Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xviii | |
1 Crossing the Chasm from System to Component Level |
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1 | (18) |
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1.1 Basic Radar Systems Overview |
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2 | (7) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Fundamental Equations |
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4 | (3) |
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1.1.4 Requirements on Components |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2 Introduction to Microwave Components |
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9 | (5) |
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1.2.1 Fundamental Equations |
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9 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Essential Components |
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11 | (3) |
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1.3 Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifiers Versus Solid-State Amplifiers |
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14 | (1) |
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1.4 "How" Components Are Connected Matters |
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14 | (1) |
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1.5 Anti-tamper Approaches |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
2 Introduction to Microwave Design |
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19 | (44) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (11) |
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2.2.1 Quantifying Mismatch |
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22 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Graphically Based Circuits |
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25 | (7) |
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2.2.3 Distributed Matching Networks |
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32 | (1) |
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2.3 Methods of Propagation |
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33 | (22) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (8) |
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45 | (5) |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (6) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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2.4.6 New and Emerging Technologies |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
3 Component Modeling |
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63 | (30) |
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64 | (6) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (3) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (8) |
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70 | (1) |
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3.3.1 Semiconductor Background |
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71 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Basic Transistor Theory Review |
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72 | (5) |
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3.3.3 Transistor Imperfections |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (9) |
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3.5 Measurement Techniques |
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87 | (4) |
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3.5.1 Small-Signal Measurement |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Large-Signal Measurements |
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90 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Load-Pull Measurement |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
4 Power Amplifier |
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93 | (58) |
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93 | (12) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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4.1.5 Harmonically Matched Classes |
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102 | (2) |
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4.1.6 Do Classes Really Matter? |
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104 | (1) |
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4.2 Design Strategies and Practices |
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105 | (13) |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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4.2.8 Multistage Amplifiers |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (7) |
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4.3.1 Multisection Matching |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (3) |
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4.3.3 Push-Pull Amplifier |
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124 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Distributed Amplifiers |
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124 | (1) |
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4.4 Balancing Linearity and Efficiency |
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125 | (8) |
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4.4.1 Explanation of Linearity |
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125 | (4) |
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129 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Other Linearization Techniques |
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131 | (2) |
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4.5 Multiphysics Concerns |
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133 | (12) |
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4.5.1 Thermal Considerations |
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133 | (8) |
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4.5.2 Mechanical Considerations |
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141 | (4) |
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145 | (1) |
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4.7 Tubes, Solid-State, and Where They Overlap |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
5 LNAs |
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151 | (22) |
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152 | (6) |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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5.2 Transistor Noise Modeling |
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158 | (1) |
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5.3 Design Strategies and Practices |
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159 | (7) |
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5.3.1 Understanding Noise Circles |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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5.3.5 Resistor Component Selection |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (3) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
6 Passive Circuitry |
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173 | (40) |
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6.1 Limiting Factors and Ways to Mitigate |
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174 | (7) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (4) |
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181 | (3) |
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6.3 Isolators and Circulators |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (5) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (3) |
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196 | (5) |
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201 | (3) |
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204 | (4) |
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6.10.1 Unbalanced or Single-Ended Mixer |
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205 | (1) |
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6.10.2 Single-Balanced Mixer |
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206 | (1) |
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6.10.3 Double-Balanced Mixer |
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206 | (1) |
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6.10.4 Single-Sideband or Image-Rejection Mixer |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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6.12 Current Density Analysis |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
7 Microwave Integrated Circuits |
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213 | (38) |
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7.1 Component Integration |
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214 | (12) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (3) |
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7.1.7 Substrate Stack-ups |
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223 | (1) |
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7.1.8 Future Proofing Through Packaging |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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7.3 Designing for U.S. Military Standards |
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226 | (8) |
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228 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Operating Stability |
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230 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Environmental Considerations |
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230 | (3) |
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7.3.4 Electrical Considerations |
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233 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Mechanical Considerations |
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234 | (1) |
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7.4 Designing for Pulsed Radar |
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234 | (3) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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7.5 Taking Advantage of Simulators |
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237 | (5) |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Full Electromagnetic Simulation |
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240 | (1) |
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7.5.4 Manufacturing Assessment |
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241 | (1) |
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7.6 Manufacturing Practices |
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242 | (6) |
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7.6.1 Manufacturing Essentials |
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243 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Engineering Practices for High Yield |
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244 | (2) |
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7.6.3 Designing for MMIC-Level Cost Reduction |
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246 | (1) |
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7.6.4 Designing for Module-Level Cost Reduction |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
8 Transmit/Receive Module Integration |
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251 | (38) |
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8.1 Integration Techniques |
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252 | (6) |
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8.1.1 Physical Transitions |
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252 | (2) |
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8.1.2 Wire and Ribbon Bonding |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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8.1.4 Achieving Compact Size |
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255 | (2) |
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8.1.5 Component Placement |
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257 | (1) |
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8.2 Preventing Oscillation |
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258 | (2) |
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8.2.1 Even-Mode Oscillation |
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258 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Odd-Mode Oscillation |
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259 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Spurious Oscillation |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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8.3 Preventing Crosstalk and Leakage |
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260 | (8) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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8.4 Thermal Considerations |
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268 | (1) |
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8.5 Mechanical Considerations |
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269 | (2) |
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8.6 Module Simulation and Monte Carlo Analysis |
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271 | (3) |
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8.7 Incorporating Digital into an RF Module |
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274 | (9) |
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8.7.1 Common Digital Uses |
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274 | (3) |
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8.7.2 Current Digital Infrastructure |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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8.7.5 Avoiding Mixed-Signal Issues |
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280 | (3) |
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283 | (2) |
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283 | (2) |
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8.8.2 Power Management Integrated Circuit |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (2) |
9 Assembly and Prototyping |
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289 | (10) |
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289 | (4) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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9.2 SMT Versus Wire Bonding |
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293 | (1) |
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9.3 Additive Manufacturing |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (4) |
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295 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Rolled Versus Electrodeposited Copper |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
10 On the Measurement Bench |
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299 | (20) |
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10.1 Measurement Uncertainty |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (7) |
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10.2.1 De-embedding Fixture Effects |
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303 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Connectors, Adapters, and Cables |
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304 | (4) |
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10.3 Bench Test Equipment |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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10.5 Tips for Making It All Work |
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311 | (4) |
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10.5.1 Unstable Active Circuits |
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311 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Incorrect Frequency Response |
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312 | (1) |
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10.5.3 Radiation or Coupling |
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312 | (1) |
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10.5.4 Low Gain or Output Power |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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10.5.6 Catastrophic Damage at Initial Test |
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314 | (1) |
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10.6 Transistor Stabilization |
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315 | (2) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
11 Exploring Terahertz Radar |
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319 | (8) |
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319 | (1) |
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11.2 Applications at Terahertz |
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320 | (1) |
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11.3 Terahertz Versus Microwave |
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321 | (2) |
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11.4 Approaches for Tackling Terahertz |
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323 | (1) |
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11.4.1 Downconvert from Optics |
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323 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Design with Harmonics |
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323 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Design with Rectangular Waveguides |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (2) |
12 Final Thoughts |
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327 | (4) |
Appendix |
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331 | (10) |
Acronyms and Abbreviations |
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341 | (6) |
About the Authors |
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347 | (2) |
Index |
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349 | |