Method |
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|
500 | (1) |
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20.2.5 Maneuvering Target and Group Tracking |
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|
500 | (1) |
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20.2.6 Multi-target Tracking Termination Theory and Track Management |
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|
501 | (1) |
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20.2.7 System Error Registration Issue |
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|
501 | (1) |
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20.2.8 Performance Evaluation of Radar Data Processors |
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|
501 | (1) |
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20.2.9 Simulation Technology of Radar Data Processing |
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|
501 | (1) |
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20.2.10 Applications of Radar Data Processing Techniques |
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|
502 | (1) |
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20.3 Issues and Suggestions |
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|
502 | (3) |
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20.3.1 The Application of Data Processing Technology in Other Sensors |
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|
502 | (1) |
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20.3.2 Track Initiation in Passive Sensor Tracking |
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|
502 | (1) |
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20.3.3 Non-Gaussian Noise |
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|
503 | (1) |
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20.3.4 Data Processing in Non-standard and Nonlinear Systems |
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|
503 | (1) |
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20.3.5 Data Processing in Multi-radar Networks |
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|
503 | (1) |
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20.3.6 Joint Optimization of Multi-target Tracking and Track Association |
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|
503 | (1) |
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20.3.7 Comprehensive Utilization of Target Features and Attributes in Multi-radar Tracking |
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|
504 | (1) |
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20.3.8 Comprehensive Optimization of Multi-radar Information Fusion Systems |
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|
504 | (1) |
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20.3.9 Tracking Multi-targets in Complex Electromagnetic Waves and Dense Clutter |
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|
504 | (1) |
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20.4 Outlook for Research Direction |
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|
505 | (3) |
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20.4.1 Information Fusion and Control Integration Technology of Multi-radar Networks |
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|
505 | (1) |
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20.4.2 Joint Optimization of Target Tracking and Identification |
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|
505 | (1) |
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20.4.3 Integration Technology of Search, Tracking, Guidance, and Command |
|
|
505 | (1) |
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20.4.4 Multi-radar Resource Allocation and Management Technology |
|
|
505 | (1) |
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20.4.5 Database and Knowledge Base Technology in Radar Data Processing |
|
|
506 | (1) |
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20.4.6 Engineering Realization of Advanced Radar Data Processing Algorithms |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
20.4.7 High-Speed Calculation and Parallel Processing Technology |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
20.4.8 Establishment of System Performance Evaluation Methods and Test Platforms |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
20.4.9 Common Theoretical Models for Variable Structure State Estimation |
|
|
506 | (1) |
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20.4.10 Automatic Tracking of Targets in Complex Environments |
|
|
507 | (1) |
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20.4.11 Tracking and Invulnerability of Multi-radar Network Systems |
|
|
507 | (1) |
References |
|
508 | (15) |
Index |
|
523 | |